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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658987" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bba7e28b-bb64-4be4-bc08-bd0f6e937832" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784643" ID-ISSN="0067-1975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4658987" checkinTime="1617232677864" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="McAlpine, David K." docDate="1997" docId="A04DD76CFFFE4D57F98BC8F741A2FC64" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.49.2.167-194.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 49 (2)" docSource="https://journals.australian.museum/mcalpine-1997-rec-aust-mus-492-167194/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D3147822FB22E0797CFA40BA2FBFB595.2:RecAustMus.1986-1997.journal_article" docStyleId="D3147822FB22E0797CFA40BA2FBFB595" docStyleName="RecAustMus.1986-1997.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Somatiidae Hendel 1935" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="178" masterDocId="5C74AF14FFF74D5CFFF0CA174670FFEC" masterDocTitle="Gobryidae, a new family of acalyptrate flies (Diptera: Diopsoidea), and a discussion of relationships of the diopsoid families." masterLastPageNumber="194" masterPageNumber="167" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" updateTime="1635482192647" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Gobryidae, a new family of acalyptrate flies (Diptera: Diopsoidea), and a discussion of relationships of the diopsoid families.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>McAlpine, David K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
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<mods:date>1997</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>1997-10-15</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>49</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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<mods:start>167</mods:start>
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<mods:url>https://journals.australian.museum/mcalpine-1997-rec-aust-mus-492-167194/</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3853/j.0067-1975.49.1997.1264</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bba7e28b-bb64-4be4-bc08-bd0f6e937832</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0067-1975</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4658987" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784643" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4658987" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04DD76CFFFE4D57F98BC8F741A2FC64" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A04DD76CFFFE4D57F98BC8F741A2FC64" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="178" pageId="9" pageNumber="176">
<subSubSection box="[1659,1949,736,776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="9.[1659,1949,736,776]" box="[1659,1949,736,776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="176">
<heading box="[1659,1949,736,776]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" reason="3">
The
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1753,1949,736,776]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="9.[1297,2295,840,3170]" pageId="9" pageNumber="176">
The
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1392,1581,840,880]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
are a small probably very uniform family of flies, including only the genus
<emphasis box="[1926,2064,885,925]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="176">
<collectingCountry box="[1926,2064,885,925]" name="Somalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="176">Somalia</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
restricted to the Neotropical Region. The species are listed by
<bibRefCitation author="Steyskal, G." box="[1313,1605,975,1015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" refId="ref19363" refString="Steyskal, G. c., 1970 b. Family Somatiidae. In A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americans south of the United States 94: 2 pp. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo." type="book" year="1970">Steyskal (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Steyskal, G." box="[1633,1899,975,1015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" pagination="69 - 74" refId="ref19295" refString="Steyskal, G. c., 1958. The genus Somatia Schiner (Diptera, Somatiidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 8: 69 - 74." type="journal article" year="1958">Steyskal (1958)</bibRefCitation>
made a case for their close relationship to the tephritoid family
<taxonomicName box="[2062,2284,1020,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Richardiidae</taxonomicName>
. 1.
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, J. F." box="[1353,1653,1066,1108]" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" pagination="1397 - 1578" refId="ref19103" refString="McAlpine, J. F., 1989. Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha. In J. F. McAlpine (editor): Manual of Nearctic Diptera 3: 1397 - 1578. Canadian Government Publishing Center, Hull, Quebec." type="journal article" year="1989">McAlpine (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and Colless &amp; D.
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[1992,2291,1066,1108]" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" pagination="29 - 84" refId="ref18926" refString="McAlpine, D. K., 1991. Review of the Australian kelp flies (Diptera: Coelopidae). Systematic Entomology 16: 29 - 84." type="journal article" year="1991">McAlpine (1991)</bibRefCitation>
treated the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1522,1710,1112,1154]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
as a family ofDiopsoidea, and a relationship to the diopsoid family
<taxonomicName box="[2066,2200,1158,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
has sometimes been accepted (e.g., by
<bibRefCitation author="Hennig, W." box="[1885,2116,1205,1245]" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" refId="ref18614" refString="Hennig, W., 1971. Neue Untersuchungen uber die Familien der Diptera Schizophora (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde 226: &quot; Z 6 pp." type="book" year="1971">Hennig, 1971</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Griffiths, G. C. D." pageId="9" pageNumber="176" refId="ref18455" refString="Griffiths, G. C. D., 1972. The phylogenetic classification of the Diptera Schizophora with special reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. 340 pp. W. Junk, The Hague." type="book" year="1972">Griffiths (1972)</bibRefCitation>
, however, included
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[1774,1913,1249,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1774,1913,1249,1291]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="176">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName box="[2041,2283,1249,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Periscelididae</taxonomicName>
, and rejected some further historical attempts at determining somatiid relationships. This diversity of opinion is indicative of the difficulty in deciding the systematic position of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1860,2052,1433,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
within the Schizophora. The antenna of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1644,1832,1521,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
has the essential features described above for the diopsoid families
<taxonomicName box="[2006,2289,1570,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syringogastridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[1390,1528,1615,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
. Taxa with these antennal features occur also in the superfamilies
<taxonomicName authorityName="E.Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[1831,2049,1661,1703]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="187" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Tephritoidea">Tephritoidea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[2094,2279,1661,1703]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="187" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Asteioidea">Asteioidea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[1306,1524,1707,1749]" pageId="9" pageNumber="169" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Ephydroidea">Ephydroidea</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName box="[1631,1814,1707,1749]" pageId="9" pageNumber="172" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Muscoidea">Muscoidea</taxonomicName>
(= Calyptrata), as used in the classification of Colless &amp; D.
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[1919,2223,1754,1795]" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" pagination="29 - 84" refId="ref18926" refString="McAlpine, D. K., 1991. Review of the Australian kelp flies (Diptera: Coelopidae). Systematic Entomology 16: 29 - 84." type="journal article" year="1991">McAlpine (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, so that further consideration of somatiid relationships will focus only on these superfamilies. The
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[2001,2189,1844,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
have none of the more distinctive features of
<taxonomicName box="[2045,2229,1888,1931]" pageId="9" pageNumber="172" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Muscoidea">Muscoidea</taxonomicName>
so that relationships with this superfamily need not be furtherconsidered. TheEphydroidea(syn.Drosophiloidea) probably have as groundplan apomorphies distinct prothoracic precoxal bridges and symmetrical protandrial sclerites. In these features the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1926,2114,2116,2160]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
are too plesiomorphic to have been derived from within the limits of the
<taxonomicName box="[1532,1751,2210,2252]" pageId="9" pageNumber="169" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Ephydroidea">Ephydroidea</taxonomicName>
, and wide divergence in other characters provides no grounds for suspecting any unusual homoplasy in these characters. My study of comparative morphology indicates that, in the groundplan of the Schizophora, tergites 1 and 2 are imperfectly separated, that there is a linear transverse membranous zone between these tergites centrally, and a separate visible suture on each side running to the lateral margin where there is a notch or incision. This condition exists in at least some taxa of numerous schizophoran families. Also an oblique internal ridge on each side, running from the lateral suture towards the anterior margin of tergite 1, is present either in the groundplan of the Schizophora or of a substantial part thereof. In
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[1819,1956,2855,2895]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1819,1956,2855,2895]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="176">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is a long, sharply defined, impressed suture separating tergites I and
<quantity box="[1376,1442,2945,2987]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
the medial region, though the membranous line is indistinct; laterally the suture is obsolete, but there is a sclerotised oblique internal ridge on each side. From the relatively few taxa of the family
<taxonomicName box="[2003,2222,3082,3124]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="176" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Richardiidae</taxonomicName>
at present available to me (representatives of subfamilies
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[228,1218,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
Epiplateinae and Richardiinae) it appears that total absence of the suture between tergites 1 and 2 is probably a groundplan apomorphy for the family. Therefore
<emphasis box="[230,373,535,574]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[230,367,535,574]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Somatia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which retains a well marked suture, would not seem to belong within the
<taxonomicName box="[745,960,582,621]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Richardiidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="178" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="10.[228,1218,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
The female postabdomen of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[781,916,627,667]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[781,916,627,667]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Steyskal, G." box="[947,1205,627,667]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" pagination="69 - 74" refId="ref19295" refString="Steyskal, G. c., 1958. The genus Somatia Schiner (Diptera, Somatiidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 8: 69 - 74." type="journal article" year="1958">Steyskal, 1958</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3) includes a definite free sternite behind segment 7, and the terminal parts are not fused into an aculeus. These conditions probably provide sufficient evidence for excluding
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[419,555,810,849]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[419,555,810,849]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the superfamily
<taxonomicName authorityName="E.Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[992,1205,810,849]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Tephritoidea">Tephritoidea</taxonomicName>
, to which the
<taxonomicName box="[491,703,856,895]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Richardiidae</taxonomicName>
belong, even though some richardiids have apparently a (? secondarily) divided aculeus (
<bibRefCitation author="Steyskal, G. C." box="[383,658,948,987]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" pagination="833 - 837" refId="ref19531" refString="Steyskal, G. C., 1987 b. Richardiidae. In J. F. McAlpine (editor): Manual of Nearctic Diptera 2: 833 - 837. Canadian Government Publishing Center, Hull, Quebec." type="journal article" year="1987">Steyskal, 1987b</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of a large male tergite 6 (
<bibRefCitation author="Steyskal, G." box="[411,673,994,1034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" pagination="69 - 74" refId="ref19295" refString="Steyskal, G. c., 1958. The genus Somatia Schiner (Diptera, Somatiidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 8: 69 - 74." type="journal article" year="1958">Steyskal, 1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Griffiths, G. C. D." box="[705,963,994,1034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" refId="ref18455" refString="Griffiths, G. C. D., 1972. The phylogenetic classification of the Diptera Schizophora with special reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. 340 pp. W. Junk, The Hague." type="book" year="1972">Griffiths, 1972</bibRefCitation>
) alone would negate any close relationship to the
<taxonomicName box="[915,1127,1040,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Richardiidae</taxonomicName>
and allied tephritoid families. The very elongate distiphallus in the male and annular tergosternite
<quantity box="[925,999,1132,1170]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
the female of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[291,431,1177,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[291,431,1177,1217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are conditions so frequently acquired in the Schizophora that they can no longer be considered to indicate an affinity with the
<taxonomicName authorityName="E.Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[887,1093,1269,1308]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="187" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Tephritoidea">Tephritoidea</taxonomicName>
. The above considerations induce me to discard any hypothesis of close relationship between the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1020,1213,1361,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
and the tephritoid families.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[228,1218,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
Returning to a comparison of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[863,1046,1453,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[230,422,1499,1538]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="182" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Diopsoidea">Diopsoidea</taxonomicName>
, the unusually large, neck-like pronotum of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[230,380,1545,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[230,380,1545,1584]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is reminiscent of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Hennig" authorityYear="1965" box="[920,1108,1545,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Diopsidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diopsidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[232,516,1591,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syringogastridae</taxonomicName>
, though detail of the articulation with the occipital part of the head is different The deeply sclerotised metathoracic postcoxal bridge resembles that ofDiopsidae,
<taxonomicName box="[469,752,1729,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syringogastridae</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis box="[776,908,1729,1769]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1860" box="[776,902,1729,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Gobryidae" genus="Gobrya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gobrya</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and some psilids, but such a postcoxal bridge has been derived many times in the Schizophora, e.g., several times in each of the families
<taxonomicName box="[377,642,1867,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Platystomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platystomatidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[730,920,1867,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tephritidae</taxonomicName>
. It is particularly frequent in elongate flies with deep thorax and often wasp-like form, and is an element of the megamerinoid character set (D.
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[562,854,2005,2044]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" pagination="465 - 475" refId="ref19034" refString="McAlpine, D. K., 1997. Relationships of the Megamerinidae (Diptera: Nerioidea). Beitrage zur Entomologie 47: 465 - 475." type="journal article" year="1997">McAlpine, 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[228,1218,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
The glabrous arista (apart from its long, bipectinate rays) of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[459,644,2097,2136]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation box="[752,857,2097,2136]" captionStart="Figs 5-12" captionStartId="22.[223,288,2929,2964]" captionTargetBox="[303,2193,381,2863]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 5-12. 5, Nothybus decorus, left antenna, vestiture and arista (segment 6) simplified. 6, Gobrya cyanea, antennal segments 3-6 (note absence of segments 4, 5). 7, Somatia aestiva (Fabricius), antennal segments 3-6. 8, G. cyanea, protandrogram (sclerites of segments 5-8 of male abdomen shown as if split along median ventral line and spread flat). 9, G. cyanea, female postabdomen, ventral view. 10, 11, G. cyanea, epandrium and associated structures, posterior and right lateral views. 12, G. cyanea, aedeagus, right lateral view. c, cercus. ds, compound dorsal sclerite probably including tergite 6 and stemites 6 to 8. ep, epiproct. s5 -s7, stemites 5-7. ss, surstyli. t5-t8, tergites 5 to 8. ts6, tergostemite 6." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4655131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4655131/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) contrasts with that of typical diopsoid taxa, which have pubescence on the basal part of segment 6, and on segments 4 and 5 when present. Among the typical diopsoids, only some of the more advanced diopsids show reduction (usually not complete absence) of this pubescence.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[228,1218,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
The apomorphic loss of the suture between abdominal tergites 1 and 2, apparently in the groundplan of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[229,431,2464,2504]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="182" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Diopsoidea">Diopsoidea</taxonomicName>
, provides a difficulty for inclusion of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[230,416,2510,2550]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
in this superfamily, just as it does for its placement in the
<taxonomicName box="[537,752,2557,2596]" class="Insecta" family="Richardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Richardiidae</taxonomicName>
, as mentioned above. The
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[230,416,2603,2642]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
also differ from all more typical diopsoids in the presence of strongly convergent postvertical bristles and a well differentiated cheek bristle (perhaps even to be identified as a vibrissa). The presence of a mesopleural bristle is shared with the
<taxonomicName box="[933,1127,2787,2826]" class="Insecta" family="Nothybidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nothybidae</taxonomicName>
and the doubtfully diopsoid family
<taxonomicName box="[783,991,2833,2873]" class="Insecta" family="Tanypezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tanypezidae</taxonomicName>
, but not the
<taxonomicName box="[229,365,2879,2918]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
, the diopsoid family with which the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1026,1211,2879,2918]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
have sometimes been closely associated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[228,1218,397,3148]" lastBlockId="10.[1284,2274,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
Because the possible synapomorphies of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1019,1211,2971,3010]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
and Diopsoinea are not very persuasive, and because of the above disagreements with the hypothetical groundplan of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[631,839,3109,3148]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="182" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Diopsoidea">Diopsoidea</taxonomicName>
, I think that the hypothesis of close relationship between the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[2079,2269,397,436]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[1455,1651,443,482]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="182" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Diopsoidea">Diopsoidea</taxonomicName>
should be discarded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1284,2274,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
Of the previously floated hypotheses on somatiid relationship, there remains only the question of affinity with the family
<taxonomicName box="[1598,1835,581,620]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Periscelididae</taxonomicName>
. The
<taxonomicName box="[1961,2193,581,620]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Periscelididae</taxonomicName>
are placed in the superfamily
<taxonomicName box="[1766,1946,627,666]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Asteioidea">Asteioidea</taxonomicName>
by Colless &amp; D.
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[1287,1586,672,711]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" pagination="29 - 84" refId="ref18926" refString="McAlpine, D. K., 1991. Review of the Australian kelp flies (Diptera: Coelopidae). Systematic Entomology 16: 29 - 84." type="journal article" year="1991">McAlpine (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and in the suprafamily Asteioinea of the superfamily
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fallén" authorityYear="1820" box="[1584,1818,719,757]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</taxonomicName>
by J.
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, J. F." box="[1957,2262,719,757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" pagination="1397 - 1578" refId="ref19103" refString="McAlpine, J. F., 1989. Phylogeny and classification of the Muscomorpha. In J. F. McAlpine (editor): Manual of Nearctic Diptera 3: 1397 - 1578. Canadian Government Publishing Center, Hull, Quebec." type="journal article" year="1989">McAlpine (1989)</bibRefCitation>
. The former authors'
<taxonomicName box="[1669,1849,764,803]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="187" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Asteioidea">Asteioidea</taxonomicName>
and the latter's rather similar Asteioinea are not very strongly supported by cladistic evidence, and each should be regarded as a provisional grouping. There is lack of evidence that the diverse family-group taxa included in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fallén" authorityYear="1820" box="[1976,2208,947,987]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</taxonomicName>
by J. McAlpine cohere in even a few of the postulated groundplan apomorphies (including three autapomorphies) listed by him. A critical analysis of this grouping is beyond the scope of this paper, but I know of no convincing evidence that these taxa of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fallén" authorityYear="1820" box="[2037,2270,1177,1216]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</taxonomicName>
(sensu J. McAlpine) share a common ancestral state of, for instance, &quot;face membranized along vertical midline,&quot; or &quot;wing contrastingly patterned.&quot; Also, the fate of tergite 7 is unknown for these taxa (it is generally absent in likely outgroups to the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fallén" authorityYear="1820" box="[1785,2024,1407,1446]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</taxonomicName>
), and, in the groundplan of some included families, sternite 7 is no more reduced and no more closely fused with sternite 8 than it is in likely outgroups. I therefore cannot recognise any validity in the broad superfamily
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fallén" authorityYear="1820" box="[1287,1519,1636,1676]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</taxonomicName>
of J. McAlpine, and I adhere provisionally to the separate superfamilies
<taxonomicName box="[1773,1952,1682,1721]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="187" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Asteioidea">Asteioidea</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fallén" authorityYear="1820" box="[2035,2268,1682,1721]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</taxonomicName>
of Colless &amp; D. McAlpine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1284,2274,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
<bibRefCitation author="Griffiths, G. C. D." box="[1334,1634,1775,1813]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" refId="ref18455" refString="Griffiths, G. C. D., 1972. The phylogenetic classification of the Diptera Schizophora with special reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. 340 pp. W. Junk, The Hague." type="book" year="1972">Griffiths (1972)</bibRefCitation>
regarded the
<taxonomicName box="[1946,2197,1775,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Periscelididae</taxonomicName>
as consisting of the subfamily
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oldenberg" authorityYear="1914" box="[1881,2137,1820,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Periscelidinae">Periscelidinae</taxonomicName>
(with approximately the same limits as used by
<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, W. N." box="[2028,2255,1866,1905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref18646" refString="Mathis, W. N., 1993. A new species and subgenus of Periscelis Loew from Australia (Diptera: Periscelididae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32: 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1993">Mathis, 1993</bibRefCitation>
) plus the genus
<emphasis box="[1553,1697,1912,1951]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[1553,1692,1912,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Somatia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
His case for monophyly of this family concept relies on five apomorphic conditions (by inference autapomorphies), numbered (1) to (5), which I review as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1284,2274,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">(1) Anal vein (culb+1a) abrnptly cut off apically, not reaching margin.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1284,2274,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
This condition occurs in the groundplans of most families of
<taxonomicName box="[1559,1772,2234,2273]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="187" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Asteioidea">Asteioidea</taxonomicName>
, as well as
<taxonomicName box="[2098,2258,2234,2273]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[1288,1582,2280,2319]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syringogastridae</taxonomicName>
, Diopsinae,
<emphasis box="[1815,1953,2280,2319]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1860" box="[1815,1947,2280,2319]" class="Insecta" family="Gobryidae" genus="Gobrya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gobrya</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and a very large number of other schizophoran taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1284,2274,397,3148]" box="[1334,2125,2372,2411]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">(2a) Only one fronto-orbital bristle present.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1284,2274,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
This is the usual condition for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oldenberg" authorityYear="1914" box="[1931,2168,2417,2456]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Periscelidinae">Periscelidinae</taxonomicName>
. The absence of such bristles in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[1804,1939,2464,2503]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1804,1939,2464,2503]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could have been achieved either by reduction of a single fronto-orbital or by simultaneous reduction of members of a series. We have no means of deciding which process was the relevant one, unless we first assume derivation from the periscelidine condition, adopting a circular argument.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1284,2274,397,3148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">(2b) ocellar bristles standing near ocellar prominence, not between ocelli.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1284,2274,397,3148]" lastBlockId="11.[215,1212,405,3156]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="178" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
This description seems to refer to the greater distance between the sockets of the ocellar bristles than that between the posterior ocelli. This condition applies to both
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oldenberg" authorityYear="1914" box="[1378,1603,2970,3010]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Periscelidinae">Periscelidinae</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis box="[1713,1858,2970,3010]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[1713,1852,2970,3010]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Somatia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but is less marked in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[1284,1419,3016,3055]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1284,1419,3016,3055]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="177">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in some species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oldenberg" authorityYear="1914" box="[1856,2092,3016,3055]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Periscelidinae">Periscelidinae</taxonomicName>
, in which subfamily there is some variability in the distance between the ocellars. I do not find this degree of resemblance so distinctive, as compared with that in hypothetically related taxa that retain the ocellar pair of bristles, to convince one of synapomorphy. Most of the more diverse acalyptrate families in which ocellar bristles are commonly present show diversity in their placement, and this instability must often result in similarity which is not related to phylogenetic proximity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[215,1212,405,3156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">(3) 7th abdominal tergum and sternum (female) fused, forming ring which includes the 7th pair of spiracles.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[215,1212,405,3156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
As mentioned above, this condition could be cited to support various relationship hypotheses for
<emphasis box="[1058,1204,865,903]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[1058,1199,865,903]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Somatia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Fusion of tergite 7 with sternite 7 has arisen many times in the Schizophora, and the superfamilies
<taxonomicName authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1840" box="[962,1129,955,995]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="187" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Nerioidea">Nerioidea</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="E.Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[222,433,1002,1041]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="187" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Tephritoidea">Tephritoidea</taxonomicName>
are the only major groups with the condition consistently present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[215,1212,405,3156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">(4) Pregenital sclerite (male) extending ventrally on either side; 7th abdominal spiracles lying within this sclerite.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[215,1212,405,3156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
Actually, in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[511,646,1232,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[511,646,1232,1271]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the dorsal pregenital sclerite (apparently fused sternites 7 and 8) extends further downwards on the left side than on the right, because of inclusion of the laterally placed sternite 7. Such a condition is frequently found in the Schizophora as a stage in an often repeated reduction series (see D.
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[221,505,1507,1546]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" pagination="203 - 251" refId="ref18841" refString="McAlpine, D. K., 1985. The Australian genera of Heleomyzidae (Diptera: Schizophora) and a reclassification of the family into tribes. Records of the Australian Museum 36: 203 - 251." type="journal article" year="1985">McAlpine, 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[543,623,1507,1546]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" pagination="59 - 82" refId="ref18880" refString="McAlpine, D. K., 1988. Studies in upside-down flies (Diptera: Neurochaetidae). Part H. Biology, adaptations, and specific mating mechanisms. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 110: 59 - 82." type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1860" box="[745,867,1507,1546]" class="Insecta" family="Gobryidae" genus="Gobrya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[745,867,1507,1546]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">Gobrya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in numerous similarly reduced taxa the condition occurs with inclusion of one or more spiracles enclosed in the compound sclerite (
<figureCitation box="[380,495,1644,1684]" captionStart="Figs 5-12" captionStartId="22.[223,288,2929,2964]" captionTargetBox="[303,2193,381,2863]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 5-12. 5, Nothybus decorus, left antenna, vestiture and arista (segment 6) simplified. 6, Gobrya cyanea, antennal segments 3-6 (note absence of segments 4, 5). 7, Somatia aestiva (Fabricius), antennal segments 3-6. 8, G. cyanea, protandrogram (sclerites of segments 5-8 of male abdomen shown as if split along median ventral line and spread flat). 9, G. cyanea, female postabdomen, ventral view. 10, 11, G. cyanea, epandrium and associated structures, posterior and right lateral views. 12, G. cyanea, aedeagus, right lateral view. c, cercus. ds, compound dorsal sclerite probably including tergite 6 and stemites 6 to 8. ep, epiproct. s5 -s7, stemites 5-7. ss, surstyli. t5-t8, tergites 5 to 8. ts6, tergostemite 6." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4655131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4655131/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[215,1212,405,3156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">(5) Aedeagus (male) slender and ribbon-like, supported by broad strip of flexible sclerotisation.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[215,1212,405,3156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
The &quot;ribbon-like&quot; or tubular aedeagus of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oldenberg" authorityYear="1914" box="[220,453,1828,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Periscelidinae">Periscelidinae</taxonomicName>
is now known to show some diversity (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, W. N." box="[335,577,1874,1914]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref18646" refString="Mathis, W. N., 1993. A new species and subgenus of Periscelis Loew from Australia (Diptera: Periscelididae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32: 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1993">Mathis, 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, W. N. &amp; L. Papp" box="[617,1037,1874,1914]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" pagination="366 - 372" refId="ref18683" refString="Mathis, W. N., &amp; L. Papp, 1992. A new genus of Periscelididae (Diptera) from the Neotropics. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 105: 366 - 372." type="journal article" year="1992">Mathis &amp; Papp, 1992</bibRefCitation>
). As an elongate, flexible tubular or strap-like aedeagus occurs in many families of acalyptrate Schizophora (in addition to most tephritoid families), this is not a very particular point of resemblance between
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oldenberg" authorityYear="1914" box="[736,967,2058,2098]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Periscelidinae">Periscelidinae</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis box="[1055,1201,2058,2098]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[1055,1196,2058,2098]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Somatia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Some groups containing species with flexible, strap-like aedeagus also include others with quite different aedeagal structure (e.g.,
<taxonomicName box="[484,642,2197,2236]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Clusiidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[667,915,2197,2236]" class="Insecta" family="Teratomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Teratomyzidae</taxonomicName>
, the heleomyzid tribes Allophylopsini and
<taxonomicName box="[704,970,2242,2281]" class="Insecta" family="Heleomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Gephyromyzini">Gephyromyzini</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[215,1212,405,3156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
I consider that, viewed in the broader field of schizophoran morphology, the supposed evidence for monophyly of the taxon
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oldenberg" authorityYear="1914" box="[661,890,2380,2419]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Periscelidinae">Periscelidinae</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[962,1099,2380,2419]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[962,1099,2380,2419]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not hold up well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[215,1212,405,3156]" lastBlockId="11.[1279,2264,406,904]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
In the broader concept of
<taxonomicName box="[740,972,2472,2511]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Periscelididae</taxonomicName>
accepted by D.
<bibRefCitation author="McAlpine, D. K." box="[289,599,2518,2558]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" pagination="55 - 78" refId="ref18804" refString="McAlpine, D. K., 1983. A new subfamily of Aulacigastridae (Diptera: Schizophora), with a discussion of aulacigastrid classification. Australian Journal of Zoology 31: 55 - 78." type="journal article" year="1983">McAlpine (1983)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Mathis, W. N." box="[722,977,2518,2558]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref18646" refString="Mathis, W. N., 1993. A new species and subgenus of Periscelis Loew from Australia (Diptera: Periscelididae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32: 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1993">Mathis (1993)</bibRefCitation>
there is a distinctive apomorphy ofthe arista. Segment 5 (primitively the middle segment of the arista) is rather short, very asymmetrical, and reduced on the outer side, and the base of segment 6 is asymmetrically oblique. This structure can be traced through the periscelidid genera
<emphasis box="[216,790,2794,2834]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName box="[216,354,2794,2834]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Scutops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scutops</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1858" box="[398,573,2794,2834]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Periscelis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Periscelis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[620,784,2794,2834]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Cyamops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyamops</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis box="[921,1132,2794,2834]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1900" box="[921,1127,2794,2834]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Stenomicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenomicra</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In examined material of
<emphasis box="[666,874,2840,2880]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1900" box="[666,868,2840,2880]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" genus="Stenomicra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenomicra</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
segment 5 has disappeared, but the oblique base of segment 6 is retained. The aristal structure of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[811,945,2932,2972]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[811,945,2932,2972]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[981,1090,2932,2972]" captionStart="Figs 5-12" captionStartId="22.[223,288,2929,2964]" captionTargetBox="[303,2193,381,2863]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 5-12. 5, Nothybus decorus, left antenna, vestiture and arista (segment 6) simplified. 6, Gobrya cyanea, antennal segments 3-6 (note absence of segments 4, 5). 7, Somatia aestiva (Fabricius), antennal segments 3-6. 8, G. cyanea, protandrogram (sclerites of segments 5-8 of male abdomen shown as if split along median ventral line and spread flat). 9, G. cyanea, female postabdomen, ventral view. 10, 11, G. cyanea, epandrium and associated structures, posterior and right lateral views. 12, G. cyanea, aedeagus, right lateral view. c, cercus. ds, compound dorsal sclerite probably including tergite 6 and stemites 6 to 8. ep, epiproct. s5 -s7, stemites 5-7. ss, surstyli. t5-t8, tergites 5 to 8. ts6, tergostemite 6." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4655131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4655131/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) does not fit into this sequence. Segment 5 is more elongate, ovoid, and almost symmetrical; segment 6 is not noticeably oblique at the base and lacks the general tendency seen in periscelidids (also in
<taxonomicName box="[928,1124,3116,3156]" class="Insecta" family="Nothybidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nothybidae</taxonomicName>
but not in
<taxonomicName box="[1430,1714,406,446]" class="Insecta" family="Syringogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syringogastridae</taxonomicName>
) for the dorsal rays to be crowded towards the base of the segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[1279,2264,406,904]" pageId="11" pageNumber="178">
For these reasons I believe that the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[2068,2258,499,537]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
should not be merged with the
<taxonomicName box="[1913,2160,544,583]" class="Insecta" family="Periscelididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Periscelididae</taxonomicName>
. The
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1935" box="[1282,1495,590,630]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Somatiidae</taxonomicName>
have several strongly developed apomorphies, which have had a transforming effect on their general morphology, so that it is difficult to establish what the morphology of its lineage must have been before it reached such a degree of specialisation. I am unable at present to adduce a superfamily placement for this family.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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