559 lines
72 KiB
XML
559 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="B8E45983B515581A501D6D676E3B0595" ID-CLB-Dataset="8001" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4927.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6371140c-b2bd-4bf1-8b94-4e80c692f2c6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4536900" ID-ZooBank="942E128B-0A2C-4799-9A8A-B87A1A4FF627" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613119504926" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Salmela, Jukka, Härmä, Oskari & Taylor, Derek J." docDate="2021" docId="5B678789FFC7144EA09D08FEFA52F834" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4927.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4927 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Chaoborus flavicans" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="155" masterDocId="A75EFFF1FFC4144AA00A0C7FFFCEFFE1" masterDocTitle="Chaoborus flavicans Meigen (Diptera, Chaoboridae) is a complex of lake and pond dwelling species: a revision" masterLastPageNumber="196" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="154" updateTime="1698929274804" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="0561E09A05C8E33EEEDDA7621CCEB859">Chaoborus flavicans Meigen (Diptera, Chaoboridae) is a complex of lake and pond dwelling species: a revision</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6E8A93F7136D234F24C3ED296D453989" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="250266E01A661A865A2E59299E85037C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F9470F392339BEA94929FB3425FA1B27">Salmela, Jukka</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="36163424DA2D405CD77A9EFA3274FB53">Regional Museum of Lapland, Pohjoisranta 4, 96200 Rovaniemi, Finland & Arctic centre, University of Lapland, P. O. Box 122, 96101, Rovaniemi, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="E2404388CCBF0F7372AD2D78A521F33D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="21048AE26EBD88A503598CD3DA64B8A8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1F5E006535CCFC953AC8CE72A80DCA7A">Härmä, Oskari</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F789293048C6BCE27E854A5B9086924C">Forssa Museum of Natural History, Wahreninkatu 4, 30100 Forssa, Finland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B86D0AF813A05D7404BAB65775D73727">Taylor, Derek J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3045F5006A980D712D8C3F4B10552504">Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="08C2D417DA41C794175D1209D4348435">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="246471A829B205B1E4CE8686885C27E0">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F4E0FC756A617A6AE069AD6773FF8191">2021-02-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6A19CED537FB0364A10DA39D766D2064">4927</mods:number>
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<treatment id="5B678789FFC7144EA09D08FEFA52F834" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4564943" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179917507" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4564943" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5B678789FFC7144EA09D08FEFA52F834" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5B678789FFC7144EA09D08FEFA52F834" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
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<subSubSection id="9BD46514FFC71449A09D08FEFD90FB7A" box="[151,606,1153,1180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D371369FFFC71449A09D08FEFD90FB7A" blockId="3.[151,606,1153,1180]" box="[151,606,1153,1180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
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<heading id="883981F3FFC71449A09D08FEFD90FB7A" bold="true" box="[151,606,1153,1180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A09D08FEFD90FB7A" bold="true" box="[151,606,1153,1180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A09D08FEFE5FFB7D" ID-CoL="8BFQJ" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[151,401,1153,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A09D08FEFE5FFB7D" bold="true" box="[151,401,1153,1180]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Chaoborus flavicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species complex
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9BD46514FFC7144EA09D08BAFB62FDF8" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D371369FFFC71449A09D08BAFE30F8A2" blockId="3.[151,1437,1220,2039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
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We found evidence for at least four species in the
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A2C108BBFC7AFB3F" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[715,948,1220,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A2C108BBFC7AFB3F" box="[715,948,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Chaoborus flavicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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complex:
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A42608BBFADBFB3F" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1068,1301,1220,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A42608BBFADBFB3F" box="[1068,1301,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Chaoborus flavicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A52908BBFA5BFB3F" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1315,1429,1220,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A52908BBFA5BFB3F" box="[1315,1429,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. albipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A09D0897FF3AFAE3" authority="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor, 2021" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,244,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="posio" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A09D0897FF3AFAE3" box="[151,244,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. posio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A0F30897FEF9FAE3" bold="true" box="[249,311,1256,1282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC71449A0F30897FEF9FAE3" box="[249,311,1256,1282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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and a lineage from
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<collectingCountry id="ABD9760FFFC71449A2050896FD9CFAE2" box="[527,594,1257,1283]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Japan</collectingCountry>
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. The monophyly for each of these species is strongly supported by bootstrap values (
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<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC71449A0E50973FE8CFAC6" box="[239,322,1292,1319]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1855,1879]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,189,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-19@31.[170,1417,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. A maximum likelihood phylogram of the Chaoborus flavicans species complex based on the DNA barcoding region (COI) of mitochondrial DNA. The best fit substitution model of TVM+F+R4 was used. Support values exceeded 90 (transfer bootstrap support) except where asterisks are given. Clade sample sizes are provided. The light gray shading indicates the C. flavicans complex and the dark gray box indicates C. albipes (also a member of the C. flavicans complex). The tree was outgroup rooted using species of Monchlonyx. Triangles represent collapsed clades to save space." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536934/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
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) and is not attributable to random branching under a coalescent null model (Rosenberg’s P(AB) <0.05 for all species in
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<tableCitation id="9E4C0324FFC71449A19F094FFE26FAAB" box="[405,488,1328,1354]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="30.[151,239,1016,1040]" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary of species delimitation metrics for mitochondrial clades of the Chaoborus flavicans species complex and C. crystallinus. Taxa were monophyletic with bootstrap values of 100. Genetic distance was estimated using the best fit model: TVM+F+R4. P ID is the probability of identification of an unknown specimen (with confidence intervals) under strict and relaxed criteria.AV is the mean distance between the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of a species and the extant sequences. P(AB) is the probability of reciprocal monophyly under a null model of random coalescence." pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). The presence of the subordinate tooth between the second and fourth tooth in the larval mandible is a likely synapomorphy of the
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A2A4092BFCFDFA8F" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[686,819,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A2A4092BFCFDFA8F" box="[686,819,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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complex.
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A3AD092BFB62FA8F" authorityName=": Yamada" authorityYear="1932" box="[935,1196,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crystallinus">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A3AD092BFB62FA8F" box="[935,1196,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Chaoborus crystallinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been proposed as a sister species of
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A1680907FE29FA73" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[354,487,1400,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A1680907FE29FA73" box="[354,487,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC71449A1FF0907FD49FA73" author="Saether, O. A." box="[501,647,1400,1426]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 57" refId="ref37443" refString="Saether, O. A. (1970) Nearctic and Palaearctic Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae). Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, 174, i-vii + 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1970">Saether 1970</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC71449A2980907FCE0FA73" author="Borkent, A." box="[658,814,1400,1426]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="122 - 133" refId="ref33934" refString="Borkent, A. (1981) The distribution and habitat preferences of the Chaoboridae (Culicomorpha: Diptera) of the Holarctic region. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59, 122 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 81 - 019" type="journal article" year="1981">Borkent 1981</bibRefCitation>
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; note that the close relationship between
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A4F30907FA53FA73" authorityName=": Yamada" authorityYear="1932" box="[1273,1437,1400,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crystallinus">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A4F30907FA53FA73" box="[1273,1437,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. crystallinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A0CC09E3FE82FA57" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[198,332,1436,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A0CC09E3FE82FA57" box="[198,332,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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suggested by
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<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC71449A1E009E3FD2CFA57" author="Berendonk, T. U. & Barraclough, T. G. & Barraclough, J. C." box="[490,738,1436,1462]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="2173 - 2178" refId="ref33737" refString="Berendonk, T. U., Barraclough, T. G. & Barraclough, J. C. (2003) Phylogenetics of pond and lake lifestyles in Chaoborus midge larvae. Evolution, 57, 2173 - 2178. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2003. tb 00395. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
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Berendonk
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A26609E2FD6AFA57" box="[620,676,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
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2003
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
appears to be a mistake due to
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A43509E3FB0AFA57" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1087,1220,1436,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A43509E3FB0AFA57" box="[1087,1220,1436,1462]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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being confused for
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A09D09BFFEF2FA3B" authorityName=": Yamada" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,316,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crystallinus">
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||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A09D09BFFEF2FA3B" box="[151,316,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. crystallinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). However, we refrained from assessing the proposed sister species of
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A45509BFFB28FA3B" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1119,1254,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A45509BFFB28FA3B" box="[1119,1254,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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complex in this study. Phylogenetic relationships beyond the species complex are not analysed in detail here as COI tends to lack resolution across species groups for
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<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A22D0A77FC44F9C3" authority="(Dupuis et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Dupuis" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[551,906,1544,1570]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A22D0A77FD6DF9C3" box="[551,675,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Chaoborus</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC71449A2BB0A77FC4CF9C3" author="Dupuis, D. & Svensson, J. - E. & Taylor, D. J." box="[689,898,1544,1570]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="236 - 243" refId="ref34631" refString="Dupuis, D., Svensson, J. - E. & Taylor, D. J. (2008) The cryptic origins of environment-indicating phantom midges (Chaoborus). Limnology and Oceanography, 53, 236 - 243. https: // doi. org / 10.4319 / lo. 2008.53.1.0236" type="journal article" year="2008">
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Dupuis
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<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A3030A76FC8EF9C3" box="[777,832,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
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2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We also found a lack of resolution at the deeper nodes for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A10F0A53FE4FF9A7" box="[261,385,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A10F0A53FE4FF9A7" box="[261,385,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Chaoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the present phylogeny (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC71449A2A20A53FD34F9A6" box="[680,762,1580,1607]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1855,1879]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,189,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-19@31.[170,1417,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. A maximum likelihood phylogram of the Chaoborus flavicans species complex based on the DNA barcoding region (COI) of mitochondrial DNA. The best fit substitution model of TVM+F+R4 was used. Support values exceeded 90 (transfer bootstrap support) except where asterisks are given. Clade sample sizes are provided. The light gray shading indicates the C. flavicans complex and the dark gray box indicates C. albipes (also a member of the C. flavicans complex). The tree was outgroup rooted using species of Monchlonyx. Triangles represent collapsed clades to save space." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536934/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Characters that support a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A55C0A53FF11F98B" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A55C0A53FF11F98B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A11C0A2FFE49F98B" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[278,391,1616,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A11C0A2FFE49F98B" box="[278,391,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. albipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are a slender male gonocoxite and gonostylus, a relatively short apical claw of paramere and a subapically constricted pupal respiratory organ. In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A3590A0BFC7FF96F" authority="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor, 2021" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" box="[851,945,1652,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="posio" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A3590A0BFC7FF96F" box="[851,945,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. posio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A3B30A0BFC34F96F" bold="true" box="[953,1018,1652,1678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC71449A3B30A0BFC34F96F" box="[953,1018,1652,1678]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has several autapomorphic character states, such as a wide male gonocoxite and gonostylus, long apical claw of the male paramere and a club-shaped pupal respiratory organ. A high number of larval mandibular fan bristles and conspicuous lateral teeth of the mandibles are shared characters for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A1F00A9FFDA5F91B" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[506,619,1760,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A1F00A9FFDA5F91B" box="[506,619,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. albipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A2AB0A9FFD31F91B" authority="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor, 2021" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" box="[673,767,1760,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="posio" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A2AB0A9FFD31F91B" box="[673,767,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. posio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A30F0A9FFC8BF91B" bold="true" box="[773,837,1760,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC71449A30F0A9FFC8BF91B" box="[773,837,1760,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This sister group relationship also had strong support in our COI phylogeny. A distinct lineage from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="ABD9760FFFC71449A2AE0B7AFD2AF8FE" box="[676,740,1797,1823]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
appears to be more related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A4320B7BFB58F8FF" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" box="[1080,1174,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="posio">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A4320B7BFB58F8FF" box="[1080,1174,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. posio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A4BF0B7BFAE9F8FF" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1205,1319,1796,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A4BF0B7BFAE9F8FF" box="[1205,1319,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. albipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A5890B7BFF32F8A3" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A5890B7BFF32F8A3" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC71449A1090B56FE40F8A3" box="[259,398,1832,1859]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC71449A1940B57FE3FF8A2" box="[414,497,1832,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1855,1879]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,189,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-19@31.[170,1417,181,1831]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. A maximum likelihood phylogram of the Chaoborus flavicans species complex based on the DNA barcoding region (COI) of mitochondrial DNA. The best fit substitution model of TVM+F+R4 was used. Support values exceeded 90 (transfer bootstrap support) except where asterisks are given. Clade sample sizes are provided. The light gray shading indicates the C. flavicans complex and the dark gray box indicates C. albipes (also a member of the C. flavicans complex). The tree was outgroup rooted using species of Monchlonyx. Triangles represent collapsed clades to save space." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536934/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC7144EA0CD0B32FA4EFEFC" blockId="3.[151,1437,1220,2039]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,969]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
|
||
It is not known where and when the ancestor of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A3040B33FC5AF887" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[782,916,1868,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A3040B33FC5AF887" box="[782,916,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex evolved. Divergent selection for habitat seems to be important as species occupy different niches (ponds vs. lakes); Holarctic sister species that occupy the same niche are mostly allopatric (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A2C90BEBFCA8F84F" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[707,870,1940,1966]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="americanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A2C90BEBFCA8F84F" box="[707,870,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. americanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A3900BEBFB13F84F" authority=", Borkent 1981" authorityName=", Borkent" authorityYear="1981" box="[922,1245,1940,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Corethra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscuripes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A3900BEBFBFDF84F" box="[922,1075,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. obscuripes</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC71449A44B0BEBFB13F84F" author="Borkent, A." box="[1089,1245,1940,1966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="122 - 133" refId="ref33934" refString="Borkent, A. (1981) The distribution and habitat preferences of the Chaoboridae (Culicomorpha: Diptera) of the Holarctic region. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59, 122 - 133. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 81 - 019" type="journal article" year="1981">Borkent 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). If the pattern of three phylogenetically independent shifts from pond to lake habitats within Holarctic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A45C0BC7FF17F817" authority="(Berendonk et al. 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Berendonk" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A45C0BC7FB1CF833" box="[1110,1234,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Chaoborus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC71449A4EA0BC7FF1FF817" author="Berendonk, T. U. & Barraclough, T. G. & Barraclough, J. C." pageId="3" pageNumber="154" pagination="2173 - 2178" refId="ref33737" refString="Berendonk, T. U., Barraclough, T. G. & Barraclough, J. C. (2003) Phylogenetics of pond and lake lifestyles in Chaoborus midge larvae. Evolution, 57, 2173 - 2178. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2003. tb 00395. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Berendonk
