216 lines
23 KiB
XML
216 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="23E1F8ADFCD1348629E67D6240A4B5BB" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole vigilans" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>109</mods:end>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872350" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:23E1F8ADFCD1348629E67D6240A4B5BB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/23E1F8ADFCD1348629E67D6240A4B5BB" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName authority="F. Smith" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans (F. Smith)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 87, 88O
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">Pheidole</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="vigilans" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="vigilans">vigilans</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atta vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Atta vigilans</taxonomicName>
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Smith, F. 1858: 166 (w.) AUSTRALIA, Melbourne [BMNH, MCZC]. Combination in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphaenogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aphaenogaster</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Dalla Torre, KWv" journalOrPublisher="W. Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" title="Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna)" year="1893">Dalla Torre 1893</bibRefCitation>
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:108; in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Emery, C" journalOrPublisher="Rendiconti delle Sessioni della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna Classe di Scienze Fisische (NS)" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="67 - 75" title="Definizione del genere Aphaenogaster e partizione di esso in sottogeneri. Parapheidole e Novomessor nn. gg." volume="19" year="1915 a">Emery 1915a</bibRefCitation>
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: 69.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="dolichocephala" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="dolichocephala">dolichocephala</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole dolichocephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dolichocephala">Pheidole dolichocephala</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Andre, E" journalOrPublisher="Revue d'Entomologie (Caen)" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="251 - 265" title="Fourmis nouvelles d'Asie et d'Australie." volume="15" year="1896">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="André">Andre</normalizedToken>
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1896
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 262 (s.) AUSTRALIA, Western Australia [MNHN]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="vigilans" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="vigilans">vigilans</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL Jr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="13 - 14" title="The identity and synonymy of Pheidolevigilans, a common ant of southeastern Australia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00003.x" volume="10" year="1971">Brown 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 13.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="parallela" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="parallela">parallela</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole ampla var. parallela" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="ampla" variety="parallela">Pheidole ampla var. parallela</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="405 - 548" title="Fourmis nouvelles d'Australie." url="10.5962/bhl.part.13793" volume="10" year="1902 a">Forel 1902a</bibRefCitation>
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: 435 (s.w.m.) AUSTRALIA, N.S.W. (Froggatt) [ANIC]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="vigilans" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="vigilans">vigilans</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL Jr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="13 - 14" title="The identity and synonymy of Pheidolevigilans, a common ant of southeastern Australia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00003.x" volume="10" year="1971">Brown 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 13.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="yarrensis" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="yarrensis">yarrensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole ampla var. yarrensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="ampla" variety="yarrensis">Pheidole ampla var. yarrensis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="405 - 548" title="Fourmis nouvelles d'Australie." url="10.5962/bhl.part.13793" volume="10" year="1902 a">Forel 1902a</bibRefCitation>
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: 434 (s.w.q.) AUSTRALIA, Yarra districts, Victoria (Froggatt) [MHNG]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="vigilans" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="vigilans">vigilans</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL Jr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="13 - 14" title="The identity and synonymy of Pheidolevigilans, a common ant of southeastern Australia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00003.x" volume="10" year="1971">Brown 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 13.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="norfolkensis" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="norfolkensis">norfolkensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole ampla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="ampla" subspecies="norfolkensis">Pheidole ampla subsp. norfolkensis</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, W.M. 1927: 134, fig. 3 (s.w.) AUSTRALIA, Norfolk Island (A.M. Lea) [MCZC].
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<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H" journalOrPublisher="Entomologists' Monthly Magazine" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="90 - 93" title="The ants of Norfolk Island." volume="77" year="1941">Donisthorpe 1941</bibRefCitation>
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: 91 (q.m.). Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="vigilans" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="vigilans">vigilans</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL Jr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="13 - 14" title="The identity and synonymy of Pheidolevigilans, a common ant of southeastern Australia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00003.x" volume="10" year="1971">Brown 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 13.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="diagnosis among introduced">
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<paragraph pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Diagnosis among introduced
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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Smooth yellowish to reddish brown. MajorHW 1.30, HL 1.43, SL 0.68, CI 91, SI 52. Head subquadrate (Fig. 7); glossy, lacking foveolate ground sculpture. Posterolateral lobes lacking sculpture (including foveolate ground sculpture, carinae and rugae) posterior to maximum extent of antennal scapes in repose (Fig. 9). Hypostomal bridge with two well-developed inner teeth but lacking a median tooth (Fig. 19). Promesonotal dorsum glossy, lacking foveolate ground sculpture or striae. Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 4), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Metapleuron almost completely
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<pageBreakToken pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">glossy</pageBreakToken>
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with strongly reduced carinulae and lacking punctation (Fig. 17). Petiolar node mostly glossy (Fig. 17), not covered by punctate sculpture. Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). MinorHW 0.55, HL 0.58, SI 0.55, CI 95, SI 101. Head predominantly glossy (Fig. 36), lacking punctation and or rugae above eye level. Antennal scapes surpass posterior head margin by approximate distance of eye length (Fig. 40). Mesopleuron entirely glossy (Fig. 51a). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 42), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Propodeal spines weakly produced and dentiform (Fig. 51b). Petiole almost entirely glossy. Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans</taxonomicName>
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is a large, light colored, glossy species native to Australia and introduced in New Zealand. The species belongs to an Old World clade centered in Australia. The glossy head of the majors and minors give it a superficial appearance to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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, but it is substantially larger than that species. Additionally, the postpetiole of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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is not swollen relative to the petiole (Fig. 3) as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 1), and the head of the major is subquadrate (Fig. 7), while that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
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is more heart-shaped (Fig. 6). Readers are referred to the section under
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole proxima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proxima">Pheidole proxima</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rugosula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosula">Pheidole rugosula</taxonomicName>
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for a discussion of how to differentiate it from the other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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species established in New Zealand. Additional taxonomy of these species is discussed in (
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). Within Australia, there are many taxa similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans</taxonomicName>
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and its close relative
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole ampla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampla">Pheidole ampla</taxonomicName>
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Forel. However, a revision of that fauna is required before it can be reliably diagnosed there.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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Records show it has established in urban areas and been found with fruit, in gardens, indoors and nesting in failing pasture (
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans</taxonomicName>
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is considered endemic to the south eastern corner of Australia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL Jr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="13 - 14" title="The identity and synonymy of Pheidolevigilans, a common ant of southeastern Australia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00003.x" volume="10" year="1971">Brown 1971</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Heterick, BE" journalOrPublisher="Urban Ecosystems" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="145 - 173" title="Urbanisation factors impacting on ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) biodiversity in the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia: Two case studies." url="10.1007/s11252-012-0257-0" volume="16" year="2013">Heterick et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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reported
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans</taxonomicName>
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as introduced to Perth in Western Australia. The species was first collected outside of Australia in Kerikeri, New Zealand in 1956, and remains the least frequently collected
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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species in New Zealand (
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<bibRefCitation author="Berry, JA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="25 - 33" title="Species of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) established in New Zealand." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9518103" volume="24" year="1997">Berry et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cumber, RA" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Entomologist" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="10 - 14" title="Distributional and biological notes on sixteen North Island species of Formicidae (Hymenoptera)." url="10.1080/00779962.1959.9722774" volume="2" year="1959">Cumber 1959</bibRefCitation>
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). Although
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsp." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole ampla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="ampla" subspecies="norfolkensis">Pheidole ampla subsp. norfolkensis</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler was originally described as endemic to the Norfolk Islands,
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL Jr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="13 - 14" title="The identity and synonymy of Pheidolevigilans, a common ant of southeastern Australia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1971.tb00003.x" volume="10" year="1971">Brown (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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later proposed that the species was introduced to those islands.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="risk statement">
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Risk statement.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole vigilans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vigilans">Pheidole vigilans</taxonomicName>
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is not considered a pest in New Zealand, but it has been collected from urban areas and may be a minor garden nuisance (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Harris et al. 2005c</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |