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<mods:title id="F966D7E486D8A223B1BDB5AC088B2316">What is a genus-interpreting structural diversity among species of urothripine Phlaeothripinae (Thysanoptera)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36E2FFE7FFF45FE9F71EFDFCFCAF" blockId="7.[151,521,798,825]" box="[151,521,798,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">
<heading id="D0A2818EFFE7FFF45FE9F71EFDFCFCAF" bold="true" box="[151,521,798,825]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45FE9F71EFDFCFCAF" ID-CoL="3CRF" authority="Hood &amp; Williams" authorityName="Hood &amp; Williams" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,521,798,825]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45FE9F71EFDFCFCAF" bold="true" box="[151,521,798,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45FE9F71EFED3FCAE" bold="true" box="[151,294,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Bradythrips</emphasis>
Hood &amp; Williams
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36E2FFE7FFF45FE9F763FB4AFCEC" blockId="7.[151,1215,867,892]" box="[151,1215,867,892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511CCFFE7FFF45FE9F763FB4AFCEC" box="[151,1215,867,892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45FE9F763FE3BFCEC" ID-CoL="3CRF" authority="Hood &amp; Williams" authorityName="Hood &amp; Williams" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,462,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45FE9F763FEE5FCEC" box="[151,272,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Bradythrips</emphasis>
Hood &amp; Williams
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, in
<treatmentCitation id="0AF410F3FFE7FFF45E8FF763FD67FCEC" author="Hood, J. D." box="[497,658,867,891]" page="68" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B13FFE7FFF45E8FF763FD67FCEC" author="Hood, J. D." box="[497,658,867,891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" pagination="48 - 69" refId="ref7195" refString="Hood, J. D. (1925) New neotropical Thysanoptera collected by C. B. Williams. Psyche, 32, 48 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1925 / 38498" type="journal article" year="1925">Hood, 1925: 68</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="54EE8840FFE7FFF45DE2F764FD3BFCEB" box="[668,718,868,892]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Type</typeStatus>
species
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45C5AF763FB4AFCEC" authority="Hood &amp; Williams." authorityName="Hood &amp; Williams." box="[804,1215,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45C5AF763FC08FCEC" box="[804,1021,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Bradythrips hesperus</emphasis>
Hood &amp; Williams.
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEA36E2FFE7FFF45FE9F7A9FDD3FB74" blockId="7.[151,1437,937,1540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">
The type species was based on a single wingless female collected in
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45CE4F7A9FC01FC54" box="[922,1012,937,963]" name="Guyana" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Guyana</collectingCountry>
, on the north coast of South America. However, at the
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45E29F7CDFE7CFC70" box="[343,393,973,999]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">U.S.</collectingCountry>
National Museum in
<collectingRegion id="4991F800FFE7FFF45DF6F7CDFCF8FC70" box="[648,781,973,999]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Washington</collectingRegion>
and in the collections of Universidade Federal do
<collectingRegion id="4991F800FFE7FFF45A22F7CDFA6DFC70" box="[1372,1432,973,999]" country="Brazil" name="Piaui" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Piauí</collectingRegion>
, Floriano, in
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45E58F7F1FE98FB9C" box="[294,365,1009,1035]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, we have studied in addition to this
<typeStatus id="54EE8840FFE7FFF45C6AF7F1FC83FB9C" box="[788,886,1009,1035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">holotype</typeStatus>
the following wingless females of
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45A71F7F2FA60FB9C" authority="Hood &amp; Williams" box="[1295,1429,1009,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45A71F7F2FA60FB9C" box="[1295,1429,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">B. hesperus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: one from
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45E77F016FE90FBA7" box="[265,357,1046,1072]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Panama</collectingCountry>
, seven from
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45E82F015FDA3FBB8" box="[508,598,1045,1071]" name="Guyana" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Guyana</collectingCountry>
, and more than 10 from
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45C07F015FC48FBB8" box="[889,957,1045,1071]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Brazil</collectingCountry>
along the Amazon River basin (States of
<collectingRegion id="4991F800FFE7FFF45FE9F03AFEE5FBC3" box="[151,272,1082,1108]" country="Brazil" name="Amazonas" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="4991F800FFE7FFF45E61F039FEA4FBC4" box="[287,337,1081,1107]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Pará</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="4991F800FFE7FFF45EF2F039FE17FBC4" box="[396,482,1081,1107]" country="Brazil" name="Amapa" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Amapá</collectingRegion>
). In contrast, the other five species that are now known in this genus are all from southeast Asia, including
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45EC6F05DFDD4FBE0" box="[440,545,1117,1143]" name="Malaysia" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45DEBF05DFD2EFBE0" box="[661,731,1117,1143]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45D99F05DFC90FBE0" box="[743,869,1117,1143]" name="Philippines" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Philippines</collectingCountry>
and Borneo, and specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45BB6F05DFAD9FBE0" authority="Hood &amp; Williams" box="[1224,1324,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45BB6F05DFAD9FBE0" box="[1224,1324,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">hesperus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have also been recorded from
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45E08F081FE47FB0C" box="[374,434,1153,1179]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">India</collectingCountry>
, Borneo and the
<collectingCountry id="F3427672FFE7FFF45D14F081FCD1FB0C" box="[618,804,1153,1179]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B13FFE7FFF45C4CF081FC23FB0C" author="Okajima, S." box="[818,982,1153,1179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" pagination="289 - 299" refId="ref7573" refString="Okajima, S. (1987) Some Thysanoptera from the East Kalimantan, Borneo, with descriptions of a new genus and five new species. Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society, 18, 289 - 299." type="journal article" year="1987">Okajima 1987</bibRefCitation>
). These records indicate that
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45A68F081FA69FB0C" authorityName="Hood &amp; Williams" authorityYear="1925" box="[1302,1436,1153,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45A68F081FA69FB0C" box="[1302,1436,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Bradythrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely to be a genus of the Asian tropics but with one species that has been inadvertently transported to South America, probably by sailing ships.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34F6569FFE7FFF45FB9F0EEFEC5F993" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEA36E2FFE7FFF45FB9F0EEFEC5F993" blockId="7.[151,1437,937,1540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">
A key to five of the six species of
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45D48F0EDFD49FA90" authorityName="Hood &amp; Williams" authorityYear="1925" box="[566,700,1261,1287]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45D48F0EDFD49FA90" box="[566,700,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Bradythrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is available (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B13FFE7FFF45C35F0EDFB6DFA9F" author="Okajima, S. &amp; Urushihara, H." box="[843,1176,1261,1288]" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref7656" refString="Okajima, S. &amp; Urushihara, H. (1995 a) Descriptions of four new urothripine species (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from south east Asia. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 1, 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="1995">Okajima &amp; Urushihara 1995a</bibRefCitation>
), and of the two species with the pronotum and fore legs yellow,
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45D26F111FD56FABC" box="[600,675,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">zhangi</emphasis>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45C4AF111FC6DFABC" box="[820,920,1297,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45C4AF111FC6DFABC" box="[820,920,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">hesperus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having the head more uniformly brown and the abdominal tergites with narrow longitudinal sculpture medially. All six species have antennal segments IIIV clearly distinct from each other, in contrast to the condition in
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45C32F159FBA1FAE4" box="[844,1108,1369,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Stephanothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45C32F159FC03FAE4" box="[844,1014,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Stephanothrips</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
The members of
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45A68F159FA69FAE4" authorityName="Hood &amp; Williams" authorityYear="1925" box="[1302,1436,1369,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45A68F159FA69FAE4" box="[1302,1436,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Bradythrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from those previously placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45D2CF17DFD2EFA00" authorityName="Crawford" authorityYear="1948" box="[594,731,1405,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Baenothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45D2CF17DFD2EFA00" box="[594,731,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Baenothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having the maxillary stylets close together medially in the head, and only a single pair of prominent setae on the anterior margin of the head (
<figureCitation id="136E2A67FFE7FFF45B3EF1A1FB60FA2C" box="[1088,1173,1441,1467]" captionStart="FIGURES 2132" captionStartId="3.[152,270,1576,1600]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-18@3.[164,1423,181,1553]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2132. Heads of urothripines.(21) Amphibolothrips grassii; (22) A. knechteli; (23) A. marginatus; (24) Bebelothrips flavicinctus; (25) Conocephalothrips tricolor; (26) Bradythrips hesperus; (27) Baenothrips cuneatus; (28) B. murphyi; (29) S. erythrinus; (30) B. guatemalensis; (31) B. moundi; (32) Stephanothrips uvarovi [paratype]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8182219" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8182219/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Although
<taxonomicName id="4C554D61FFE7FFF45A67F1A2FA68FA2C" box="[1305,1437,1441,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Bradythrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperus">
<emphasis id="B921EAF0FFE7FFF45A67F1A2FA68FA2C" box="[1305,1437,1441,1467]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="98">B. hesperus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the metathoracic epimera bearing a small stout seta laterally, it appears that the other members of this genus lack this structure.
</paragraph>
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