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<document id="02690BD6B6961C1F3FF6347E467B38CC" ID-CLB-Dataset="8160" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4545052" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0540f87c-c902-4df5-acd4-51801c9531bd" ID-Handle="2246/1634/B237-0004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545052" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613519208580" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Simmons, Nancy B. &amp; Voss, Robert S." docDate="1998" docId="4F19FC10FFFFFFD2FD482719FE6E8A66" docLanguage="en" docName="B237-0004.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 237" docStyle="DocumentStyle:25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4.1:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleId="25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Artibeus (Dermanura) gnomus Handley 1987" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="112" masterDocId="B3208468FF93FFA0FFF22212FF8B893B" masterDocTitle="The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats" masterLastPageNumber="219" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="108" updateTime="1698929808253" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6D32EF528BD54EBD89DDE6E0666D2518">The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2013768D3DBA33A345597F3122BBDC59">Simmons, Nancy B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="55373EC6D979687881DCEF4C98ECE934">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8140CD0CEF73B6B7D74E392D6AA64770">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AB1EE461611B93BD71C859013D8F560C">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="530D25BA20644FDCFE8FE5B69B4A374E">1998</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DAFBB6867EE0E66C2C45AC91F01889ED">237</mods:number>
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<treatment id="4F19FC10FFFFFFD2FD482719FE6E8A66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618152" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177422323" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618152" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F19FC10FFFFFFD2FD482719FE6E8A66" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F19FC10FFFFFFD2FD482719FE6E8A66" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFFFFFCCFD482719FB1A8C19" box="[698,1169,1291,1314]" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFFFFCCFD482719FB1A8C19" blockId="108.[698,1169,1291,1344]" box="[698,1169,1291,1314]" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">
<heading id="9C47FA6AFFFFFFCCFD482719FB1A8C19" box="[698,1169,1291,1314]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFFFFCCFD482719FB1A8C19" ID-CoL="7R5ZS" authority="Handley" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[698,1169,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus" subGenus="Dermanura">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFD482719FC968C19" box="[698,797,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">Artibeus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFCC22719FC338C19" box="[816,952,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">Dermanura</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFC392719FBAE8C19" box="[971,1061,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">gnomus</emphasis>
Handley
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFFFFFCCFC93273FFC618C7B" box="[865,1002,1325,1344]" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" type="description">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFFFFCCFC93273FFC618C7B" blockId="108.[698,1169,1291,1344]" box="[865,1002,1325,1344]" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">
<figureCitation id="5F8B5183FFFFFFCCFC93273FFC4C8C7B" box="[865,967,1325,1344]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="106.[120,158,1563,1584]" captionTargetBox="[220,1065,218,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-14@106.[220,1071,208,1541]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="Fig. 41. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the skull of Artibeus cinereus (MNHN 1995.1112; male) from Paracou. Dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of the skull of A. gnomus (AMNH 266314; male) from Paracou. Among other features, gnomus is distinguished from cinereus by its inflated anteorbital region and posteriorly constricted mesopterygoid fossa. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545142/files/figure.png" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">Figures 41</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5F8B5183FFFFFFCCFC21273FFC618C7B" box="[979,1002,1325,1344]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="107.[154,192,1557,1578]" captionTargetBox="[335,1030,216,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-12@107.[323,1038,208,1536]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="Fig. 42. Lateral views of the skull and lower jaw of (A) Artibeus cinereus (MNHN 1995.1112; male) and (B) A. gnomus (AMNH 266314; male). Note the species difference in number of lower molars. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545144/files/figure.png" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">42</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFFFFFD0FD492770FE878830" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFFFFD0FD492770FE878830" blockId="108.[670,1198,1378,1763]" lastBlockId="112.[94,623,214,1763]" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">
VOUCHER MATERIAL:
<materialsCitation id="77D8475BFFFFFFD0FC4F2770FE878830" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3037467315" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">18 females (AMNH *266195, *266239, *266301, *266303, *266308, *266309, *266310, *267199, *267979, *267988, *267989; MNHN *1995.1124, *1995.1125, *1995.1126, *1995.1127, *1995.1128, *1995.1129, *1995.1130) and 24 males (AMNH *266304, *266314, *266316, *266317, *266318, *267200, *267984, *267985, *267986, *267987, *267990, *267992, *267993, *267994, *267995, *267996; MNHN *1995.1131, *1995.1132, *1995.1133, *1995.1134, *1995.1135, *1995.1136, *1995.1137, *1995.1138); see table 39 for measurements.</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="93CF1D8EFFFEFFCDFF682419FDE68FFB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545146" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545146" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545146/files/figure.png" pageId="109" pageNumber="109" startId="109.[154,192,1547,1568]" targetBox="[220,1140,208,1525]" targetPageId="109">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFEFFCDFF682419FDE68FFB" blockId="109.[128,1233,1547,1728]" pageId="109" pageNumber="109">
Fig. 43. Leaf­tent roost of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFEFFCDFE2B2419FD1C8F1B" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[473,663,1547,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="109" pageNumber="109" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFEFFCDFE2B2419FD1C8F1B" box="[473,663,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="109">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in closed­canopy secondary vegetation at Paracou. Formed of the bifid terminal leaflet of an immature understory palm (
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFEFFCDFC9C2434FB1F8F00" authorityName="Pulle" authorityYear="1906" baseAuthorityName="Miq." box="[878,1172,1573,1595]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="109" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sciophilum">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFEFFCDFC9C2434FC7E8F00" box="[878,1013,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="109">Astrocaryum</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFEFFCDFBD32434FB1F8F00" box="[1057,1172,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="109">sciophilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), this roost contained at least four bats, of which three (an adult male, an adult female, and one juvenile) were collected as vouchers. The roosting bats, hanging in a tight cluster from the midrib of the leaf about 1.5 m above the ground (arrow), were invisible from any vantage point except directly underneath. Some six to eight abandoned roosts of identical construction were found within about 100 m of this example. See figures 44 and 45 for close­ups.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="93CF1D8EFFFDFFCEFF8A2419FE248F6E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545148" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545148/files/figure.png" pageId="110" pageNumber="110" startId="110.[120,158,1547,1568]" targetBox="[195,1096,208,1525]" targetPageId="110">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFDFFCEFF8A2419FE248F6E" blockId="110.[94,1198,1547,1621]" pageId="110" pageNumber="110">
Fig. 44. Detail of the leaf­tent roost of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFDFFCEFDDF2419FD6D8F1B" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[557,742,1547,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="110" pageNumber="110" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFDFFCEFDDF2419FD6D8F1B" box="[557,742,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="110" pageNumber="110">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shown in figure 43. This is the dark green upper surface of the leaf, the bifid terminal leaflet of which had been cut from each outer margin in a curving line toward the midrib.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="93CF1D8EFFFCFFCFFF68241AFBF08F56" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545150" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545150" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545150/files/figure.png" pageId="111" pageNumber="111" startId="111.[154,192,1544,1565]" targetBox="[231,1130,208,1523]" targetPageId="111">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFCFFCFFF68241AFBF08F56" blockId="111.[128,1233,1544,1645]" pageId="111" pageNumber="111">
Fig. 45. Detail of the leaf­tent roost of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFCFFCFFD94241AFCA88F26" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[614,803,1544,1565]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="111" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFCFFCFFD94241AFCA88F26" box="[614,803,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="111">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shown in figure 43. This is the lower surface of the leaf, which is conspicuously whitish by contrast with the dark green upper surface (facing page). The long black spines, grouped in clusters all along the midrib, had been chewed to short stubs for the distalmost 15 cm or so, near the apex of the tent where the bats were hanging (arrow).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFE3FFD2FF892303FE6E8A66" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" type="description">
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE3FFD0FF892303FEAE8B76" blockId="112.[94,623,214,1763]" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">
IDENTIFICATION: The original description of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FFAC233DFEAD887D" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[94,294,303,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FFAC233DFEAD887D" box="[94,294,303,326]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Artibeus gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Handley (1987) is still the basic reference for this species, although the measurements tabulated by
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE3FFD0FE13237BFE1688A6" author="Brosset, A. &amp; P. Charles-Dominique" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and Charles­Dominique (1990)</bibRefCitation>
for their French Guianan material are also helpful. The few problems we encountered in distinguishing
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FFAC23CDFF5788CD" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[94,220,478,502]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FFAC23CDFFFB88CD" box="[94,112,479,502]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FF7023CDFF5788CD" box="[130,220,479,502]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FED923CDFE3A88CD" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[299,433,478,502]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FED923CDFEB688CD" box="[299,317,479,502]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FEBD23CDFE3A88CD" box="[335,433,479,502]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were discussed in the preceeding species account. No subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FF17200BFE248B0B" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[229,431,537,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FF17200BFE248B0B" box="[229,431,537,560]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Artibeus gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are recognized (Handley, 1987).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE3FFD0FF892046FF388DCB" blockId="112.[94,623,214,1763]" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">
Our voucher material corresponds closely with Handley’s (1987) description of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FDC52063FF7E8B9D" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FDC52063FF7E8B9D" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Artibeus gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and measurements of our specimens generally fall within the range of variation previously reported for the species. One exception is a particularly large male (AMNH 267987), whose measurements in several dimensions exceed any previously reported in the literature (e.g., length of maxillary toothrow, 6.08 mm; breadth across molars, 8.30 mm; zygomatic breadth, 11.47 mm). Except in size, however, this specimen agrees morphologically with the remainder of our specimens, and we conclude that it simply represents an unusually large example. Unpublished measurement data from other localities (in Venezuela, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil; Handley, personal commun.) indicate that AMNH 267987 is not unique in this respect, and that the normal range of size variation in
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FF01268DFEFA8D8D" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[243,369,1182,1206]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FF01268DFE8E8D8D" box="[243,261,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FEE5268DFEFA8D8D" box="[279,369,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is somewhat greater than that originally reported by Handley (1987).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE3FFD0FF8926E4FC32887E" blockId="112.[94,623,214,1763]" lastBlockId="112.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">
FIELD OBSERVATIONS: We recorded 59 captures (possibly including some recaptures) of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FFAC2723FEAD8C73" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[94,294,1329,1352]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FFAC2723FEAD8C73" box="[94,294,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Artibeus gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Paracou: 51 in groundlevel mistnets, 4 in elevated mistnets, and another 4 at roosts. Of the 51 ground­level mistnet captures, 6 were in well­drained primary forest, 17 were in swampy primary forest, 5 were in creekside primary forest, 22 were in manmade clearings, and 1 was in closed­canopy secondary growth. It is noteworthy that of the 22 ground­level mistnet captures in manmade clearings, 18 were taken in nets erected around small fruiting trees,
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FF562466FF7E8FB0" box="[164,245,1652,1675]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Vismia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FF562466FF7E8FB0" box="[164,245,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Vismia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FEDF2466FE3A8FB0" box="[301,433,1652,1675]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Clusiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Clusiaceae</taxonomicName>
), growing along a narrow road through well­drained primary forest; none were made in large clearings far removed from primary forest. Of the elevat­ ed mistnet captures, two were made between 4 and 21 m above a narrow dirt road and two were made at 7–10 m in the subcanopy of swampy primary forest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE3FFD0FD49235EFD7E8BDB" blockId="112.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">
We found four roosting groups of
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FBBE235EFD7388BB" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FBBE235EFD7388BB" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Artibeus gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all of which occupied leaf­tents. Two large roosting groups (one with 4–8 individuals, the other with perhaps 6–10) each inhabited a single modified leaf of the giant herb
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FD2D23CDFC8B8B28" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Phenakospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guyannense">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FD2D23CDFBCD88CD" box="[735,1094,479,502]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Phenakospermum guyannense</emphasis>
(Strelitziaceae)
</taxonomicName>
; both roosts were hard to see, about 3 m above the ground in the densely cluttered understory of swampy primary forest (fig. 46). We captured (and preserved as vouchers) only a single adult female from each of these roosting groups, the age and sex composition of which are otherwise unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE3FFD0FD4920F4FD7F8D40" blockId="112.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">
