346 lines
37 KiB
XML
346 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.5.3342" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b8e9da7e-1b95-4b66-b400-dad533d5428d" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152023573" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-4049-5-1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1314-4049-5-1" ModsDocOrigin="MycoKeys 5" ModsDocTitle="A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary salazinic acid lacking vegetative propagules" checkinTime="1451253006862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benatti, Michel N." docDate="2012" docId="8DCAAD59A7F3F6CA11EB18777A9F038B" docLanguage="en" docName="MycoKeys 5: 1-30" docOrigin="MycoKeys 5" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.5.3342" docTitle="Bulbothrix hypocraea Hale. Phytologia 28 (5): 480. 1974" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFFDFFDAE4348862C732FF96FF87FFF4" masterDocTitle="A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary salazinic acid lacking vegetative propagules" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1643545948906" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the genus Bulbothrix Hale: the species with medullary salazinic acid lacking vegetative propagules</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Benatti, Michel N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>MycoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>30</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.5.3342</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.5.3342</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-4049-5-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152023573" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8DCAAD59A7F3F6CA11EB18777A9F038B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8DCAAD59A7F3F6CA11EB18777A9F038B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName LSID="Mycobank: MB 341600" authority="(Vain.) Hale. Phytologia 28 (5): 480. 1974." class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea (Vain.) Hale. Phytologia 28(5): 480. 1974.</taxonomicName>
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Figures 4-9
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Parmelia hypocraea</taxonomicName>
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Vainio. Catalogue of the African Plants Collected by F. Welwitsch2(2): 400. 1901. [Basionym]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia leptascea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="leptascea">? Parmelia leptascea</taxonomicName>
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Stein. & Zahlb. Botanische
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Jahrbücher">Jahrbuecher</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="für">fuer</normalizedToken>
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Systematik 60: 514. 1926. [Synonyms]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia proboscidea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="proboscidea">Parmelia proboscidea</taxonomicName>
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var. saxicola CengiaSambo. Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano 45: 380. 1938.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="lectotype">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lectotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Angola, Huilla (3800 ad 5500 ped. s. m.), ad corticem arborum Leguminosarum in sylvis densis juxta flumen Monino, ca. 14°16°S, leg. Welwitsch 32 pro parte, IV-1860 (TUR-V!, duplicate at BM!).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Thallus sublinearly to subirregularly laciniate to sublaciniate, light dusky gray in the herbarium, in fragments up to 5.2 cm diam., coriaceous to subcoriaceous, corticolous or rarely saxicolous; upper cortex 15.0−25.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, algal layer 25.0−42.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, medulla 75.0−125.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick, lower cortex 12.5−20.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thick. Laciniae anisotomicaly dichotomously to irregularly branched, (0.5−) 0.9-2.6 (−3.0) mm wide, contiguous to slightly imbricate, rarely crowded at the center,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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adnate and loosely adpressed, with plane to slightly involute or revolute, truncate, subtruncate or subrounded apices; margins plane to subplane, smooth to sinuous and subcrenate or subirregular, entire to slightly incised, not lacinulate; axils oval to irregular. Upper cortex mostly continuous, occasionally with some irregular cracks on older parts, smooth to subrugose; laminal ciliary bulbs absent. Adventitious marginal lacinulae absent, even on old parts. Maculae usually distinct, puntiform to efigurate, laminal on the thallus or on the amphithecia of the apothecia. Cilia black or rarely brown, without or with simple apices, often bent downwards, 0.05-0.65
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.03-0.05 mm, with semi-immerse to emerse, bulbate bases (0.05-) 0.10-0.30 mm wide (these partially enlarged or occasionally absent), frequent throughout the margins, solitary or in small groups in the crenae and axils spaced 0.05−0.20 mm from each other to occasionally contiguous, becoming absent or scarce at the apices of the laciniae
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
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adjacent parts, usually absent or scarce in the apices of the laciniae and adjacent parts. Soredia, Isidia and Pustulae absent. Medulla white. Lower surface pale brown to ivory, opaque to slightly shiny, smooth, moderately rhizinate, sometimes up to the
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<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">margins</pageBreakToken>
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. Marginal zone indistinctly delimited from the center to slightly attenuate, 0.5-2.0 mm wide, pale brown to ivory, opaque to slightly shiny, smooth, weakly papillate, often rhizinate. Rhizinae ivory or light to dark brown, occasionally blackish, whitish or with white apices, simple or sometimes irregularly branched, partially with blackish bulbate bases or displaced bulbs, 0.10-0.80 (-1.10)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.05-0.10 mm, frequent, sometimes agglutinated, evenly distributed. Apothecia subconcave to subplane, becoming folded when old, sessile to adnate to substipiate, 0.3-8.2 mm diam., laminal to submarginal, ecoronate; margin subcrenate; amphithecia smooth occasionally fissured, without ornamentations. Disc pale brown to reddish brown, epruinose, imperforate; epithecium 7.5-17.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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high; hymenium 32.5−70.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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high; subhymenium 10.0−37.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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high. Ascospores ellipsoid to oval or subrounded, 7.0-14.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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(5.0-) 6.0-8.0 mm; epispore ca. 1.0 mm. Pycnidia laminal, frequent mainly at the distal parts of the laciniae, immersed, with black ostioles. Conidia baciliform to weakly bifusiform (4.0−) 5.0−9.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">TLC/HPLC: cortical atranorin and chloroatranorin, medullary salazinic and consalazinic acids (see also Hale 1976).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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Figures 4-11. 4 Lectotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
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5 Detail of the lower side of the lectotype 6 Detail of the maculate upper cortex 7 Duplicate of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
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8 Holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia leptascea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="leptascea">Parmelia leptascea</taxonomicName>
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9 Lectotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia proboscidea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="proboscidea">Parmelia proboscidea</taxonomicName>
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var. saxicola (marked B) 10 Holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix linteolocarpa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="linteolocarpa">Bulbothrix linteolocarpa</taxonomicName>
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11 Holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix meizospora" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="meizospora">Bulbothrix meizospora</taxonomicName>
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. Scale bars = 1 cm (4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), and 1 mm (6).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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Africa (
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<bibRefCitation author="Zahlbruckner, A" journalOrPublisher="Engler's Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="468 - 552" title="Afrikanische Flechten (Lichenes)." volume="60" year="1926">Zahlbruckner 1926</bibRefCitation>
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): Angola (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vainio 1901</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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), South Africa (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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), Kenya, Tanzania (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sambo 1938</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Swinscow and Krog 1988</bibRefCitation>
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), Uganda (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Swinscow and Krog 1988</bibRefCitation>
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), Rwanda (
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<bibRefCitation author="Killmann, D" journalOrPublisher="Willdenowia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="193 - 204" title="New records for the lichen flora of Rwanda, East Africa." url="10.3372/wi.35.35116" volume="35" year="2005">Killmann and Fischer 2005</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Bock, C" journalOrPublisher="Willdenowia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="563 - 575" title="The lichen flora of Rwanda: an annotated checklist." url="10.3372/wi.37.37216" volume="37" year="2007">Bock et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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), Rhodesia (nowadays Zimbabwe), Zaire, and Zambia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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). South America: Venezuela (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="López-Figueiras">Lopez-Figueiras</normalizedToken>
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1986
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Marcano, V" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Bryology" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="193 - 235" title="A first checklist of the lichen-forming fungi of the Venezuelan Andes." volume="12" year="1996">Marcano et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
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,) Brazil - States of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">Parana</normalizedToken>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Eliasaro, S" journalOrPublisher="Mycotaxon" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="49 - 55" title="Two new species and new reports in the Parmeliaceae sensu stricto (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Brazil." volume="63" year="1997">Eliasaro and Adler 1997</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eliasaro 2001</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale 1976a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Marcelli, MP" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Brasilica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="25 - 70" title="Pequenas Parmelia s. l. Ciliadas dos Cerrados Brasileiros." url="10.1590/S0102-33061993000200003" volume="7" year="1993">Marcelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
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) and Tocantins (
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<bibRefCitation author="Eliasaro, S" journalOrPublisher="Mycotaxon" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="49 - 55" title="Two new species and new reports in the Parmeliaceae sensu stricto (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Brazil." volume="63" year="1997">Eliasaro and Adler 1997</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="additional specimens examined">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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Africa, Bakoba am Victoriasee, auf Baumrinden,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Schröder">Schroeder</normalizedToken>
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319 (W!, holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia leptascea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="leptascea">Parmelia leptascea</taxonomicName>
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). Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), District Salisbury, Chindamora Reserve, Ngomakukira, epiphyte on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Julbernardia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Julbernardia globiflora" order="Fabales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globiflora">Julbernardia globiflora</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName genus="Swatzia" lsidName="Swatzia madagascariensis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">Swatzia madagascariensis</taxonomicName>
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etc., leg. H. Wild 5806, 10-VI-1962 (NY). Kenia, K4, Nth. Nyeri (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-1.5">1°30'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="37.5">37°30'E</geoCoordinate>
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), Lew Downs Ranch, 0 km W of Isiolo, Acacia woodland, leg. H. Ballev 660c, 4-XII-1981 (NY). Tanzania, Mahulo, Kipengere, loc. c. s. on rock, with
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Usnea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Usnea densirostra" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="densirostra">Usnea densirostra</taxonomicName>
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, very mixed, leg.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Eusébio">Eusebio</normalizedToken>
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13 bis, 02-III-1935 (FI!, lectotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia proboscidea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="proboscidea">Parmelia proboscidea</taxonomicName>
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var. saxicola, designate here as
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“B”">"B"</normalizedToken>
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). Brazil, Mato Grosso State, Serra do Roncador, riverine forest, 46 km north of Chavantina, Rio Vau, epiphyte, abundant, leg. G. T. Prance & N. T. Silva 59380A, 11-X-1964 (NY). Idem, Minas Gerais State, Lagoa Santa, leg. Warming s.n (M). Idem,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Paulo State, Brotas Municipality, NW side of intersectionof road to Campo Alegre with the Brotas-Itirapina road, arboreal semi-closed cerrado woodland,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-22.283333">22°17'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-47.933334">47°56'W</geoCoordinate>
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, 750 m, leg. G. Eiten et al. 2976c, 16-VI-1961 (US). Idem, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro Municipality, fazenda Vassununga, km 259 of Anhanguera highway, on woody stem of vine, leg. M. P. Marcelli & B. L. Morretes 15628, 03-VI-1978 (SP). Idem,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
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Manuel Municipality, Fazenda Palmeira da Serra, non official particular cerrado (savannah) reserve, on tree trunk at the woods, leg. M. P. Marcelli & S. B. Barbosa 35680, 03-VI-2003 (SP).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">The lectotype (Figs 4-5) consists of three small fragments on bark glued to cardboard, and some smaller fragments packed in paper, free of substrate. The duplicate (Fig. 7) consists of three fragments, all on bark, one of them glued to cardboard (fragments free from substrate were used to see the features of the lower cortex). The type material has several pycnidia, restricted to the distal parts of the laciniae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the most strongly maculate thalli of the genus (Fig. 6). However, in very old herbalium material, such as the type, the maculae may become difficult to be see due to the darkening of the upper cortex and the staining of the medulla by the oxidized salazinic acid. In this case, a bright illumination and wetting the thalli make the maculae more visible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Most cilia have an evident bulbate base, their apices are usually bent downwards and sometimes barely visible from above. Some cilia, however, have no basal bulb, but just a thickened, tapering base (possibly an early stage in the development of the cavity).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The color of the lower cortex varies from brown to ivory or cream, the marginal zone being slightly darker than the center (Fig. 5). The ivory color is the least common, and is similar to that observed in the lower margin of other
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Parmeliaceae" lsidName="Parmeliaceae" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="genus">Parmeliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(like
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmotrema" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Parmotrema</taxonomicName>
|
||
species) which are white ivory when fresh, eventually changing color after time in the herbarium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The swellings seen in the rhizines along its length are not actually endociliary pycnidia, as first suspected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marcelli, MP" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Brasilica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="25 - 70" title="Pequenas Parmelia s. l. Ciliadas dos Cerrados Brasileiros." url="10.1590/S0102-33061993000200003" volume="7" year="1993">Marcelli (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but basal or displaced bulbs. No conidia were found inside, but instead an oily substance like the one found in the marginal cilia. These structures have been noted already by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Jungbluth (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who also called them bulbs. The color of the rhizines is somewhat variable, as in some thalli darker rhizines are commoner while in others these are of lighter tones. The bulbs are more difficult to see in blackish rhizines, since in this species they are usually thick.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vainio (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned a whitish color for the upper cortex (which suggests that the maculae of the type material were much more evident when the specimen was collected). He described the laciniae with a larger width (1.5-5.0 mm wide) than seen here.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale (1976a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a more similar laciniae shape, branching pattern and width (1-3.5 mm) like was seen here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The ascospore measurements provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale (1976a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Swinscow and Krog (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marcelli, MP" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Brasilica" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="25 - 70" title="Pequenas Parmelia s. l. Ciliadas dos Cerrados Brasileiros." url="10.1590/S0102-33061993000200003" volume="7" year="1993">Marcelli (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eliasaro (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Jungbluth (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
do not vary significantly and are in agreement with those of
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vainio (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and those obtained here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eliasaro (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has narrower laciniae compared to others (0.5-1.0 mm wide), but agrees in all other characteristics. Eliasaro reports occasional small amounts of norstictic acid in her specimens. This is probably contamination, since it was not reported by other authors and not found in the specimens studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Swinscow and Krog (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described African material of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
that deviated by being emaculate or weakly maculate, with cilia often seen only as "black nodes" in the margins and with ascospores 8.0-10.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0-5.0 mm, including some saxicolous specimens. From their perspective, it is close to the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia leptascea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="leptascea">Parmelia leptascea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Zahlbruckner and Steiner (W!). Unfortunately, this material was not sent on loan from O
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">for</pageBreakToken>
|
||
comparison, although requested several times. The authors present an illustration showing small cilia composed solely of the bulbs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Jungbluth (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
supposed that these specimens might belong to a different taxon, for which the name
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia leptascea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="leptascea">Parmelia leptascea</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be available as seen here. Indeed no marginal cilia in the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia leptascea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="leptascea">Parmelia leptascea</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype (Fig. 8) have apices, even the most developed, usually restricted only to bulbs. These are also more abundant than those seen in typical specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, besides the saxicolous habit, the laciniae usually crowded and with a larger maximum width, and the cilia aspect, no other significant differences were found with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, althought the maculae are evident despite the dark tone acquired in herbarium. The variations found may be merely due to the substrate. More material is needed for a decision about the status of this material and a proposition of a new combination regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia leptacea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="leptacea">Parmelia leptacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The type collection of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmelia proboscidea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="proboscidea">Parmelia proboscidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
var. saxicola Cengia Sambo (FI!) consists of a ciliate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Parmotrema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Parmotrema" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">Parmotrema</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen with submarginal, pustular soralia, and two fragments of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 9, marked B) that make up the majority of the collection. Therefore the latter are appointed here as the lectotype, as it is in accordance to the species protologue. The comments of Cengia
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Sambo (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggest that she did not realize that the parts were from two different species. The author did not describe the material in detail, only commenting that the laciniae were variable, the smaller thalli being so because of being saxicolous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Bulbothrix setschwanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Zahlbruckner) Hale differs by the absence of cortical maculae and by larger ascospores 12.0−19.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
6.0−9.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale (1976a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distinguished this species from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his key also by the width of the laciniae, but although there is a tendency for specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setschwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setschwanensis">Bulbothrix setschwanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
to have wider laciniae, there are specimens with laciniae the same width typically found in specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the holotype. Basically, the largest laciniae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
are of about the same width as the smallest of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix setchwanensis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="setchwanensis">Bulbothrix setchwanensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The absence of maculae and the spore size are reliable characters to differentiate between the two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix linteolocarpa" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="linteolocarpa">Bulbothrix linteolocarpa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Marcelli was compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Jungbluth (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It differs clearly by the much narrower linear laciniae 0.2−0.5 (−0.8) mm wide, by the emaculate upper cortex, and by the cilia with smaller bulbate bases and longer apices. The apothecia are also different in shape, being flatter and usually stretched over the laciniae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Among other similar species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix sensibilis" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="sensibilis">Bulbothrix sensibilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Steiner & Zahlbruckner) Hale was compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hale, ME" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Botany" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 29" title="A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." volume="32" year="1976 a">Hale (1976a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Jungbluth (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and it differs by the black lower cortex with brown margins and by the weaker maculae of the upper cortex.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix subcoronata" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="subcoronata">Bulbothrix subcoronata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
Argoviensis) Hale (G!) was compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix hypocraea" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="hypocraea">Bulbothrix hypocraea</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eliasaro (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The type material differs by a black lower cortex with brown margins, coronate apothecia containing smaller ascospores (5.0-7.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.0−5.5 mm) and medullary norstictic acid.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Parmeliaceae" genus="Bulbothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Bulbothrix meizospora" order="Lecanorales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="meizospora">Bulbothrix meizospora</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Nylander) Hale was compared by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Jungbluth (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and differs by the weaker maculae of the upper cortex, a black lower cortex with brown or black margins, and by the larger ascospores (12.0−22.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
9.0−14.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |