treatments-xml/data/8F/D2/91/8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-225-69" ID-Pensoft-UUID="DD320D86A811547C9BF0F7548889E0E9" ModsDocID="1314-2003-225-69" checkinTime="1682113249551" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Maldonado-Borja, Maria Guadalupe, Cerros-Tlatilpa, Rosa &amp; Galvan-Gonzalez, Luis Gil" docDate="2023" docId="8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 225: 69-81" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 225" docPubDate="2023-04-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238" docTitle="Struthanthus ibe-dzi Mald. &amp; Cerros 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="DD320D86A811547C9BF0F7548889E0E9" lastPageNumber="69" masterDocId="DD320D86A811547C9BF0F7548889E0E9" masterDocTitle="A new species of Struthanthus Mart. (Loranthaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="81" masterPageNumber="69" pageNumber="69" updateTime="1682113249551" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new species of Struthanthus Mart. (Loranthaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Maldonado-Borja, Maria Guadalupe</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9515-6969</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Maestria en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cerros-Tlatilpa, Rosa</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7079-6230</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Maestria en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">tlatilpa@uaem.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Galvan-Gonzalez, Luis Gil</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4371-4439</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Maestria en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2023-04-21</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>225</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>69</mods:start>
<mods:end>81</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-225-69</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">DD320D86A811547C9BF0F7548889E0E9</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName LSID="8FD291C4-77A7-5B33-93AB-4C7C9A6E0DE2" authority="Mald. &amp; Cerros" authorityName="Mald. &amp; Cerros" authorityYear="2023" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi" status="sp. nov.">Struthanthus ibe-dzi Mald. &amp; Cerros</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="69">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-03-30" collectorName="M. G. Maldonado, L. G. Galvan, R. Cerros" country="Mexico" county="Tlaxiaco" elevation="1962" latitude="17.174023" location="Yute" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.77147" municipality="Rio Ocotepec" specimenCount="♀" stateProvince="Oaxaca" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectingCountry name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Tlaxiaco</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Ocotepec
</collectingMunicipality>
, en el arroyo 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:721936341548D01E0A78C8472A3E287B" country="Mexico" county="Tlaxiaco" latitude="17.174023" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.77147" municipality="Rio Ocotepec" name="Yute" stateProvince="Oaxaca">Yute</location>
kuini (
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:FE7BD43552D9D157008BED1D2C3655F8" country="Mexico" county="Tlaxiaco" latitude="17.174023" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.77147" municipality="Rio Ocotepec" name="San Juan del Rio Cuquila" stateProvince="Oaxaca">
San Juan del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Cuquila
</location>
), carretera 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:F0B24F2BC4F995C20FD320DB5DCE0254" country="Mexico" county="Tlaxiaco" latitude="17.174023" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.77147" municipality="Rio Ocotepec" name="Tlaxiaco-Putla" stateProvince="Oaxaca">Tlaxiaco-Putla</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="26.48" value="17.17402">17°10'26.48&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="17.29" value="-97.77148">97°46'17.29&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
[
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.174022" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.174023">17.174022°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97.771469" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-97.77147">97.771469°W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9619999999999997" unit="m" value="1962.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9619999999999997" unit="m" value="1962.0">1962 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate value="2021-03-30">30 Mar 2021</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. &amp; 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. 21
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fl, fr) (
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
: HUMO-39855!, isotypes: MEXU!, UAMIZ!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mald. &amp; Cerros" authorityYear="2023" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Struthanthus ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphologically resembles 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. deppeanus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deppeanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. deppeanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. quercicola" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quercicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. quercicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having epicortical roots on stems, similar leaf shapes, and inflorescences in racemes. However, the new taxon differs by its compressed nodes, stems, leaves, and inflorescence glaucous; leaf blade with base cuneate to oblique; staminate flowers 6-9 mm long with asymmetrical thecae and an extended horn-shaped apiculate connective in both anther series; and pistillate flowers with distally convoluted styles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
Aerial hemiparasitic woody shrub, pendulous, perennial, with epicortical roots present at the base of main trunk; branches pendant. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Stems</emphasis>
green when young, brown with lenticels when mature; nodes glaucous, bicarinate and compressed, especially when young; internodes terete, with epicortical roots. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Leaves</emphasis>
opposite or subopposite; petioles 0.25-1.2 cm long, twisted, forming a shallow channel from the raised edge of leaf blade; blades ovate to lanceolate, rarely elliptical, 5.0-12.2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.4-5.0 cm, papyraceous when dried; apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate to oblique, margin entire to repand, hyaline, venation pinnate. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Inflorescences</emphasis>
a solitary raceme of triads, indeterminate and axillar; bracts and bracteoles caducous at or after anthesis, cymbiform; rachis subterete to compressed, nodes compressed, triads opposite or subopposite, decussate, green, glabrous, glaucous. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Staminate inflorescence</emphasis>
2.0-6.8 cm long, peduncle 0.2-0.8 cm with 6-16 (19) triads, triad peduncle 0.10-0.58 cm long. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Pistillate inflorescence</emphasis>
2.0-5.0 cm long, peduncle 0.2-1.0 cm long with 6-12 (15) triads, triad peduncle 0.18-0.86 cm long. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Staminate flowers</emphasis>
hexamerous, rarely pentamerous, flower buds clavate with rounded apex; central flower of triad sessile, lateral pedicels 0.28-1.3 mm long; mature flowers 6.0-9.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.0-2.3 mm, petals linear, reflexed near the apex, 4.4-7.9 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-1.2 mm, anthers basifixed (not versatile) in two series, theca asymmetrical; prominent connectival apiculate horn in both the lower and upper series; calyculus irregularly dentate, whitish, vestigial ovary 1.5-2.2 mm; pistiloid straight to sigmoid 1/3 near the apex, 2.8-6.5 mm long, stigma undifferenced; nectary thick with six protuberances surrounding the pistiloid base. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Pistillate flowers</emphasis>
hexamerous, flower buds cylindrical, rounded at the apex; central flower of the triad sessile, pedicels of lateral flowers 0.18-0.8 cm long, slightly accrescent when bearing fruit; mature flowers 5.8-7.2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.6-2.2 mm, linear petals 5.2-5.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-1.0 mm, staminodes in one series; calyculus whitish, irregularly dentate, inferior ovary 1.7-2.0 mm; style convolute 4.0-5.2 mm long (
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
3 longitudinal folds) from the middle to the apex, stigma capitate; nectary thick with six protuberances surrounding the style. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Fruit</emphasis>
a one-seeded berry, ovoid, 3.85-6.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6.52-8.60 mm. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Seeds</emphasis>
ovoid, 3.0-4.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5.1-7.4 mm. Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Struthanthus ibe-dzi Mald. &amp; Cerros, sp. nov. (Loranthaceae). Holotype: M. G. Maldonado, L. G. Galvan G. &amp; R. Cerros T. 21 (♀ fl, fr), HUMO- 39855." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/840897" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Struthanthus ibe-dzi (Loranthaceae) A base of stem and disk of secondary haustoria (sh) B epicortical root (er) and swollen stem of host plant by the penetration of secondary haustoria (sh) C staminate inflorescences with caducous bracts (bra) and bracteoles (brc) D dissected petals of staminate flower showing two series of stamens (S 1, S 2), with anthers in the lower series (S 1) displaying a prominent connectival horn (cn); receptacle showing an undifferentiated pistilloid and a nectary (ne) surrounded by the calyculus E pistillate inflorescences and compressed node (arrow) F dissected pistillate flower showing vestigial staminodes (st) opposite to petals, and an inferior ovary with convoluted style and calyculus (ca) G upper view of ovary in a pistillate flower showing its calyculus (ca) and nectary (ne) H immature fruits crowned by the calyculus." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/840898" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">2</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/840897" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mald. &amp; Cerros" authorityYear="2023" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Struthanthus ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mald. &amp; Cerros, sp. nov. (
<taxonomicName family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
). Holotype: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
M.G. Maldonado, L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
G. &amp; R. Cerros T. 21
</emphasis>
(♀ fl, fr), HUMO-39855.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/840898" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mald. &amp; Cerros" authorityYear="2023" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Struthanthus ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">A</emphasis>
base of stem and disk of secondary haustoria (sh) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">B</emphasis>
epicortical root (er) and swollen stem of host plant by the penetration of secondary haustoria (sh) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">C</emphasis>
staminate inflorescences with caducous bracts (bra) and bracteoles (brc) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">D</emphasis>
dissected petals of staminate flower showing two series of stamens (S1, S2), with anthers in the lower series (S1) displaying a prominent connectival horn (cn); receptacle showing an undifferentiated pistilloid and a nectary (ne) surrounded by the calyculus 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">E</emphasis>
pistillate inflorescences and compressed node (arrow) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">F</emphasis>
dissected pistillate flower showing vestigial staminodes (st) opposite to petals, and an inferior ovary with convoluted style and calyculus (ca) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">G</emphasis>
upper view of ovary in a pistillate flower showing its calyculus (ca) and nectary (ne) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">H</emphasis>
immature fruits crowned by the calyculus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Additional specimens examined</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
(
<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
). 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1988-11-08" collectingDateMax="2021-04-30" collectingDateMin="1988-11-08" collectorName="de Tesoro, J. Reyes, de Santo Domingo Chicahuaxtla, M. Chazaro, El Manzanal, Sr. Hemeterio, J. I. Calzada, de Zaragoza, L. G. Galvan, R. Cerros, de San Andres Chicahuaxtla, M. G. Maldonado, de La Canada Tejocote, de Tlaxiaco-Putla" country="Mexico" county="San Juan Mixtepec" elevation="2500" latitude="17.16171" location="Monte de Tesoro" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.83662" municipality="Yucu Shuun" specimenCount="♀" stateProvince="Oaxaca">
<collectingCountry name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingCounty>San Juan Mixtepec</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>
Yucu 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Shúun">Shuun</normalizedToken>
</collectingMunicipality>
(
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:B719E8F0A3A8B1F4DF4E74081047C2E9" country="Mexico" county="San Juan Mixtepec" latitude="17.16171" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.83662" municipality="Yucu Shuun" name="Monte de Tesoro" stateProvince="Oaxaca">
Monte 
<collectorName>de Tesoro</collectorName>
</location>
) a 
<locationDeviation location="San Juan Mixtepec">
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
S de San Juan Mixtepec
</locationDeviation>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="37.46" value="17.227074">17°13'37.46&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="54.5" value="-97.79847">97°47'54.5&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
[
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.22707" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.22707">17.22707°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97.78484" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-97.78484">97.78484°W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="m" value="2500.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="m" value="2500.0">2,500 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate value="1988-11-08">8 Nov 1988</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>J. Reyes</collectorName>
S. 1064
</emphasis>
(MEXU, UC/JEPS); Putla Villa de 
<collectingRegion country="Mexico" name="Guerrero">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" unit="km" value="2.1">2.1 km</quantity>
<normalizedToken originalValue="después">despues</normalizedToken>
<collectorName>de Santo Domingo Chicahuaxtla</collectorName>
, hacia Putla, [
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.142761" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.142761">17.142761°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97.848589" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-97.84859">97.848589°W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" unit="m" value="2050.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" unit="m" value="2050.0">2,050 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate value="1993-02-05">5 Feb 1993</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>
M. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cházaro">Chazaro</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
B. 7088
</emphasis>
(CHAPA, ENCB, MEXU, XAL); Santiago Juxtlahuaca, 
<collectorName>El Manzanal</collectorName>
, senda para la parcela del 
<collectorName>Sr. Hemeterio</collectorName>
, entrada por Santa Rosa-San Miguel Cuevas, Distrito Juxtlahuaca, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="13.20" value="17.220333">17°13'13.20&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="west" minutes="3" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="38.30" value="-98.06064">98°3'38.30&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
[
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.22033" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.22033">17.22033°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="98.06063" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-98.06063">98.06063°W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.06" unit="m" value="2060.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.06" unit="m" value="2060.0">2,060 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate value="1996-09-13">13 Sep 1996</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>J.I. Calzada</collectorName>
21381
</emphasis>
(MEXU); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:07232D4D6E7CA6F10A6780B31381DE91" country="Mexico" county="San Juan Mixtepec" latitude="17.16171" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.83662" municipality="Yucu Shuun" name="San Juan Mixtepec" stateProvince="Oaxaca">San Juan Mixtepec</location>
, Camino a Santos Reyes Tepejillo, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
antes de la 
<normalizedToken originalValue="desviación">desviacion</normalizedToken>
al 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Capulín">Capulin</normalizedToken>
y 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:75A9952B45857E318500EDDC3A5A7F78" country="Mexico" county="San Juan Mixtepec" latitude="17.16171" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.83662" municipality="Yucu Shuun" name="Tinuama de Zaragoza" stateProvince="Oaxaca">
Tinuama 
<collectorName>de Zaragoza</collectorName>
</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="23.4" value="17.323168">17°19'23.4&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="13.2" value="-97.90367">97°54'13.2&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
[
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.32317" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.32317">17.32317°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97.90367" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-97.90367">97.90367°W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" unit="m" value="2650.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" unit="m" value="2650.0">2,650 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate value="2019-04-09">9 Apr 2019</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. &amp; 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. 474
</emphasis>
(HUMO); Putla Villa de 
<collectingRegion country="Mexico" name="Guerrero">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
, orilla de la carretera, km 92, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" unit="km" value="2.8">2.8 km</quantity>
antes 
<collectorName>
de 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:3FB6AFF84D068055F7E97CB8B60806B1" country="Mexico" county="San Juan Mixtepec" latitude="17.16171" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.83662" municipality="Yucu Shuun" name="San" stateProvince="Oaxaca">San</location>
Andres Chicahuaxtla
</collectorName>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="48.20" value="17.180056">17°10'48.20&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97" direction="west" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="32.48" value="-97.82569">97°49'32.48&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
[
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.18014" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.18014">17.18014°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97.82569" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-97.82569">97.82569°W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.363" unit="m" value="2363.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.363" unit="m" value="2363.0">2,363 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate value="2020-02-13">13 Feb 2020</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 13
</emphasis>
(HUMO); ibid, 
<collectingDate value="2020-02-13">13 Feb 2020</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 14
</emphasis>
(HUMO); Tlaxiaco, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:CC0FB637A3F7D6211036D05283EA9D76" country="Mexico" county="San Juan Mixtepec" latitude="17.16171" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.83662" municipality="Yucu Shuun" name="Rio Ocotepec" stateProvince="Oaxaca">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Ocotepec
</location>
, en el arroyo Yute kuini (
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:E2F3E93AD6E0BAA9B39D2603831A9BDD" country="Mexico" county="San Juan Mixtepec" latitude="17.16171" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.83662" municipality="Yucu Shuun" name="San Juan del Rio Cuquila" stateProvince="Oaxaca">
San Juan del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Cuquila
</location>
), carretera Tlaxiaco-Putla, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="26.48" value="17.17402">17°10'26.48&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="17.29" value="-97.77148">97°46'17.29&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
[
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.17402" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.17402">17.17402°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97.77146" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-97.77146">97.77146°W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9619999999999997" unit="m" value="1962.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9619999999999997" unit="m" value="1962.0">1,962 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate value="2021-04-30">30 Apr. 2021</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 19
</emphasis>
(HUMO); ibid, 
<collectingDate value="2021-04-30">30 Apr 2021</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 20
</emphasis>
(HUMO); ibid, 
<collectingDate value="2021-04-30">30 Apr 2021</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 22
</emphasis>
(HUMO); ibid, 
<collectingDate value="2021-04-30">30 Apr 2021</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 23
</emphasis>
(HUMO); Putla Villa de 
<collectingRegion country="Mexico" name="Guerrero">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
, km 92, carretera Tlaxiaco-Putla, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="200.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</elevation>
</quantity>
antes 
<collectorName>
de La 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cañada">Canada</normalizedToken>
Tejocote
</collectorName>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="48.38" value="17.180105">17°10'48.38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="31.94" value="-97.77554">97°46'31.94&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
[
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.18010" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.1801">17.18010°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97.82554" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-97.82554">97.82554°W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.374" unit="m" value="2374.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.374" unit="m" value="2374.0">2,374 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate value="2021-04-30">30 Apr 2021</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 24
</emphasis>
(HUMO); ibid, 
<collectingDate value="2021-04-30">30 Apr 2021</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 25
</emphasis>
(HUMO); ibid, 
<collectingDate value="2021-04-30">30 Apr 2021</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 26
</emphasis>
(HUMO); Putla Villa de 
<collectingRegion country="Mexico" name="Guerrero">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
, Orilla de carretera 
<collectorName>de Tlaxiaco-Putla</collectorName>
, en 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2:63AE92E534B5EF86EA0B356A69C3D592" country="Mexico" county="San Juan Mixtepec" latitude="17.16171" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.83662" municipality="Yucu Shuun" name="San" stateProvince="Oaxaca">San</location>
Andres Chicahuaxtla, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="09" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="42.16" value="17.16171">17°09'42.16&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97" direction="west" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="11.85" value="-97.836624">97°50'11.85&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
[
<geoCoordinate degrees="17.16171" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.16171">17.16171°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate degrees="97.83662" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-97.83662">97.83662°W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.473" unit="m" value="2473.0">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.473" unit="m" value="2473.0">2,473 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate value="2021-04-30">30 Apr 2021</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<collectorName>M.G. Maldonado</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>R. Cerros</collectorName>
T. &amp; 
<collectorName>
L.G. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galván">Galvan</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
G. 27
</emphasis>
(HUMO)
</materialsCitation>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Distribution, habitat, and hosts.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mald. &amp; Cerros" authorityYear="2023" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Struthanthus ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico, where it is only known from cloud and oak-pine forests with secondary vegetation in the Sierra Madre del Sur (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.8" author="Morrone, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" pagination="277 - 279" refId="B30" refString="Morrone, JJ, Escalante, T, Rodriguez-Tapia, G, 2017. Mexican biogeographic provinces: Map and shapefiles. Zootaxa 4277 (2): 277 - 279, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.8" title="Mexican biogeographic provinces: Map and shapefiles." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4277.2.8" volume="4277" year="2017">Morrone et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) in the municipalities of Putla Villa de Guerrero, San Juan Mixtepec, Santiago Juxtlahuaca, and Tlaxiaco (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution map of Struthanthus deppeanus, S. ibe-dzi, S. quercicola, and S. ramiro-cruzii in Oaxaca and surrounding states of central Mexico." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/840899" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">3</figureCitation>
) at elevations between 1,962 to 2,650 m a.s.l. Recorded hosts to date include 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Alnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Salix" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/840899" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Distribution map of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus deppeanus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deppeanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Struthanthus deppeanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. quercicola" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quercicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. quercicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ramiro-cruzii" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramiro-cruzii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. ramiro-cruzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Oaxaca and surrounding states of central Mexico.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Flowering from March to April and in September; fruiting in February to April and September to November. Individuals can be found bearing flowers and fruits on different branches.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
The epithet 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">ibe-dzi</emphasis>
refers to the common name given to any mistletoe in Zapotec language (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ibë-dzí">Ibe-dzi</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
) in the San Juan Mixtepec region, which means &quot;hair(s) on top of&quot;, where 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ibé”">&quot;ibe&quot;</normalizedToken>
denotes 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“hair(s)”">&quot;hair(s)&quot;</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“dzi”">&quot;dzi&quot;</normalizedToken>
indicates &quot;on top of&quot;.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mald. &amp; Cerros" authorityYear="2023" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Struthanthus ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from the western part of the state of Oaxaca, near the border with the state of Guerrero (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution map of Struthanthus deppeanus, S. ibe-dzi, S. quercicola, and S. ramiro-cruzii in Oaxaca and surrounding states of central Mexico." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/840899" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">3</figureCitation>
). This species has an estimated area of occupancy of ca. 36 km2 (criterion B1 &lt;500 km2) and has been recorded in four localities (condition a: ≤5 locations). The specimen from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Reyes 1064</emphasis>
(MEXU, UC/JEPS) from 1988 was collected in a cloud forest. The areas within 1 km of this locality have been actively transformed into crop fields (personal observations from 2019-2021), leading us to consider that condition b(iii) is appropriate for this case, which refers to a projected decline in area, extent, and quality of habitat. Therefore, following the guidelines to the IUCN criteria (
<bibRefCitation author="Hunn, ES" journalOrPublisher="The University of Arizona Press, Tucson" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" publicationUrl="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" refId="B11" refString="2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" url="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines" year="2022">IUCN 2022</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be classified as Endangered [EN B1ab(iii)].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
Being a hemiparasitic plant with a complete dependence on hosts, mistletoe populations are vulnerable to the indirect effects of logging important host trees such as oaks (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.), and habitat modification and fragmentation for livestock and agriculture (
<bibRefCitation author="Avalos, S" editor="Garcia-Mendoza, A" journalOrPublisher="Instituto de Biologia, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueno para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza-Ward Wildlife Fund, Mexico" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" pagination="219 - 225" refId="B1" refString="Avalos, S, Nixon, KC, 2004. Encinos. In: Garcia-Mendoza, A, Ordonez, MJ, Briones-Salas, M, Eds., Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Instituto de Biologia, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueno para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza-Ward Wildlife Fund, Mexico: 219 - 225" title="Encinos." volumeTitle="Biodiversidad de Oaxaca." year="2004">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ávalos">Avalos</normalizedToken>
and Nixon 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, most of the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from Mexico have not been evaluated to determine their conservation status (
<bibRefCitation author="Valencia-Avalos, S" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" refId="B37" refString="Valencia-Avalos, S, Morales-Saldana, S, 2016. El genero Quercus en la Sierra Madre del Sur. In: Luna-Vega I, Espinosa D, Contreras-Medina R (Eds) Biodiversidad de la Sierra Madre del Sur, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, 167-175." title="El genero Quercus en la Sierra Madre del Sur. In: Luna-Vega I, Espinosa D, Contreras-Medina R (Eds) Biodiversidad de la Sierra Madre del Sur, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, 167 - 175." year="2016">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valencia-Ávalos">Valencia-Avalos</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Morales-Saldaña">Morales-Saldana</normalizedToken>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.x" author="Press, MC" journalOrPublisher="The New Phytologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" pagination="737 - 751" refId="B33" refString="Press, MC, Phoenix, GK, 2005. Impacts of parasitic plants on natural communities. The New Phytologist 166 (3): 737 - 751, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.x" title="Impacts of parasitic plants on natural communities." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.x" volume="166" year="2005">Press and Phoenix (2005)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the local extinction of a preferred host may lead to population declines and subsequent extinctions of associated parasites, highlighting the importance of hosts for the long-term survival of mistletoes such as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the perpetuation of populations. Furthermore, parasitic plants have been historically stigmatized and have not received full attention in terms of conservation priorities, even though mistletoes are particularly sensitive to environmental stress and considered keystone species in forests (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114024" author="Watson, DM" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" pagination="219 - 249" refId="B39" refString="Watson, DM, 2001. Mistletoe-A keystone resource in forests and woodlands worldwide. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32 (1): 219 - 249, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114024" title="Mistletoe-A keystone resource in forests and woodlands worldwide." url="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114024" volume="32" year="2001">Watson 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2485" author="Fonturbel, FE" journalOrPublisher="Ecosphere" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B6" refString="Fonturbel, FE, Lara, A, Lobos, D, Little, C, 2018. The cascade impacts of climate change could threaten key ecological interactions. Ecosphere 9 (12): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2485" title="The cascade impacts of climate change could threaten key ecological interactions." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2485" volume="9" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fontúrbel">Fonturbel</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0358" author="Crates, R" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Brasilica" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" refId="B5" refString="Crates, R, Watson, DM, Albery, GF, Bonnet, T, Murphy, L, Rayner, L, Stojanovic, D, Timewell, C, Meney, B, Roderick, M, Ingwersen, D, Heinsohn, R, 2022. Mistletoes could moderate drought impacts on birds, but are themselves susceptible to drought-induced dieback. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 289(1978): e20220358. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0358" title="Mistletoes could moderate drought impacts on birds, but are themselves susceptible to drought-induced dieback. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 289 (1978): e 20220358." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0358" year="2022">Crates et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-115331" author="Watson, DM" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" pagination="25 - 45" refId="B40" refString="Watson, DM, McLellan, RC, Fonturbel, FE, 2022. Functional roles of parasitic plants in a warming world. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 53 (1): 25 - 45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-115331" title="Functional roles of parasitic plants in a warming world." url="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-115331" volume="53" year="2022">Watson et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
Herbarium specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been previously identified as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. deppeanus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deppeanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. deppeanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. quercicola" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quercicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. quercicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Struthanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. However, the new taxon differs from 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. deppeanus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deppeanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. deppeanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. quercicola" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quercicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. quercicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its compressed or bicarinate nodes and by having glaucous stems, leaves, and inflorescences which are covered by a whitish wax (observed in both fresh and dried specimens). In addition, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has one inflorescence raceme per axil, with peduncled triads with a sessile central flower and pedicellate lateral ones. The bracts and bracteoles are caducous, forming visible scars. Staminate flowers have asymmetrical thecae and an apiculate connectival horn in both series, while pistillate flowers have a convolute style with 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
3 longitudinal folds (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Style types in four species of Struthanthus (Loranthaceae) from Mexico A S. quercicola (straight to sigmoid) B S. deppeanus (sigmoid to slightly convoluted) C S. ibe-dzi (convolute) D S. ramiro-cruzii (strongly convolute)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/840900" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">4C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/840900" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Style types in four species of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Struthanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" rank="family">Loranthaceae</taxonomicName>
) from Mexico 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. quercicola" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quercicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. quercicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(straight to sigmoid) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. deppeanus" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deppeanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. deppeanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sigmoid to slightly convoluted) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(convolute) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ramiro-cruzii" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ramiro-cruzii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">S. ramiro-cruzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(strongly convolute).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mald. &amp; Cerros" authorityYear="2023" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Struthanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Struthanthus ibe-dzi" order="Santalales" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ibe-dzi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69">Struthanthus ibe-dzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as other mistletoes in the San Juan Mixtepec region of Oaxaca, are locally known as birdlime vine, and known for the sticky substance (i.e., viscin) produced in the fruits, which is used to catch birds (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mgmckc" author="Hunn, ES" journalOrPublisher="The University of Arizona Press, Tucson" pageId="0" pageNumber="69" refId="B10" refString="Hunn, ES, 2008. A Zapotec Natural History: Trees, Herbs, and Flowers, Birds, Beasts, and Bugs in the Life of San Juan Gbee. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mgmckc" title="A Zapotec Natural History: Trees, Herbs, and Flowers, Birds, Beasts, and Bugs in the Life of San Juan Gbee." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mgmckc" year="2008">Hunn 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>