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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFC68A23FF11F3BBFB41DD06" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus euryale Blasius 1853" docType="treatment" docVersion="21" lastPageNumber="289" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="288" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>280</mods:start>
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808851" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163550017" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808851" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC68A23FF11F3BBFB41DD06" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC68A23FF11F3BBFB41DD06" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="289" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<subSubSection box="[221,1171,3098,3159]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="9.[221,1754,3098,3159]" box="[221,1171,3098,3159]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<figureCitation box="[221,288,3098,3159]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[178,220,4371,4398]" captionTargetBox="[101,3527,129,4721]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages: 4. Lander's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus landeri); 5. Guinean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus guineensis); 6. Blasius's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus blasii); 7. Peters's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus lobatus); 8. Swinny's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus swinnyi); 9. Cape Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus capensis); 10. Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus gorongosae); 11. Roberts's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rhodesiae); 12. Bushveld Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus simulato/); 13. Dent's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus denti); 14. Cameroon Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus alticolus); 15. Mehely's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi); 16. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryale); 17. Hildebrandt's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii); 18. Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mabuensis); 19. Cohen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cohenae); 20. Smithers's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus smithersi); 21. Mozambican Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mossambicus); 22. Rüppell's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus fumigatus); 23. Eloquent Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus Bloquons)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748527/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">16</figureCitation>
. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1235,1754,3098,3159]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="9.[221,1754,3098,3159]" box="[1235,1754,3098,3159]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1853" box="[1235,1754,3098,3159]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryale">
<emphasis box="[1235,1754,3098,3159]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Rhinolophus euryale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[217,1571,3174,3201]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="9.[217,1571,3174,3201]" box="[217,1571,3174,3201]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">French: Rhinolophe euryale / German: Mittelmeer-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura mediterrànea</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="9.[1032,1835,3272,3840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1037,1248,3272,3311]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Blasius, 1853" authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryale">
<emphasis box="[1287,1661,3272,3311]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Rhinolophus euryale</emphasis>
Blasius, 1853
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1151,1369,3325,3364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="9.[1032,1835,3272,3840]" box="[1151,1369,3325,3364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597533958" box="[1151,1364,3325,3364]" country="Italy" location="Milan" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC68A23FF11F3BBFB41DD06:052E606FFFC68A20FBB3F35CFB75D447" box="[1151,1264,3325,3364]" country="Italy" name="Milan" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Milan</location>
,
<emphasis box="[1284,1364,3325,3364]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<collectingCountry box="[1284,1364,3325,3364]" name="Italy" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Italy</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="9.[1032,1835,3272,3840]" lastBlockId="9.[216,1834,3854,4633]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1853" box="[1039,1392,3378,3417]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryale">
<emphasis box="[1039,1392,3378,3417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Rhinolophus euryale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in the
<emphasis box="[1569,1832,3378,3417]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1853" box="[1569,1692,3378,3417]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryale">euryale</taxonomicName>
species
</emphasis>
group, which seems to be close to the
<emphasis box="[1759,1833,3430,3469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis box="[1038,1078,3483,3522]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">other</emphasis>
</emphasis>
African species groups
<emphasis box="[1527,1831,3483,3522]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1838" box="[1540,1665,3483,3522]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landeri">landeri</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1686,1825,3483,3522]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">capensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[1032,1529,3537,3576]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1842" box="[1032,1213,3537,3576]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fumigatus">fumigatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[1250,1523,3537,3576]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">ferrumequinum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pousargues" authorityYear="1897" box="[1677,1835,3537,3576]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maclaudi">
<emphasis box="[1677,1835,3537,3576]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">maclaudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups) and the
<taxonomicName box="[1363,1709,3589,3628]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xinanzhongguoensis">
<emphasis box="[1363,1709,3589,3628]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">xinanzhongguoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group from
<collectingCountry box="[1142,1259,3642,3681]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">China</collectingCountry>
. These groups form a large
<emphasis box="[1039,1275,3695,3734]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Afro-Palearctic</emphasis>
clade, although phylogenetic relationships in this clade are still
<emphasis box="[1732,1833,3748,3787]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis box="[1038,1159,3801,3840]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">unresolved</emphasis>
</emphasis>
. Following P. Benda and colleagues in 2006, subspecies
<emphasis box="[593,748,3854,3893]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">judaicus</emphasis>
is best treated under
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[1175,1354,3854,3893]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi">
<emphasis box="[1175,1354,3854,3893]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">R mehelyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on morphometric comparisons including the
<typeStatus box="[750,828,3907,3946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">type</typeStatus>
specimen that clearly represented
<emphasis box="[1517,1833,3907,3947]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[1517,1699,3907,3947]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi">R mehelyi</taxonomicName>
. Populations
</emphasis>
of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1853" box="[412,592,3960,3999]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryale">
<emphasis box="[412,592,3960,3999]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">R euryale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Levant region seem to represent a separate unnamed subspecies; additional research is needed to clarify this.
<emphasis box="[1271,1477,4013,4052]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Monotypic</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="distribution">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749942" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749942" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749942/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" targetBox="[213,1007,3273,3830]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph blockId="9.[216,1834,3854,4633]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
Distribution. S Europe (from Iberian Peninsula and C &amp; S
<collectingCountry box="[1373,1502,4066,4105]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">France</collectingCountry>
to entire Balkan Peninsula, including
<emphasis box="[616,758,4119,4158]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<collectingCountry box="[616,758,4119,4158]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Corsica</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, Sardinia, Sicily, Rhodes I, and isolated areas in S
<collectingCountry box="[1680,1833,4119,4158]" name="Slovakia" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
and N
<collectingCountry box="[343,519,4171,4210]" name="Hungary" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Hungary</collectingCountry>
), N
<emphasis box="[593,709,4171,4210]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Africa</emphasis>
(N
<emphasis box="[781,954,4171,4210]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<collectingCountry box="[781,954,4171,4210]" name="Morocco" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Morocco</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, N
<collectingCountry box="[1013,1154,4171,4210]" name="Algeria" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Algeria</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry box="[1255,1400,4171,4210]" name="Tunisia" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
), and SW
<emphasis box="[1586,1666,4171,4210]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Asia</emphasis>
(
<collectingCountry box="[1693,1825,4171,4210]" name="Turkey" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, Caucasus, Levant region, N &amp; W
<collectingCountry box="[841,924,4224,4263]" name="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Iran</collectingCountry>
, and N
<collectingCountry box="[1074,1158,4224,4263]" name="Iraq" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Iraq</collectingCountry>
). Possibly also
<collectingCountry box="[1438,1569,4224,4263]" name="Cyprus" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
(known from a single specimen regarded as Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[1303,1484,4277,4316]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi">
<emphasis box="[1303,1340,4277,4316]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">R</emphasis>
mehelyi
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis box="[1505,1550,4277,4316]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">by</emphasis>
most authors) and
<collectingCountry box="[301,569,4330,4369]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="9.[216,1834,3854,4633]" lastBlockId="9.[1926,3556,352,4638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
Descriptive notes. Head—body
<quantity box="[814,1022,4382,4421]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="mm" value="50.5" valueMax="58.0" valueMin="43.0">43—58 mm</quantity>
, tail
<quantity box="[1124,1331,4382,4421]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="mm" value="26.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="22.0">22—30 mm</quantity>
, ear
<quantity box="[1437,1641,4382,4421]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="mm" value="22.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="17.0">17—27 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot
<quantity box="[218,398,4434,4473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9—11 mm</quantity>
, forearm
<quantity box="[585,789,4434,4473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="mm" value="47.0" valueMax="51.0" valueMin="43.0">43—51 mm</quantity>
; weight 7-5—17-
<quantity box="[1087,1147,4434,4473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="g" value="5.0">5 g</quantity>
. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is very difficult to distinguish from Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown, with slight reddish, lilac,
<emphasis box="[818,861,4542,4581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">or</emphasis>
yellowish tinge (hairs are whitish with grayish brown tips); ventral pelage
<emphasis box="[598,625,4594,4633]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">is</emphasis>
paler to much paler, although it is never close to white.Juveniles are
<emphasis box="[2002,2082,352,391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">gray</emphasis>
. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (c.42%
<emphasis box="[3514,3556,352,391]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
forearm length). Noseleaf has
<emphasis box="[2504,2757,407,446]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">straight-sided</emphasis>
subtriangular lancet, with blundy pointed tip; connecting process is
<emphasis box="[2428,2562,460,499]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">narrow</emphasis>
, forward curving, and pointed at tip; sella is naked, rounded, and tilted forward and has almost parallel sides and broad top; horseshoe is narrow
<emphasis box="[2128,2164,565,604]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">at</emphasis>
6-5—7-
<quantity box="[2298,2413,565,604]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
and does not completely cover muzzle, having no lateral leaflets and shallow median emargination. Lower lip has three distinct grooves.
<emphasis box="[3433,3550,620,659]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Wings</emphasis>
and uropatagium are pale brown. Skull is delicately built, with subequal zygomatic and mastoid widths; rostrum is narrow, and nasal swellings are
<emphasis box="[3149,3319,725,764]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">relatively</emphasis>
low; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are poorly developed, and sagittal crest is absent
<emphasis box="[2063,2193,832,871]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">or very</emphasis>
low; bar between infraorbital foramen and orbit is short and broad, and infraorbital foramen is small. P2 is small but in tooth row, separating
<emphasis box="[3263,3294,884,923]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">C</emphasis>
1 and P4; P3 is
<emphasis box="[1928,2008,939,978]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">very</emphasis>
small and
<emphasis box="[2219,2301,939,978]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">only</emphasis>
somewhat displaced labially, separating P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="9.[1926,3556,352,4638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1929,2080,1045,1084]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Habitat.</emphasis>
Various Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrublands and woodlands from sea level to elevations of c.
<quantity box="[2516,2662,1098,1137]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="m" value="1360.0">1360 m</quantity>
. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats seem to prefer habitats with broadleaf woodlands and riparian vegetation for foraging in
<emphasis box="[3382,3464,1151,1190]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<collectingCountry box="[3382,3464,1151,1190]" name="Italy" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Italy</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
and avoid coniferous forests and shrublands in
<collectingCountry box="[2759,2841,1204,1243]" name="Italy" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Italy</collectingCountry>
. They are often associated with edge habitats in
<collectingCountry box="[2155,2265,1257,1296]" name="Spain" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Spain</collectingCountry>
, including hedgerows, woodland edges, and isolated trees. They are recorded in Mediterranean sclerophyllous forest, sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grassland and shrubland, and edge habitats throughout northern Africa. They are often
<emphasis box="[2040,2156,1416,1455]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">found</emphasis>
in limestone areas, with many caves and nearby water sources.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[1926,3556,352,4638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
Food and Feeding. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat feeds
<emphasis box="[3143,3188,1469,1508]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">by</emphasis>
slow
<emphasis box="[3306,3467,1469,1508]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">hawking</emphasis>
, flycatching, and probably gleaning off
<emphasis box="[2611,2653,1522,1561]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
vegetation and the ground.
<emphasis box="[3182,3281,1522,1561]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">After</emphasis>
prey has been captured, it is generally taken to night roosts to be eaten. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats seem to feed primarily on lepidopterans throughout their distribution and at all times of the year, generally favoring small- to medium-sized moths (
<quantity box="[3210,3387,1681,1720]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="5.0">5-11 mm</quantity>
and
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="25.0">25- 40 mm</quantity>
long, respectively) over larger moths. They are also known to eat dipterans (especially
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[2090,2274,1787,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Tipulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tipulidae</taxonomicName>
and brachycerans), coleopterans, hymenopterans, neuropterans, trichopterans, and psocopterans in smaller quantities and varying amounts
<emphasis box="[3343,3551,1841,1880]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">depending</emphasis>
on prey availability. In Spain, lepidopterans made up 68-99% of diets throughout the year and during and after lactation. Scarabaeid beedes
<emphasis box="[3007,3236,1947,1986]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">(Rhizotrogus)</emphasis>
also made up a variably but important food source (especially before breeding). Fecal samples from northern
<collectingCountry box="[2112,2250,2051,2090]" name="Algeria" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Algeria</collectingCountry>
found that dipterans made up 29%
<emphasis box="[2941,2984,2051,2090]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
diets, and lepidopterans were only 19-1%; chilopods
<emphasis box="[2355,2445,2103,2142]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">were</emphasis>
also eaten (3-8%). In autumn and early winter in southern
<collectingCountry box="[1929,2084,2159,2198]" name="Slovakia" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
and northern
<collectingCountry box="[2360,2527,2159,2198]" name="Hungary" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Hungary</collectingCountry>
, moths remained the most important dietary item, being the
<emphasis box="[2074,2156,2212,2251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">only</emphasis>
food source identified and
<emphasis box="[2679,2761,2212,2251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">only</emphasis>
a single species recorded in fecal samples
<emphasis box="[1934,2255,2265,2304]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1761" box="[1946,2249,2265,2304]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Colotois" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennaria">Colotois pennaria</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Leach" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[2270,2527,2265,2304]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[1926,3556,352,4638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
Breeding. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are seasonally monoestrous and probably have delayed fertilization. Breeding probably occurs before hibernation, although there is
<emphasis box="[2089,2171,2424,2463]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">only</emphasis>
limited information regarding reproductive habits. Gestation lasts c.90 days. Births occur in summer (June-July) in Europe, and litter
<emphasis box="[3113,3180,2477,2516]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">size</emphasis>
is one. Males reach sexual maturity
<emphasis box="[2227,2385,2530,2569]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">between</emphasis>
15 months and 2-2 years; females take 2—3 years. They
<emphasis box="[1929,2008,2583,2622]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">reportedly</emphasis>
live
<emphasis box="[2093,2123,2583,2622]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">C</emphasis>
.13 years.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[1926,3556,352,4638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis box="[1926,2066,2636,2675]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Activity</emphasis>
patterns. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats roost most often in large caves, but they have been found in buildings in Europe. They stay further in caves in summer and
<emphasis box="[3440,3550,2689,2728]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">closer</emphasis>
to entrances during winter hibernation.
<emphasis box="[2668,2893,2742,2781]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Night roosts</emphasis>
are generally where individuals can hang and rest or consume
<emphasis box="[2432,2513,2795,2834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">prey</emphasis>
, such as
<emphasis box="[2677,2795,2795,2834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">groves</emphasis>
of trees. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. They spend the day roosting and leave late in the evening to forage at
<emphasis box="[1929,2036,2901,2940]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">night</emphasis>
They are highly maneuverable and fly
<emphasis box="[2754,2918,2901,2940]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">relatively</emphasis>
slow, being able to hover for short periods of time. They hibernate in winter in deep torpor but frequentiy arise and leave roosts to forage.
<emphasis box="[2235,2368,3007,3046]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Winter</emphasis>
foraging is limited
<emphasis box="[2726,2770,3007,3046]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">by</emphasis>
temperature and might result in foraging on moths in roost caves, although this has
<emphasis box="[2703,2759,3060,3099]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">yet</emphasis>
to be confirmed. Reports from the Iberian Peninsula show that foraging occurred an average
<emphasis box="[2905,2948,3112,3151]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
<quantity box="[2962,3093,3112,3151]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1-3 km</quantity>
(at most 4-
<quantity box="[3321,3422,3112,3151]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
) from roosts; lactating females foraged an average
<emphasis box="[2740,2782,3165,3204]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
4-
<quantity box="[2825,2914,3165,3204]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
(at most 9-
<quantity box="[3122,3217,3165,3204]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
) from roosts; and males foraged much closer to their roosts, averaging
<quantity box="[2914,3043,3218,3257]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="5.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="1.0">1 -9 km</quantity>
.
<emphasis box="[3060,3157,3218,3257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">After</emphasis>
young are no longer lactating, adults traveled an average
<emphasis box="[2595,2637,3271,3310]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
<quantity box="[2642,2769,3271,3310]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4-6 km</quantity>
from roosts to forage;juveniles only traveled an average
<emphasis box="[2208,2250,3324,3363]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
<quantity box="[2257,2389,3324,3363]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="4.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.0">2-6 km</quantity>
. Call shape
<emphasis box="[2612,2638,3324,3363]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">is</emphasis>
FM/
<emphasis box="[2734,2793,3324,3363]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">CF</emphasis>
/FM, with mean F component
<emphasis box="[3396,3439,3324,3363]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
104-8 kHz in
<collectingCountry box="[2063,2197,3377,3416]" name="Greece" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Greece</collectingCountry>
, 104-106 kHz in
<collectingCountry box="[2516,2674,3377,3416]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
, 102-3 kHz across
<collectingCountry box="[3013,3144,3377,3416]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">France</collectingCountry>
, 100-104 kHz in
<emphasis box="[3462,3539,3377,3416]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<collectingCountry box="[3462,3539,3377,3416]" name="Italy" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Italy</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, and 102-4 kHz in
<collectingCountry box="[2261,2399,3430,3469]" name="Tunisia" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
, generally 100-109 kHz. Mean call duration was 53-8
<emphasis box="[3398,3547,3430,3469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">milliseconds</emphasis>
in
<collectingCountry box="[2087,2221,3482,3521]" name="Greece" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Greece</collectingCountry>
, and mean interpulse interval was 84-5 milliseconds in
<collectingCountry box="[3283,3418,3482,3521]" name="Greece" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Greece</collectingCountry>
. Males and females can recognize sex of conspecifics
<emphasis box="[2781,2825,3535,3574]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">by</emphasis>
their echolocation calls.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[1926,3556,352,4638]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
Movements,
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2174,2294,3589,3628]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Home</emphasis>
range and Social organization. Although mosdy sedentary, Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are known to travel
<emphasis box="[2793,2964,3641,3680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">relatively</emphasis>
short distances (0-5-16-
<quantity box="[3408,3500,3641,3680]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
in the Carpathian region) between summer (maternity) and winter (hibernating) roosts. Longest recorded movement is
<quantity box="[2524,2658,3747,3786]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="134.0">134 km</quantity>
in Europe. They roost in colonies
<emphasis box="[3303,3345,3747,3786]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
up to 2000 individuals during winter hibernation and then segregate into smaller maternity
<emphasis box="[3458,3548,3800,3839]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">colonies</emphasis>
of 50-400 individuals in summer. Males usually create their own roosts in summer but are occasionally found with females in maternity colonies. In spring, males and females roost together, and roosts
<emphasis box="[2570,2612,3958,3997]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
up to 200 individuals have been recorded in
<collectingCountry name="Algeria" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<emphasis box="[1929,1982,4011,4050]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Algeria</emphasis>
</collectingCountry>
. Colonies of Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats usually group in small clusters and will hang in contact with one another when active, although torpid individuals generally do not touch other bats. They have been reported sharing roosts with other species
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
of
<taxonomicName authority=", Rhinopoma" authorityName="Rhinopoma" box="[1930,2367,4170,4209]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[2386,2525,4170,4209]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plecotus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName box="[2544,2660,4170,4209]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis box="[2763,2979,4170,4209]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1837" box="[2763,2974,4170,4209]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miniopterus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="289" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="9.[1926,3556,352,4638]" lastBlockId="10.[147,1775,345,1130]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="289" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on
<emphasis box="[3119,3182,4223,4262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">The</emphasis>
IUCN
<emphasis box="[3319,3476,4223,4262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Red List.</emphasis>
Although the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution, its overall population is considered to be declining. It is stable and common in central and eastern Balkans but declining in
<collectingCountry box="[2415,2576,4382,4421]" name="Portugal" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Portugal</collectingCountry>
and
<emphasis box="[2680,2760,4382,4421]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
<collectingCountry box="[2680,2760,4382,4421]" name="Italy" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Italy</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, where populations are already small. In
<collectingCountry box="[1928,2062,4433,4472]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">France</collectingCountry>
, populations declined
<emphasis box="[2503,2548,4433,4472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">by</emphasis>
c.70% from
<date box="[2804,3053,4433,4472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" value="1940" valueMax="1980">1940 to 1980</date>
, although trends seem to have stabilized after the 1980s. Large population declines have also been reported in
<collectingCountry box="[1929,2038,4540,4579]" name="Spain" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Spain</collectingCountry>
, and the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat appears to be extirpated in
<collectingCountry box="[3377,3548,4540,4579]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry box="[2018,2240,4593,4632]" name="Switzerland" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
. Caves in
<collectingCountry box="[2440,2519,4593,4632]" name="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Iran</collectingCountry>
that once had thousands
<emphasis box="[3036,3079,4593,4632]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
individuals (20,000 bats of various species) just 30 years ago now have no bats, indicating the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is also declining outside
<emphasis box="[918,960,400,439]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">of</emphasis>
Europe.
<emphasis box="[1137,1251,400,439]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Major</emphasis>
threats seem to be general habitat destruction from urbanization and intensive agriculture. Habitat fragmentation and roost destruction are also prevalent threats. Use of organochlorine pesticides is thought to have been a contributing factor to the major decline in
<collectingCountry box="[1538,1673,560,599]" name="France" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">France</collectingCountry>
. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is protected throughout Europe by national legislation and is Annex II and IV on the EU Habitats and Species Directive.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="289" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="10.[147,1775,345,1130]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[149,357,726,753]" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Bibliography.</emphasis>
ACR (2018), Ahmim &amp; Moali (2013), Aihartza, Garin
<emphasis box="[1160,1190,726,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">et</emphasis>
al. (2003), Al-Sheikhly,
<collectingRegion box="[1549,1626,726,753]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Haba</collectingRegion>
, Görföl &amp; Csorba (2015), Benda, Andreas
<emphasis box="[619,651,778,805]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">et</emphasis>
al. (2006), Benda,
<emphasis box="[930,1052,778,805]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Faizolâhi</emphasis>
et
<emphasis box="[1104,1135,778,805]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">al.</emphasis>
(2012), Benda, Hanâk et
<emphasis box="[1514,1545,778,805]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">al.</emphasis>
(2007), Benda, LuCan
<emphasis box="[247,278,832,859]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">et</emphasis>
al. (2010), Brasset et al. (1988), Csorba et al. (2003), DeBlase (1972),
<emphasis box="[1319,1422,832,859]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Gaisler</emphasis>
(2013a), Goiti, Aihartza,
<emphasis box="[148,318,886,913]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Almenar et</emphasis>
al. (2006), Goiti, Aihartza &amp; Garin (2004), Goiti, Aihartza, Garin &amp; Zabala (2003), Goiti, Garin
<emphasis box="[1701,1771,886,913]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">et al.</emphasis>
(2008), Horéóek et al. (2008), Hutterer étal. (2005), ibânez (1999), Juste &amp;
<emphasis box="[1257,1365,939,966]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Alcalde</emphasis>
(2016a), Koselj &amp;
<emphasis box="[1636,1773,939,966]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Kryâtufek</emphasis>
(1999), Mikové et al. (2013), Russo, Almenar et al. (2005), Russo, Jones &amp;
<emphasis box="[1280,1406,992,1019]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Migliozzi</emphasis>
(2002),
<emphasis box="[1537,1629,992,1019]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Russo</emphasis>
, Jones &amp; Mucedda (2001), Salsamendi
<emphasis box="[601,674,1045,1072]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">et al.</emphasis>
(2006), Siemers &amp; Ivanova (2004), Stoffberg
<emphasis box="[1373,1404,1045,1072]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">et</emphasis>
al. (2010), Szekely et
<emphasis box="[1741,1771,1045,1072]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">al.</emphasis>
(2015),
<emphasis box="[250,321,1098,1125]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Turni</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis box="[367,435,1098,1125]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="289">Kock</emphasis>
(2008),Tuttle &amp; Stevenson (1982), Uhrin étal. (2012).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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