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A56E0BC6FA53F833" box="[1380,1437,1976,2002]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is accepted, the ancestor of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A24F0BA3FD05F817" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[581,715,2012,2038]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A24F0BA3FD05F817" box="[581,715,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex was a pond-dwelling species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC71449A4B20BA3FAF1F817" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1208,1343,2012,2038]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC71449A4B20BA3FAF1F817" box="[1208,1343,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
became a lake-dwelling taxon able to withstand high pressure in deep waters and fish predation. Note that the substantial genetic divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA1D30CC4FDAEFF34" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[473,608,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA1D30CC4FDAEFF34" box="[473,608,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other members of the complex (> 30%) indicates that divergence of the complex likely occurred well before the Pleistocene. Moreover, widespread species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA4DD0CA0FA84FF18" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1239,1354,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4DD0CA0FA84FF18" box="[1239,1354,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. albipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA5890CA0FF32FEFC" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA5890CA0FF32FEFC" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with two or more closely related geographic clades may also have been present before the Pleistocene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA0CD0D58FB62FDF8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA0CD0D58FD9AFEA3" authority="(von Heyden)" baseAuthorityName="von Heyden" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[199,596,295,322]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tertiarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA0CD0D58FE7CFEA1" box="[199,434,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Chaoborus tertiarius</emphasis>
|
||
(von Heyden)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Upper Oligocene fossil species, is composed of two complete pupae, disarticulated pupal parts, larval mandibles, and anal fans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC0144EA2E60D34FC45FE84" author="Borkent, A." box="[748,907,331,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="491 - 496" refId="ref33859" refString="Borkent, A. (1978) Upper Oligocene fossil pupae and larvae of Chaoborus tertiarius (von Heyden) (Chaoboridae, Diptera) from West Germany. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 14, 491 - 496." type="journal article" year="1978">Borkent 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This taxon may be ancestral to
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4FC0D34FADEFE84" box="[1270,1296,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA52A0D34FA52FE84" box="[1312,1436,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA52A0D34FA52FE84" box="[1312,1436,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Chaoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC0144EA09D0D10FF05FE68" box="[151,203,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" sensu="stricto">s.str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) and the subgenus
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA1AF0D10FE70FE68" box="[421,446,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA1C50D10FC50FE68" authority="Dyar & Shannon 1924" authorityName="Dyar & Shannon" authorityYear="1924" box="[463,926,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Schadonophasma">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA1C50D10FD5BFE68" box="[463,661,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Schadonophasma</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC0144EA2960D10FC50FE68" author="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C." box="[668,926,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="201 - 216" refId="ref34718" refString="Dyar, H. G. & Shannon, R. C. (1924) The American Chaoborinae (Diptera, Culicidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 12, 201 - 216." type="journal article" year="1924">Dyar & Shannon 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or it may be ancestral, or a sister, to species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA0BD0DECFEF3FE4C" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[183,317,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA0BD0DECFEF3FE4C" box="[183,317,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC0144EA2040DECFD61FE4C" author="Borkent, A." box="[526,687,403,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="491 - 496" refId="ref33859" refString="Borkent, A. (1978) Upper Oligocene fossil pupae and larvae of Chaoborus tertiarius (von Heyden) (Chaoboridae, Diptera) from West Germany. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 14, 491 - 496." type="journal article" year="1978">Borkent 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among the fossil material are two
|
||
<typeStatus id="0C75883DFFC0144EA4470DECFB46FE4C" box="[1101,1160,403,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of larval mandibles: the subordinate tooth is either present between teeth two and four or it branches from the second tooth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC0144EA4F00DC8FA56FE30" author="Borkent, A." box="[1274,1432,439,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="491 - 496" refId="ref33859" refString="Borkent, A. (1978) Upper Oligocene fossil pupae and larvae of Chaoborus tertiarius (von Heyden) (Chaoboridae, Diptera) from West Germany. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 14, 491 - 496." type="journal article" year="1978">Borkent 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 3 A-H). However, Borkent admits that the subordinate tooth of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA3CD0DA4FBE2FE14" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[967,1068,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA3CD0DA4FBE2FE14" box="[967,1068,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="0C75883DFFC0144EA4390DA4FBABFE14" box="[1075,1125,475,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">type</typeStatus>
|
||
“was very difficult to see”, and hence it is uncertain if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA1CC0D80FD81FDF9" baseAuthorityName="von Heyden" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[454,591,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tertiarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA1CC0D80FD81FDF9" box="[454,591,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. tertiarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closely related to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA3550D80FC2BFDF8" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[863,997,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA3550D80FC2BFDF8" box="[863,997,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9BD46514FFC0144EA0CD0E5DFBC9FC28" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA0CD0E5DFAF1FD10" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA0CD0E5DFE13FDDC" bold="true" box="[199,477,546,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Diagnosis. Adults male.</emphasis>
|
||
Penultimate flagellomere slightly longer than ultimate, or about equal in length. Flagellomeres pale or partly darkened, bases of whorls dark, giving annulated appearance. Scutellar stripes bare, orange brown–almost black, pleural sclerites pale yellow and with a varying degree of darker coloration. Legs straw yellow or grayish, apical tarsomeres may be somewhat darkened. Tergites yellowish brown or dark brown, bases of setae with a dark ring. Male epandrium either triangular or broadly rounded in shape, its length about 0.35–0.37 times the length of gonocoxite. Male paramere with a conspicuous apical claw, elongated, almost straight or curved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA0CD0E84FD09FCBC" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA0CD0E84FEC3FCF4" bold="true" box="[199,269,763,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
Outer rib of terminal process smooth, apical spines absent. Mid rib of terminal process usually darker than lateral ribs, margin of inner rib serrated along apical 2/3. Length/width ratio of 8
|
||
<superScript id="24BB9BD7FFC0144EA44B0F61FB80FCCD" attach="left" box="[1089,1102,798,812]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">th</superScript>
|
||
segment ca. 0.36. Respiratory organ widest medially, constricted apically or not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA0CD0F18FBC9FC28" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA0CD0F18FEB0FC60" bold="true" box="[199,382,870,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">IV instar larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Total length
|
||
<quantity id="14369B7AFFC0144EA2180F19FDB3FC60" box="[530,637,870,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="7.0">7–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC0144EA2B60F18FC9BFC63" author="Parma, S." box="[700,853,871,898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="173 - 182" refId="ref36992" refString="Parma, S. (1971 b) The morphology of the larval instars of Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen, 1818) (Diptera, Chaoboridae). Beaufortia, 18, 173 - 182." type="journal article" year="1971">Parma 1971b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Labral blade elongated, degree of serration varied. Mandibular subordinate tooth (3) positioned at the vertex of tooth 2 and tooth 4. Mandibular lateral teeth either small and inconspicuous or larger and distinguishable. Dorsal process pointed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9BD46514FFC0144EA09D0864FEEEFB40" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSection id="BA412F74FFC0144EA09D0864FC6DFBB8" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0864FCFBFBD4" blockId="4.[151,931,1050,1113]" box="[151,821,1050,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<heading id="883981F3FFC0144EA09D0864FCFBFBD4" bold="true" box="[151,821,1050,1077]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA09D0864FCFBFBD4" bold="true" box="[151,821,1050,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
Key to species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA1640865FDA6FBD4" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[366,616,1050,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA1640865FDA6FBD4" bold="true" box="[366,616,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Chaoborus flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0840FC6DFBB8" blockId="4.[151,931,1050,1113]" box="[151,931,1087,1113]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA09D0840FF18FBB8" bold="true" box="[151,214,1087,1113]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Note.</emphasis>
|
||
All species key out as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA1DD0840FD92FBB8" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[471,604,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA1DD0840FD92FBB8" box="[471,604,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the key by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B75F4B6EFFC0144EA2F60840FC50FBB8" author="Saether, O. A." box="[764,926,1087,1113]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" pagination="257 - 280" refId="ref37477" refString="Saether, O. A. (1972) VI. Chaoboridae. Zooplankton der Binnengewasser. 1. Tiel. Binnengewasser, 26, 257 - 280." type="journal article" year="1972">Saether (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="BA412F74FFC0144EA09D08F8FEEEFB40" box="[151,288,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D08F8FEEEFB40" blockId="4.[151,1437,1159,1390]" box="[151,288,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<heading id="883981F3FFC0144EA09D08F8FEEEFB40" bold="true" box="[151,288,1159,1185]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA09D08F8FEEEFB40" bold="true" box="[151,288,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">adult males</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9BD46514FFC0144EA09D08D7FA52FA8C" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="key">
|
||
<key id="A75F61AEFFC0144EA09D08D7FA52FA8C" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyStep id="683A2E3AFFC0144EA09D08D7FA52FAF4" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D08D7FA52FB3B" blockId="4.[151,1437,1159,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D08D7FA52FB3B" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
1 Gonocoxite and gonostylus stout in structure, length:width ratio 2.64 (2.4–3) and 9.43 (8–10.7), respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA4F508D7FA9FFB5F" box="[1279,1361,1192,1214]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,283,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-59@29.[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Chaoborus posio Salmela sp. n., a) hypopygium (scale bar 500 µm), b–e) paramere viewed in different positions (scale bar 170 µm). ac=apical claw, gst=gonostylus, gx=gonocoxite, ep=epandrium, pa=paramere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536932" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536932/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Fig. 14a</figureCitation>
|
||
); apical claw of paramere relatively long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA22D08BAFDA2FB3A" box="[551,620,1221,1243]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[159,1424,283,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-59@29.[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14. Chaoborus posio Salmela sp. n., a) hypopygium (scale bar 500 µm), b–e) paramere viewed in different positions (scale bar 170 µm). ac=apical claw, gst=gonostylus, gx=gonocoxite, ep=epandrium, pa=paramere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536932" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536932/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
c–e)..............................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA4B708BAFAAEFB3A" authority="Salmela" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" box="[1213,1376,1221,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="posio" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4B708BAFAC3FB3A" box="[1213,1293,1221,1243]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. posio</emphasis>
|
||
Salmela
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA56C08BAFA52FB3B" bold="true" box="[1382,1436,1221,1242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC0144EA56C08BAFA52FB3B" box="[1382,1436,1221,1242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D089CFA52FAF4" blockId="4.[151,1437,1159,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D089CFA52FAF4" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
- Gonocoxite and gonostylus slender, length:width ratio ca. 3–3.5 (2.37–3.9) and 12.5–13.7 (10.2–16), respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA542089DFA56FB19" box="[1352,1432,1250,1272]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[164,1426,191,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-20@14.[151,1436,181,1529]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen), male (Finland, Kärkölä). a) hypopygium (epandrium removed, scale bar 430 µm), b–e) paramere viewed in different positions (scale bar 140 µm). ac=apical claw, gst=gonostylus, gx=gonocoxite, pa=paramere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536914/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Figs. 6a</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA0E8097FFEC8FAF7" box="[226,262,1280,1302]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,191,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[151,1436,181,1754]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Chaoborus albipes (Johannsen), male (Finland, Joroinen). a) hypopygium (epandrium removed, scale bar 400 µm), b–e) paramere viewed in different positions (scale bar 130 µm). ac=apical claw, gst=gonostylus, gx=gonocoxite, pa=paramere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">11a</figureCitation>
|
||
); apical claw of paramere relatively short (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA2A8097FFD2AFAF7" box="[674,740,1280,1302]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[164,1426,191,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-20@14.[151,1436,181,1529]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen), male (Finland, Kärkölä). a) hypopygium (epandrium removed, scale bar 430 µm), b–e) paramere viewed in different positions (scale bar 140 µm). ac=apical claw, gst=gonostylus, gx=gonocoxite, pa=paramere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536914/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
c–e, 11c–e)................................................ 2
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="683A2E3AFFC0144EA09D0962FA52FA8C" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0962FA53FAD2" blockId="4.[151,1437,1159,1390]" box="[151,1437,1309,1331]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D0962FA53FAD2" box="[151,1437,1309,1331]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
2 Paramere medially bent and constricted; apical claw rather narrow, moderately curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA4200962FBA0FAD2" box="[1066,1134,1309,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1553,1577]" captionTargetBox="[164,1426,191,1517]" captionTargetId="figure-20@14.[151,1436,181,1529]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen), male (Finland, Kärkölä). a) hypopygium (epandrium removed, scale bar 430 µm), b–e) paramere viewed in different positions (scale bar 140 µm). ac=apical claw, gst=gonostylus, gx=gonocoxite, pa=paramere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536914/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA4720962FB41FAD2" box="[1144,1167,1309,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,968,992]" captionTargetBox="[173,1414,194,921]" captionTargetId="figure-20@16.[151,1436,181,944]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male parameres of a) Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen) (Finland, Kärkölä), b) C. albipes (Johannsen) (Finland, Joroinen) and c) C. posio Salmela sp. n. (Finland, Utsjoki)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536918/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">8a</figureCitation>
|
||
)....
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA4C00962FA53FAD2" ID-CoL="8BFQJ" authority="(Meigen)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1226,1437,1309,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4C00962FAF3FAD3" box="[1226,1341,1309,1330]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
(Meigen)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0944FA52FA8C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1159,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D0944FA52FA8C" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
- Paramere medially almost straight or gently curved; apical claw stout, curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA3DC0945FBE8FAB1" box="[982,1062,1338,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,968,992]" captionTargetBox="[173,1414,194,921]" captionTargetId="figure-20@16.[151,1436,181,944]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male parameres of a) Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen) (Finland, Kärkölä), b) C. albipes (Johannsen) (Finland, Joroinen) and c) C. posio Salmela sp. n. (Finland, Utsjoki)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536918/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Figs. 8b</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA43A0945FB89FAB1" box="[1072,1095,1338,1360]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,191,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[151,1436,181,1754]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Chaoborus albipes (Johannsen), male (Finland, Joroinen). a) hypopygium (epandrium removed, scale bar 400 µm), b–e) paramere viewed in different positions (scale bar 130 µm). ac=apical claw, gst=gonostylus, gx=gonocoxite, pa=paramere." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536924/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">11</figureCitation>
|
||
)......................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA4610927FB02FA8C" ID-CoL="87ZZ3" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1131,1228,1368,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4610927FB02FA8C" box="[1131,1228,1368,1389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. albipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Johannsen
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC0144EA54E0927FA58FA8C" box="[1348,1430,1368,1389]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">stat. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="BA412F74FFC0144EA09D09E8FA53F965" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="9BD46514FFC0144EA09D09E8FAF4FA34" box="[151,1338,1431,1493]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D09E8FAF4FA34" blockId="4.[151,1437,1431,1668]" box="[151,1338,1431,1493]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<heading id="883981F3FFC0144EA09D09E8FF2EFA50" bold="true" box="[151,224,1431,1457]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA09D09E8FF2EFA50" bold="true" box="[151,224,1431,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">pupae</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
Separation of pond-dwelling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA1D509C4FDAAFA34" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[479,612,1467,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA1D509C4FDAAFA34" box="[479,612,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA29109C4FCC2FA34" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[667,780,1467,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA29109C4FCC2FA34" box="[667,780,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. albipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupae may be obscured by intraspecific variation
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9BD46514FFC0144EA09D09A3FA53F965" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="key">
|
||
<key id="A75F61AEFFC0144EA09D09A3FA53F965" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyStep id="683A2E3AFFC0144EA09D09A3FA52F9CA" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D09A3FA52F9EF" blockId="4.[151,1437,1431,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D09A3FA52F9EF" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
1 Respiratory organ club-shaped, lacking subapical constriction, relatively short (844 (770–930) µm,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA49409A3FB1EF9EF" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,1058,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-54@16.[152,1436,1052,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupal respiratory organs. Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen), a) slender type from a pond population (Finland, Urjala), b) voluminous type from a lake population (Canada, Ontario, Kenora), c) C. albipes (Finland, Savonlinna), d) C. posio Salmela sp. n. (Finland, Posio)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536920/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
Fig. 9d................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA4B70986FB1EF9EF" authority="Salmela" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" box="[1213,1232,1529,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="posio" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4B70986FB1EF9EF" box="[1213,1232,1529,1550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
. posio Salmela
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA56C0986FA52F9EF" bold="true" box="[1382,1436,1529,1550]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC0144EA56C0986FA52F9EF" box="[1382,1436,1529,1550]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0A68FA52F9CA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1431,1668]" box="[151,1436,1558,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D0A68FA52F9CA" box="[151,1436,1558,1580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
- Respiratory organ with subapical constriction, either slender or voluminous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA3C90A69FBCAF9CD" box="[963,1028,1558,1580]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,1058,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-54@16.[152,1436,1052,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupal respiratory organs. Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen), a) slender type from a pond population (Finland, Urjala), b) voluminous type from a lake population (Canada, Ontario, Kenora), c) C. albipes (Finland, Savonlinna), d) C. posio Salmela sp. n. (Finland, Posio)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536920/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
a–c)............................. 2
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="683A2E3AFFC0144EA09D0A4BFA53F965" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0A4BFA53F9AB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1431,1668]" box="[151,1437,1588,1611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D0A4BFA53F9AB" box="[151,1437,1588,1611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
2 Length of respiratory horn Ẑ
|
||
<quantity id="14369B7AFFC0144EA1FE0A4BFD87F9A8" box="[500,585,1588,1611]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="1000.0">1000 µm</quantity>
|
||
(920–1360), either slender or voluminous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA3E60A4BFBE3F9AB" box="[1004,1069,1588,1610]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,1058,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-54@16.[152,1436,1052,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupal respiratory organs. Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen), a) slender type from a pond population (Finland, Urjala), b) voluminous type from a lake population (Canada, Ontario, Kenora), c) C. albipes (Finland, Savonlinna), d) C. posio Salmela sp. n. (Finland, Posio)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536920/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
a–b).........
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA4C00A4BFA53F9AB" ID-CoL="8BFQJ" authority="(Meigen)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1226,1437,1588,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4C00A4BFAF3F9A8" box="[1226,1341,1588,1609]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
(Meigen)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0A2EFA53F965" blockId="4.[151,1437,1431,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D0A2EFA53F965" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
- Length of respiratory organ mostly <
|
||
<quantity id="14369B7AFFC0144EA24F0A2EFD50F987" box="[581,670,1617,1638]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="1000.0">1000 µm</quantity>
|
||
, may exceed
|
||
<quantity id="14369B7AFFC0144EA3150A2EFCBBF987" box="[799,885,1617,1638]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="1000.0">1000 µm</quantity>
|
||
(690–1050); slender (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA4410A2EFB41F986" box="[1099,1167,1617,1639]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[158,1428,1058,1744]" captionTargetId="figure-54@16.[152,1436,1052,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupal respiratory organs. Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen), a) slender type from a pond population (Finland, Urjala), b) voluminous type from a lake population (Canada, Ontario, Kenora), c) C. albipes (Finland, Savonlinna), d) C. posio Salmela sp. n. (Finland, Posio)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536920/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Fig. 9c</figureCitation>
|
||
)................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA4650A10FB1EF962" ID-CoL="87ZZ3" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1135,1232,1646,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4650A10FB1EF962" box="[1135,1232,1646,1668]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. albipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Johannsen
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC0144EA5420A10FA58F965" box="[1352,1430,1647,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">stat. rev</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="BA412F74FFC0144EA09D0AD2FA52F834" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="9BD46514FFC0144EA09D0AD2FD11F90A" box="[151,735,1709,1772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0AD2FD11F90A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1709,2006]" box="[151,735,1709,1772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<heading id="883981F3FFC0144EA09D0AD2FF2CF926" bold="true" box="[151,226,1709,1735]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA09D0AD2FF2CF926" bold="true" box="[151,226,1709,1735]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">larvae</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
Serration of the labral blade may vary in all species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9BD46514FFC0144EA09D0A8DFA52F834" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="key">
|
||
<key id="A75F61AEFFC0144EA09D0A8DFA52F834" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyStep id="683A2E3AFFC0144EA09D0A8DFA52F8BE" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0A8DFA53F8C7" blockId="4.[151,1437,1709,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D0A8DFA53F8C7" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
1 Mandibular lateral teeth inconspicuous; uppermost tooth shorter than subordinate tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA4360A8DFB42F8E9" box="[1084,1164,1778,1800]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[188,1431,200,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval mandibles (a,b,d,f;h showing whole mandible with mandibular fan bristles) and labral blades (c,e,g) of Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen) (a,c, lake population, Finland, Arrajärvi, b, pond population, Finland, Rovaniemi), C. albipes (Johannsen) (d,e, Finland, Savukoski) and C. posio Salmela sp. n. (f,g,h Finland, Posio). I–IV mandibular teeth (III=subordinate tooth), Lt=lateral teeth. Scale bars a: 200, d: 180 and f: 130 µm. Lengths of labral blades ca. 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536922/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
a–b); number of mandibular fan bristles ±16.......................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA4C00B6FFA53F8C7" ID-CoL="8BFQJ" authority="(Meigen)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1226,1437,1808,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4C00B6FFAF3F8C4" box="[1226,1341,1808,1829]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. flavicans</emphasis>
|
||
(Meigen)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0B52FA52F8BE" blockId="4.[151,1437,1709,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D0B52FA52F8BE" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
- Mandibular lateral teeth conspicuous; uppermost tooth about as long as subordinate tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA44C0B52FB7FF8A2" box="[1094,1201,1837,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[188,1431,200,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval mandibles (a,b,d,f;h showing whole mandible with mandibular fan bristles) and labral blades (c,e,g) of Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen) (a,c, lake population, Finland, Arrajärvi, b, pond population, Finland, Rovaniemi), C. albipes (Johannsen) (d,e, Finland, Savukoski) and C. posio Salmela sp. n. (f,g,h Finland, Posio). I–IV mandibular teeth (III=subordinate tooth), Lt=lateral teeth. Scale bars a: 200, d: 180 and f: 130 µm. Lengths of labral blades ca. 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536922/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Figs. 10d,f</figureCitation>
|
||
); number on mandibular fan bristles almost always>16........................................................................... 2
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="683A2E3AFFC0144EA09D0B17FA52F834" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0B17FA52F87B" blockId="4.[151,1437,1709,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D0B17FA52F87B" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
2 Number of mandibular fan bristles>20, usually>22 (21–29) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA33C0B17FC44F89F" box="[822,906,1896,1918]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[188,1431,200,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval mandibles (a,b,d,f;h showing whole mandible with mandibular fan bristles) and labral blades (c,e,g) of Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen) (a,c, lake population, Finland, Arrajärvi, b, pond population, Finland, Rovaniemi), C. albipes (Johannsen) (d,e, Finland, Savukoski) and C. posio Salmela sp. n. (f,g,h Finland, Posio). I–IV mandibular teeth (III=subordinate tooth), Lt=lateral teeth. Scale bars a: 200, d: 180 and f: 130 µm. Lengths of labral blades ca. 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536922/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Fig. 10h</figureCitation>
|
||
); labral blade finely serrated, rather wide (length:width ratio 3,7 (3–5
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA1600BFAFE74F87A" box="[362,442,1925,1947]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[188,1431,200,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval mandibles (a,b,d,f;h showing whole mandible with mandibular fan bristles) and labral blades (c,e,g) of Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen) (a,c, lake population, Finland, Arrajärvi, b, pond population, Finland, Rovaniemi), C. albipes (Johannsen) (d,e, Finland, Savukoski) and C. posio Salmela sp. n. (f,g,h Finland, Posio). I–IV mandibular teeth (III=subordinate tooth), Lt=lateral teeth. Scale bars a: 200, d: 180 and f: 130 µm. Lengths of labral blades ca. 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536922/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="14369B7AFFC0144EA19C0BFAFE74F87A" box="[406,442,1925,1947]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" unit="g" value="10.0">10g</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
)...............................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA4B70BFAFAAEF87A" authority="Salmela" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" box="[1213,1376,1925,1947]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="posio" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA4B70BFAFAC3F87A" box="[1213,1293,1925,1947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. posio</emphasis>
|
||
Salmela
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA56C0BFAFA52F87B" bold="true" box="[1382,1436,1925,1946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC0144EA56C0BFAFA52F87B" box="[1382,1436,1925,1946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D371369FFFC0144EA09D0BDCFA52F834" blockId="4.[151,1437,1709,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<keyLead id="683F95AAFFC0144EA09D0BDCFA52F834" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
|
||
- Number of mandibular fan bristles up to 25, usually 15–21; labral blade almost devoid of serration, slender (length:width ratio 5.59 (4.38–6.85,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4BF52A1AFFC0144EA18C0BBFFE1BF837" box="[390,469,1984,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[188,1431,200,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-19@17.[151,1436,181,1796]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval mandibles (a,b,d,f;h showing whole mandible with mandibular fan bristles) and labral blades (c,e,g) of Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen) (a,c, lake population, Finland, Arrajärvi, b, pond population, Finland, Rovaniemi), C. albipes (Johannsen) (d,e, Finland, Savukoski) and C. posio Salmela sp. n. (f,g,h Finland, Posio). I–IV mandibular teeth (III=subordinate tooth), Lt=lateral teeth. Scale bars a: 200, d: 180 and f: 130 µm. Lengths of labral blades ca. 250 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4536922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4536922/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Fig. 10e</figureCitation>
|
||
).....................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14CE4D1CFFC0144EA46F0BBFFB08F834" ID-CoL="87ZZ3" authorityName="Salmela & Härmä & Taylor" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1125,1222,1984,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Chaoboridae" genus="Chaoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="E1BAEA8DFFC0144EA46F0BBFFB08F834" box="[1125,1222,1984,2005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">C. albipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Johannsen,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="FA8957F6FFC0144EA54E0BBFFA58F834" box="[1348,1430,1984,2005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">stat. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</key>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |