344 lines
27 KiB
XML
344 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFD88A3EF846FC87F206CB64" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus rex G. M. Allen 1923" docType="treatment" docVersion="21" lastPageNumber="302" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="302" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>280</mods:start>
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<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808922" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163549971" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808922" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFD88A3EF846FC87F206CB64" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD88A3EF846FC87F206CB64" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<subSubSection box="[1930,2598,806,867]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1930,3075,806,867]" box="[1930,2598,806,867]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<figureCitation box="[1930,2002,806,867]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="14.[164,207,4337,4364]" captionTargetBox="[105,3488,151,4690]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="On following pages: 27. African Forest Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus silvestris); 28. Upland Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hillorum); 29. Sakeji Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sakejiensis); 30. Bokhara Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus bocharicus); 31. Greater Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum); 32. Geoffrey's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus clivosus); 33. Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus nippon); 34. Horacek's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus horaceki); 35. Maclaud's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus maclaudi); 36. Ziama Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ziama); 37. Hill's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hilli); 38. Kahuzi Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus kahuzi); 39. Willard's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus willardi); 40. Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ruwenzorii); 41. Chinese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis); 42. Big-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus macrotis); 43. Osgood's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus osgoodi); 44. Allen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus episcopus); 45. Thai Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus siamensis); 46, Schnitzler's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus schnitzten); M. King Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rex); 48. Marshall’s Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus marshalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748529/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">47</figureCitation>
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. King Horseshoe
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2504,2598,806,867]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Bat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2664,3075,806,867]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1930,3075,806,867]" box="[2664,3075,806,867]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1923" box="[2664,3075,806,867]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[2664,3075,806,867]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Rhinolophus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1929,3019,885,965]" box="[1930,3019,885,912]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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French: Rhinolophe roi
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<emphasis box="[2245,2256,885,912]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">I</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2264,2387,885,912]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">German:</emphasis>
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Königshufeisennase /
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2695,2818,885,912]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Spanish:</emphasis>
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Herradura real
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1929,3019,885,965]" box="[1929,2842,938,965]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1929,2262,938,965]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Other common names:</emphasis>
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Bourret's Horseshoe Bat
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<emphasis box="[2615,2842,938,965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">(paradoxolophus)</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2750,3547,1039,1078]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[2749,3548,1039,1607]" box="[2750,3547,1039,1078]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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Taxonomy.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1923" box="[2963,3540,1039,1078]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[2963,3174,1039,1078]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
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rexG. M. Allen, 1923
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2752,3473,1092,1131]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[2749,3548,1039,1607]" box="[2752,3473,1092,1131]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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“
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597533994" box="[2766,3473,1092,1131]" country="China" county="Szechwan Province" location="Wanhsien" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFD88A3EF846FC87F206CB64:052E606FFFD88A3EF502FBE5F402DD08" box="[2766,2951,1092,1131]" country="China" county="Szechwan Province" name="Wanhsien" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Wanhsien</location>
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,
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<collectingCounty box="[2968,3318,1092,1131]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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Szechwan
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<emphasis box="[3156,3318,1092,1131]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Province</emphasis>
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</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[3336,3452,1092,1131]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">China</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[2749,3548,1039,1607]" lastBlockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1923" box="[2751,3041,1145,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[2751,3041,1145,1184]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Rhinolophus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1844" box="[3255,3396,1145,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">
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<emphasis box="[3255,3396,1145,1184]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">macrotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group and sister to the clade that includes the.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1844" box="[2891,3029,1251,1290]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">
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<emphasis box="[2891,3029,1251,1290]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">macrotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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complex and.
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<emphasis box="[3376,3545,1251,1290]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyldenstolpe" authorityYear="1917" box="[3376,3540,1251,1290]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="siamensis">siamensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Bourret" baseAuthorityYear="1951" box="[2750,3281,1304,1343]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxolophus">
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<emphasis box="[2750,3281,1304,1343]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Rhinolophus paradoxolophus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was generally recognized as a species distinct from.
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<emphasis box="[2801,2858,1410,1449]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1923" box="[2801,2852,1410,1449]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">rex</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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but the two taxa are now considered a single species based on genetic data. Nevertheless, they are distinguishable based on size and call frequency, despitnot forming
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<emphasis box="[2168,2251,1619,1658]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">fully</emphasis>
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monophyletic groups. Additional morphometric studies are needed across the entire distributions of both taxa to
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<emphasis box="[2831,2947,1672,1711]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">clarify</emphasis>
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their taxonomic relationships. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749998" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749998/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" targetBox="[1925,2719,1042,1600]" targetPageId="23">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" box="[1927,2465,1778,1817]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1927,2217,1778,1817]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Subspecies and</emphasis>
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Distribution.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName authority="G. M. Allen, 1923" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1923" box="[1927,2416,1831,1870]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="rex">
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.