The other two roosts, inhabited by solitary adult males, were ‘‘apical’’ tents (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE3FFD0FB9D2116FCBA8A03" author="Kunz, T. H. &amp; M. S. Fujita &amp; A. P. Brooke &amp; G. F. McCracken" journalOrPublisher="J. Mammal. Evol." pageId="112" pageNumber="112" pagination="57 - 78" part="2" refId="ref96742" refString="Kunz, T. H., M. S. Fujita, A. P. Brooke, and G. F. McCracken 1994. Convergence in tent architecture and tent-making behavior among Neotropical and Paleotropical bats. J. Mammal. Evol. 2: 57 - 78." title="Convergence in tent architecture and tent-making behavior among Neotropical and Paleotropical bats" type="journal article" year="1994">Kunz et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
) made from the spade­shaped leaves of epiphytic
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FC61212DFBB88A6D" box="[915,1075,831,854]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FC61212DFBB88A6D" box="[915,1075,831,854]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Philodendron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FB85212CFD5C8A48" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
). One of these roosts was about 5 m above the ground in well­drained disturbed forest, the other about 10 m above the ground in well­drained primary forest. We found many epiphytic
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FC4821C3FBD18AD3" box="[954,1114,977,1000]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FC4821C3FBD18AD3" box="[954,1114,977,1000]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Philodendron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants with similarly modified leaves throughout our study area, but only these two examples were occupied by bats (wasp nests were found under the modified leaves of a few plants).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFE3FFD2FD492693FE6E8A66" blockId="112.[670,1199,214,1763]" lastBlockId="114.[94,622,750,861]" lastPageId="114" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">
Although
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FCC22693FC788DA3" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[816,1011,1153,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FCC22693FC788DA3" box="[816,1011,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">Artibeus gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FBDE2693FB258DA3" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1068,1198,1153,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FBDE2693FBB58DA3" box="[1068,1086,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FBBE2693FB258DA3" box="[1100,1198,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are morphologically similar, our data suggest they are ecologically divergent. Consistent with
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFE3FFD0FD1E26CBFD608C36" author="Brosset, A. &amp; P. Charles-Dominique" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and Charles­Dominique’s (1990)</bibRefCitation>
generalizations concerning habitat use in these species, an analysis of ground­level capture frequency data from Paracou (table 40) suggests that
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FC8A275DFC7C8C5D" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[888,1015,1358,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FC8A275DFC018C5D" box="[888,906,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FC6F275DFC7C8C5D" box="[925,1015,1359,1382]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more abundant in primary forest than
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FBEA277EFB2C8CB8" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1048,1191,1388,1411]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FBEA277EFBA18CB8" box="[1048,1066,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FBB7277EFB2C8CB8" box="[1093,1191,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which apparently favors the early­successional vegetation of modified habitats. Whether or not
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FC9127D6FC608CE0" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[867,1003,1476,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FC9127D6FCFE8CE0" box="[867,885,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FC7B27D6FC608CE0" box="[905,1003,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consistently inhabits bifid palm­leaf tents whereas
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FBA727F3FD468F2D" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FBA727F3FBEC8CC3" box="[1109,1127,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FB8A27F3FD468F2D" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uses differently designed tents made from the leaves of large herbs is unknown, but this hypothetical difference could easily be tested by following the movements of positively identified bats fitted with radio transmitters. Because
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FC6F2483FB9C8F93" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[925,1047,1681,1704]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FC6F2483FC248F93" box="[925,943,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FC4F2483FB9C8F93" box="[957,1047,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">gnomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was only recently recognized as taxonomically distinct from
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFE3FFD0FD1224DEFCEE8FD8" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[736,869,1740,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="112" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FD1224DEFD798FD8" box="[736,754,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFE3FFD0FCF124DEFCEE8FD8" box="[771,869,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="112">cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and because they are hard (but not impossible) to distinguish in the field, unvouchered ecological observations reported in the literature for these species should be regarded with caution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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