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<emphasis box="[1982,2069,1831,1870]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">r. rex</emphasis>
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G. M. Allen, 1923
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</taxonomicName>
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- S & SE
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<collectingCountry box="[2642,2758,1831,1870]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">China</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[2789,2946,1831,1870]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[2970,3187,1831,1870]" country="China" name="Chongqing" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Chongqing</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[3210,3377,1831,1870]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[3400,3537,1831,1870]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Hunan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1927,2092,1884,1923]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[2196,2430,1884,1923]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bourret, 1951" authorityName="Bourret" authorityYear="1951" box="[1927,2555,1937,1976]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="paradoxolophus">
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.
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<emphasis box="[1981,2285,1937,1976]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">r. paradoxolophus</emphasis>
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Bourret, 1951
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</taxonomicName>
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— SE
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<collectingCountry box="[2670,2786,1937,1976]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">China</collectingCountry>
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(E
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<collectingRegion box="[2857,3019,1937,1976]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
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and probably E
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<collectingRegion box="[3365,3524,1937,1976]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
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), E
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<collectingCountry box="[1994,2173,1990,2029]" name="Myanmar" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry box="[2237,2413,1990,2029]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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, N & C
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<collectingCountry box="[2562,2653,1990,2029]" name="Laos" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Laos</collectingCountry>
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, and N & C
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<collectingCountry box="[2883,3049,1990,2029]" name="Vietnam" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1926,2264,2042,2081]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[2513,2718,2042,2081]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="48.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="47.0">47-50 mm</quantity>
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, tail 19-
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<quantity box="[2875,3054,2042,2081]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="22.0" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="6.0">6-38 mm</quantity>
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||
, ear
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<quantity box="[3151,3356,2042,2081]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="39.0" valueMin="26.0">26-39 mm</quantity>
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||
, hindfoot 7-3—10-
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||
<quantity box="[2070,2178,2093,2132]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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||
, forearm
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||
<quantity box="[2362,2563,2093,2132]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="58.0" valueMax="63.0" valueMin="53.0">53-63 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[2719,2845,2093,2132]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" unit="g" value="11.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="8.0">
|
||
8-15
|
||
<emphasis box="[2819,2845,2093,2132]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">g</emphasis>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. “Bourret’s Horseshoe Bat”
|
||
<emphasis box="[3378,3403,2093,2132]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">(.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bourret" authorityYear="1951" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="paradoxolophus">
|
||
r.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">paradoxolophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis box="[2139,2151,2149,2188]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">)</emphasis>
|
||
is primarily distinguished by its smaller skull and forearm size. Dorsal pelage is light cinnamon-buff or dark brown; venter is generally paler and more grayish. There is no orange morph. Males lack
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||
<emphasis box="[2733,2871,2255,2294]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">axillary</emphasis>
|
||
tufts. Ears are extremely large, with well-developed antitragus. Noseleaf has very short subtriangular lancet, with broadly rounded tip, nearly concealed by
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1940" box="[2581,2641,2361,2400]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Triakidae" genus="Fur" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">fur</taxonomicName>
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||
; connecting process is low, convex, and slopes from base
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<emphasis box="[2120,2162,2414,2453]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">of</emphasis>
|
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lancet to sella; sella is very long, wide, and tongue-shaped, its tip is broadly blunt and
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||
<emphasis box="[2127,2314,2466,2505]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">narrowest</emphasis>
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at base, and there is longitudinal median depression extending almost to top of sella; intemarial cup is very broad and extends laterally over much of horseshoe and covers nostrils; and horseshoe is very wide at 9-12-
|
||
<quantity box="[3279,3399,2572,2611]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, covers muzzle, and has no lateral leaflets and
|
||
<emphasis box="[2696,2776,2626,2665]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">very</emphasis>
|
||
deep median emargination. There are three medial grooves on lower lip. Skull is large, elongated, and narrow (zygomatic width is considerably smaller than mastoid width); median nasal swellings are prominent and elliptical, protruding anteriorly beyond rostral wall; lateral compartments are elongated; sagittal crest is very low; frontal depression is clearly well developed; and supraorbital crests are moderately developed. P2 is small and completely in tooth row, separating
|
||
<emphasis box="[2223,2254,2943,2982]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">C</emphasis>
|
||
1 and P4; P3 is minute to small and in tooth row, varyingly separating or allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
Habitat. Mainly primary tropical lowland forests and often
|
||
<emphasis box="[3056,3246,3050,3089]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">associated</emphasis>
|
||
with limestone formations at elevations of
|
||
<quantity box="[2454,2691,3102,3141]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.495" metricValueMax="13.29" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" unit="m" value="849.5" valueMax="1329.0" valueMin="370.0">370-1329 m</quantity>
|
||
. King Horseshoe Bats seem to prefer moist forests, but individuals in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2414,2587,3155,3194]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
were found in
|
||
<emphasis box="[2882,2945,3155,3194]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">dry</emphasis>
|
||
pine forests with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jungh. & de Vriese" authorityYear="1845" box="[3283,3545,3155,3194]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="merkusii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[3283,3545,3155,3194]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Pinus merkusii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sprengel ex F.Rudolphi" authorityYear="1830" box="[1940,2113,3208,3247]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Roxburgh ex C.F.Gaertner" authorityYear="1805" box="[2226,2338,3208,3247]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" genus="Shorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2226,2338,3208,3247]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Shorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="von Blume" authorityYear="1824" box="[2363,2709,3208,3247]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Dipterocarpaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dipterocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and they were collected in limestone caves surrounded
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2158,2202,3261,3300]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">by</emphasis>
|
||
secondary pine forest and sesame cultivar at
|
||
<quantity box="[3057,3195,3261,3300]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="23" pageNumber="302" unit="m" value="1320.0">1320 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1922,2284,3314,3353]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The King Horseshoe Bat apparently hunts flying insects around trees and bushes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
Breeding. Pregnant King Horseshoe Bats were captured in April, and lactating females were captured in May-July in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2481,2649,3473,3512]" name="Vietnam" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Litter size is one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1920,2244,3525,3564]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
King Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, forage throughout the night, and roost during the day. Individuals have been found in torpor during the day. They hibernate in winter in at least south-central
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2736,2853,3631,3670]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, although probably not in the southern part of the distribution. King Horseshoe Bats roost mainly in caves (particularly limestone caves) but probably also in buildings. Call shape is
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3106,3177,3736,3775]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">FM</emphasis>
|
||
/CF/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3267,3338,3736,3775]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">FM</emphasis>
|
||
, and peak call frequencies have been recorded at 22-25 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2922,3014,3789,3828]" name="Laos" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Laos</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 27-5-29-5 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3364,3531,3789,3828]" name="Vietnam" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and 26-8 kHz in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2230,2397,3842,3881]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2414,2533,3842,3881]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Call duration has been recorded at 60-5 milliseconds and 67-5 milliseconds in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2391,2557,3892,3931]" name="Vietnam" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" box="[1921,3184,3948,3987]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1921,2861,3948,3987]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1921,2119,4001,4040]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Status and</emphasis>
|
||
Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on
|
||
<emphasis box="[3009,3073,4001,4040]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">The</emphasis>
|
||
IUCN
|
||
<emphasis box="[3197,3349,4001,4040]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Red List.</emphasis>
|
||
Bourret’s Horseshoe Bat has been assessed separately and is also classified as Least Concern. The King Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2321,2386,4106,4145]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
is considered widespread and relatively common throughout its distribution. Records continue to expand its distribution. It seems to cope well in secondary habitats and agricultural settings but might be threatened by pesticide use and cave tourism. General deforestation also seems to be a major threat because it forages heavily in forest habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="302" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[1920,3547,1619,4615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1921,2123,4377,4404]" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bates, Bumrungsri & Csorba (2008
|
||
<emphasis box="[2640,2655,4377,4404]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">a</emphasis>
|
||
), Csorba et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2831,2861,4377,4404]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2983,3051,4377,4404]" country="Hungary" name="Eger" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Eger</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Fenton (2003), Francis (2008
|
||
<emphasis box="[3505,3520,4377,4404]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">a</emphasis>
|
||
), urey, Mackie & Racey (2009), Mao Xiuguang
|
||
<emphasis box="[2591,2622,4429,4456]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (2007), Oo Sai-Sein-Lin et al. (2017), Smith & XieYan (2008), Smith, Johnston, Jones &
|
||
<emphasis box="[2302,2421,4482,4509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Rossiter</emphasis>
|
||
(2008b), Sun Keping
|
||
<emphasis box="[2728,2794,4482,4509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008), Tu Vuong Tan, Hassanin
|
||
<emphasis box="[3253,3320,4482,4509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017), Wu Hui
|
||
<emphasis box="[1922,1988,4535,4562]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015), WuYi &Thong Vu Dinh (2011), Zhang
|
||
<emphasis box="[2632,2719,4535,4562]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Libiao</emphasis>
|
||
, Jones
|
||
<emphasis box="[2830,2896,4535,4562]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009),
|
||
<emphasis box="[3014,3103,4535,4562]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Zhang</emphasis>
|
||
Lin
|
||
<emphasis box="[3166,3233,4535,4562]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018),
|
||
<emphasis box="[3346,3419,4535,4562]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Zhao</emphasis>
|
||
Huihua, Zhang Shuyi, Zhou Jiang & Liu Zimin (2002), Zhao Huihua, Zhang Shuyi,
|
||
<emphasis box="[2960,3153,4588,4615]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="302">Zuo Mingxue</emphasis>
|
||
& Zhou Jiang (2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |