317 lines
40 KiB
XML
317 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="C0DE4559F9C5ACF6708F43395DB7BC34" ID-CLB-Dataset="3933" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5057.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="395b5c2c-b75f-4803-956d-176d8677b9aa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5588075" ID-ZooBank="013C52EC-D0BD-4569-AAFE-36D920895553" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1634799322162" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sánchez-Nivicela, Manuel, Avendaño, Jorge Enrique, Sánchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Torres, Ana, Fuchs, Jérôme, Bird, Bentley & Bonaccorso, Elisa" docDate="2021" docId="03E5FD39FFF3FFCBC6EEFF50FA57FBB3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5057.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5057 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Chlorospingus semifuscus subsp. xanthothorax" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="167" masterDocId="FFDC8541FFFCFFDBC679FFC7FFDFFFCE" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic assessment of Chlorospingus flavopectus phaeocephalus and Chlorospingus semifuscus (Passeriformes: Passerellidae), including the description of a new subspecies" masterLastPageNumber="180" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="166" updateTime="1699464113099" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="915602FC3EED3729FFAE7F07A0F79C86">A taxonomic assessment of Chlorospingus flavopectus phaeocephalus and Chlorospingus semifuscus (Passeriformes: Passerellidae), including the description of a new subspecies</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2427C5ED007003ED48489627A64AC35A">Sánchez-Nivicela, Manuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="50074E1C9A34D6E75BEE32311E9FA862" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1989-5356</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="F31D9698D86A06DE2ADB2DF367F0A0CD">Instituto Nacional de la Biodiversidad del Ecuador (INABIO), calle Rumipamba 341 y Av. de Los Shyris, Casilla 17 - 07 - 8976, Quito, Ecuador. clandestine. bird @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1989 - 5356 & Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos (CERO), Ecuador. & Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Ecuador.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D325D7C11D20D0CAA8343F0D482F40E8" type="email">clandestine.bird@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A3F2407D0369DB4A0378141AE6718973">Avendaño, Jorge Enrique</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FE26C948529843A62115C8B8C245BB8F">Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. jorgeavec @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8707 - 3987</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="36DC1C2323654453A0545EAB376CDA98" type="email">jorgeavec@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FDE365B81520A890B15B742336A07150">Sánchez-Nivicela, Juan C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="05F75B5B88D384C170A03665B9F04949" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1989-5356</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="25348B5F343FE90C476A739B808221EE">Instituto Nacional de la Biodiversidad del Ecuador (INABIO), calle Rumipamba 341 y Av. de Los Shyris, Casilla 17 - 07 - 8976, Quito, Ecuador. clandestine. bird @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1989 - 5356 & Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Bogotá D. C., Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Evolución y Ecología de Fauna Neotropical & Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre y Museo de Zoología, Campus Cumbayá, Quito 170901, Ecuador.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="555743A588DD4A1E20FF514BF16595FD" type="email">clandestine.bird@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A233B2DAC26177792581B594B93D859B">Torres, Ana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0BD582BC5FC0AA55A3500208054DA152">Université Paris Est Créteil, LAB’URBA, F- 94010 Créteil, France. & Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR 7204), MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0A1FE719836A08B2B7988DCAB0A446CC">Fuchs, Jérôme</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8837F94A8C4161FC633CC1271D212731">Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75005 Paris, France.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="712B74503C0CC7DE9762731CCAE9DDE5">Bird, Bentley</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BC1A2B15BBC13B70C1E9601711819446">American Museum of Natural History, Department of Ornithology, Central Park West at 79 Street, New York, New York 10024 - 5192. Office: 212 - 769 - 5788</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0271E5A0CCECC428DAA58A0DFC7C7482">Bonaccorso, Elisa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DFD8B350C85128FBDC43602DED521D35">Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Ecuador.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="039E8A88919A04687BC5EE57455317DF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="13D8598A31ABF5937C72898C27BA508B">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E0E1C71E2023B5B561ED370BF7CC51D9">2021-10-21</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2B00D3AB8E50D59760BAC3BADEAD2CAF">5057</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="FDC68ADEC8B791EDDFBF35D671D9BA6C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5057.2.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E5FD39FFF3FFCBC6EEFF50FA57FBB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5592560" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189159439" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5592560" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E5FD39FFF3FFCBC6EEFF50FA57FBB3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5FD39FFF3FFCBC6EEFF50FA57FBB3" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
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<subSubSection id="C3561FA4FFF3FFD4C6EEFF50FCBCFF7F" box="[151,867,151,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF34C2FFFF3FFD4C6EEFF50FCBCFF7F" blockId="15.[151,867,151,178]" box="[151,867,151,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
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<heading id="D0BBFB43FFF3FFD4C6EEFF50FCBCFF7F" bold="true" box="[151,867,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C6EEFF50FCBCFF7F" bold="true" box="[151,867,151,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C37ACFFF3FFD4C6EEFF50FD5DFF7C" authority="Sánchez-Nivicela et al. 2021" box="[151,642,151,178]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="semifuscus" subSpecies="xanthothorax">
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C6EEFF50FD5DFF7C" bold="true" box="[151,642,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Chlorospingus semifuscus xanthothorax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subspecies nova)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3561FA4FFF3FFCBC6EEFF18FA57FBB3" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BF34C2FFFF3FFD4C6EEFF18FC39FD48" blockId="15.[151,1437,223,646]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
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Diagnosis.—Similar to
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C7D8FF27FD5EFF37" box="[417,641,223,250]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. f. phaeocephalus</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="137750AAFFF3FFD4C4E9FF18FD0EFF37" box="[656,721,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1523,1547]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,426,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-137@2.[151,1436,417,1500]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution and plumage of populations of the Chlorospingus semifuscus group in the northwestern Andes down to Angamarca river, and Chlorospingus flavopectus phaeocephalus in the eastern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador with the putative southwestern populations in Ecuador. The map includes records (circles), geographic barriers (rivers, and Cajanuma Transversal Ridge), and the two sites with no records of the western populations (red crosses). Bird artwork by Carmen Lu Páez." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588077/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) but inhabits the cloud forest of the southwestern Andes of
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<collectingCountry id="F35B0CBFFFF3FFD4C30CFF27FF06FED3" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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. The type series is presented in
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<figureCitation id="137750AAFFF3FFD4C439FEC4FD7DFED0" box="[576,674,259,286]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1147,1171]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,679,1115]" captionTargetId="figure-248@15.[151,1437,669,1123]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Chlorospingus semifuscus xanthothorax.Holotype, male in center (MECN-9592) and two female paratypes MECN- 9593 (left) and MECN-9214 (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588089/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Figure 7</figureCitation>
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. The color of the pectoral band of
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C250FEC3FAD6FED3" box="[1065,1289,259,286]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. f. phaeocephalus</emphasis>
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is somewhat more yellowish than in
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C7D0FEEFFDA3FE8F" box="[425,636,295,322]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. s. xanthothorax</emphasis>
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, as supported by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD31DEFFF3FFD4C533FEE0FBD2FE8F" author="Zimmer, J. T." box="[842,1037,295,321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="4 - 5" refId="ref22269" refString="Zimmer, J. T. (1947) Studies of Peruvian birds no. 52. The genera Sericossypha, Chlorospingus, Cnemoscopus, Hemispingus, Conothraupis, Chlorornis, Lamprospiza, Cissopis and Schistochlamys. American Museum Novitates, 1367, 4 - 5." type="journal article" year="1947">Zimmer´s (1947)</bibRefCitation>
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review. The pectoral band in
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C31EFEEFFEF3FEAB" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. s. xanthothorax</emphasis>
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is a rather bright combination between spectrum yellow (C.55) and olive-yellow (C.52), with more olive yellow on flanks, whereas the pectoral band in
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C495FEB7FC13FE47" box="[748,972,367,394]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. f. phaeocephalus</emphasis>
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is a brighter lemon chrome (
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C36DFEA8FAF6FE47" box="[1300,1321,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">b.</emphasis>
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21) on the center with more olive-yellow (C.52), mainly on the flanks. Both
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C500FE53FB97FE63" box="[889,1096,403,430]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. s. xanthothorax</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C207FE53FA82FE63" box="[1150,1373,403,430]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. f. phaeocephalus</emphasis>
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present pale silvery yellow iris. In examined specimens, the relevant plumage difference between adult individuals in these two populations might be the throat pattern coloration. In
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C510FE1BFB8FFE3B" box="[873,1104,475,502]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. f. phaeocephalus,</emphasis>
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the throat is more buff-white or whitish with some grayish or glaucous speckles (see
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<typeStatus id="54F7F28DFFF3FFD4C57CFE38FCB8FDD7" box="[773,871,511,537]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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description below), but this feature is age variable and difficult to distinguish in the field given the poor light conditions of cloud forests. In both taxa, postocular spots on adults are related to ontogeny and probably sex (females). Both sexes of
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C593FD8FFB66FDAF" box="[1002,1209,583,610]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. s. xanthothorax</emphasis>
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are smaller than the other members of
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C71DFDABFD9DFD4B" box="[356,578,619,646]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. f. phaeocephalus</emphasis>
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and the
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C37ACFFF3FFD4C4DBFDABFCE4FD4B" box="[674,827,619,646]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semifuscus">
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<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C4DBFDABFCE4FD4B" box="[674,827,619,646]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. semifuscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group (
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<figureCitation id="137750AAFFF3FFD4C5EAFDACFC07FD48" box="[915,984,619,646]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,193,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-21@9.[158,1429,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Wing length (mm). Males (m) and females (f). From left to right: C. f. phaeocephalus (CFP) only two females, C. s. livingstoni (CSL), C. s. semifuscus (CSS), C. “Chimborazo” (CCH) (only males), and C. “El Oro”. B. Bill depth from nares (mm). Males (m) and females (f). From left to right: C. f. phaeocephalus (CFP) *only two females, C. s. livingstoni (CSL), C. s. semifuscus (CSS), C. “Chimborazo” (CCH) **only males, and C. “El Oro” (CEO)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588085/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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|
||
<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C6EEFBBCFED4FB5D" bold="true" box="[151,267,1147,1171]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B938903DFFF3FFD4C76FFBBCFD6FFB5D" box="[278,688,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C37ACFFF3FFD4C76FFBBCFD74FB5D" box="[278,683,1147,1171]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="semifuscus" subSpecies="xanthothorax">Chlorospingus semifuscus xanthothorax</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype, male in center (MECN-9592) and two female paratypes MECN- 9593 (left) and MECN-9214 (right).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF34C2FFFF3FFCBC6BEFB22FEC2FF1B" blockId="15.[151,1437,1253,2036]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,1150]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F7F28DFFF3FFD4C70BFB22FE05FB31" box="[370,474,1253,1279]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
MECN 9592 (in life).—Adult. Weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFF3FFD4C5E4FB22FC0CFACE" box="[925,979,1253,1280]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" unit="g" value="22.0">22 g</quantity>
|
||
. Culmen, lores, fore crown, supercilium and lower auricular region blackish neutral gray (C.82) with weak hints of yellowish olive-green (C.50) randomly distributed on some barbules. Crown and back of the head are dark neutral gray (C.83). Nape, back, rump, wing-coverts, and upper tail coverts are yellowish olive-green (C.50). On upper-wings, primaries, secondaries, tertials inner webs, and under wings are brownish olive (C.29), better diagnosed when wings are folded, mainly at the end of the primary projection. Bill: upper mandible, matte black, with some hints of pale russet vinaceous (C.221D) near the gape. Lower mandible is a mixture of matte black with some light russet vinaceous (C.221D). The malar transitions from a very pale cream color (C.54) near the base of the bill reaching the throat to a light neutral gray (C.85) with some hints of yellowish olive-green (C.50) barbules. It presents a thin blackish neutral gray (C.82) moustachial stripe. Chin is buffy-white. Throat center presents the same transition between pale cream color and dark neutral gray. In the field, the throat plumage can be perceived as a mixture of speckled dark gray and buff. The pectoral band is a fairly bright combination between spectrum yellow (C.55) and olive-yellow (C.52), with more olive-yellow (C.52) on flanks. Center of belly is a pale pearl gray (C.81) and/or silvery-white that narrows in the vent. Flanks are bright spectrum yellow (C.55) with some pale neutral gray (C.86) on middle flanks. Tail from above is yellowish olive-green (C.50). Outer webs spectrum yellow and inner webs are dull yellowish olive-green (C.50), with black rachises. Tail from below dull yellowish olive-green (C.50). Under-tail coverts are spectrum yellow (C.55). Iris: silvery yellow. The iris can vary, and is perceived as pale-yellow in the field. Tarsometatarsus, flesh color (C.5). Tarsi and toes light neutral gray with hints of flesh color. Specimen measurements MECN 9592 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137750AAFFF3FFD4C2FDF88EFB18F8AA" box="[1156,1223,1865,1892]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1147,1171]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,679,1115]" captionTargetId="figure-248@15.[151,1437,669,1123]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Chlorospingus semifuscus xanthothorax.Holotype, male in center (MECN-9592) and two female paratypes MECN- 9593 (left) and MECN-9214 (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588089/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
); wing chord mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFF3FFD4C6EEF8AAFF22F846" box="[151,253,1901,1928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.67" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" unit="mm" value="86.7">86.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tarsus mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFF3FFD4C7ECF8AAFE24F846" box="[405,507,1901,1928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.23" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" unit="mm" value="22.3">22.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail 56.0 mm, bill length from the distal edge of the nostril to the tip of the bill
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFF3FFD4C300F8AAFF1AF862" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, bill depth at the center of nostrils
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFF3FFD4C43DF856FD46F862" box="[580,665,1937,1964]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
and bill width at center of nostrils
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFF3FFD4C262F856FBACF862" box="[1051,1139,1937,1964]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Empty stomach. Showing molt at both P10 (primaries). Type locality: Sambotambo road (boundaries of Buenaventura Reserve;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE782AE8FFF3FFD4C282F872FF77F83D" degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" precision="1" seconds="07.32" value="-3.6520333">03° 39’ 07.32” S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE782AE8FFF3FFD4C6CCF81EFEA3F83A" box="[181,380,2009,2036]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="44" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" precision="1" seconds="36.32" value="-79.743416">79° 44’ 36.32” W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFF3FFD4C7FEF81EFE11F83A" box="[391,462,2009,2036]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.69" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" unit="m" value="969.0">969 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation;
|
||
<figureCitation id="137750AAFFF3FFD4C432F81EFD54F83D" box="[587,651,2009,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1523,1547]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,426,1498]" captionTargetId="figure-137@2.[151,1436,417,1500]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution and plumage of populations of the Chlorospingus semifuscus group in the northwestern Andes down to Angamarca river, and Chlorospingus flavopectus phaeocephalus in the eastern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador with the putative southwestern populations in Ecuador. The map includes records (circles), geographic barriers (rivers, and Cajanuma Transversal Ridge), and the two sites with no records of the western populations (red crosses). Bird artwork by Carmen Lu Páez." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588077/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498882CDFFF3FFD4C4DAF81EFC83F83D" box="[675,860,2009,2035]" country="Ecuador" name="El Oro" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">El Oro Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B0CBFFFF3FFD4C511F81EFC16F83D" box="[872,969,2009,2035]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
; collected on
|
||
<date id="FFF26AEFFFF3FFD4C21AF81EFAEEF83D" box="[1123,1329,2009,2035]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" value="2017-09-08">8 September 2017</date>
|
||
, by MSN and JSN; prepared by Hernando Román; field catalog number EOC 002; GenBank accession number provided in Appendix I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF34C2FFFECFFCBC6BEFF18FD2CFE3B" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1150]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B244672FFECFFCBC6BEFF18FD30FE3B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391147306" collectingDate="2017-01-02" collectionCode="MECN" county="Buenaventura Reserve" elevation="1090" location="Two" municipality="Locality" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCode="MECN 9214, MECN 9593" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F7F28DFFECFFCBC6BEFF18FEEAFF37" box="[199,309,223,249]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.—
|
||
<location id="8E931AF4FFECFFCBC72FFF18FE57FF37" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E5FD39FFF3FFCBC6EEFF50FA57FBB3:8E931AF4FFECFFCBC72FFF18FE57FF37" box="[342,392,223,249]" county="Buenaventura Reserve" municipality="Locality" name="Two" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Two</location>
|
||
female specimens complete the type series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137750AAFFECFFCBC50CFF18FC67FF37" box="[885,952,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1147,1171]" captionTargetBox="[160,1429,679,1115]" captionTargetId="figure-248@15.[151,1437,669,1123]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Chlorospingus semifuscus xanthothorax.Holotype, male in center (MECN-9592) and two female paratypes MECN- 9593 (left) and MECN-9214 (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588089/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), as follows.
|
||
<location id="8E931AF4FFECFFCBC232FF18FB53FF37" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E5FD39FFF3FFCBC6EEFF50FA57FBB3:8E931AF4FFECFFCBC232FF18FB53FF37" box="[1099,1164,223,249]" county="Buenaventura Reserve" municipality="Locality" name="Study" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Study</location>
|
||
skin
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBEAE454FFECFFCBC2BEFF18FA85FF37" box="[1223,1370,223,249]" collectionCode="MECN" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rm44-by7m" name="Museo Ecuadoriano de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">MECN 9214</specimenCode>
|
||
; wing chord mean 64.00 mm, tarsus mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC451FEC4FD44FED3" box="[552,667,259,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.872" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="28.72">28.72 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail 60.00 mm, bill length from the distal edge of the nostril to the tip of the bill
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC77EFEE0FEB3FE8F" box="[263,364,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="8.1">8.10 mm</quantity>
|
||
, bill depth at the center of nostrils
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC49EFEE1FC95FE8F" box="[743,842,294,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.32" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="5.32">5.32 mm</quantity>
|
||
and bill width at center of nostrils
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC2B1FEE0FAF1FE8F" box="[1224,1326,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="4.83">4.83 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B97D655FFECFFCBC34EFEE0FA46FE8F" box="[1335,1433,295,321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Locality</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCounty id="629234A3FFECFFCBC6EEFE8CFE4BFEAB" box="[151,404,331,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Buenaventura Reserve</collectingCounty>
|
||
at
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC7CEFE8CFDCFFEAB" box="[439,528,331,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1090.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0061AB1CFFECFFCBC7CEFE8CFDCFFEAB" box="[439,528,331,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1090.0">1090 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
; collected on
|
||
<date id="FFF26AEFFFECFFCBC4D2FE8CFC85FEAB" box="[683,858,331,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2017-01-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFB69307FFECFFCBC4D2FE8CFC85FEAB" box="[683,858,331,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2017-01-02">2 January 2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, by MSN and JSN.
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBEAE454FFECFFCBC243FE8CFB12FEAB" box="[1082,1229,330,357]" collectionCode="MECN" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rm44-by7m" name="Museo Ecuadoriano de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">MECN 9593</specimenCode>
|
||
; wing chord mean 65.00 mm, tarsus mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC7DAFEA8FDC8FE47" box="[419,535,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="27.7">27.70 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail 52.00 mm, bill length from the distal edge of the nostril to the tip of the bill
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC6EEFE54FF20FE63" box="[151,255,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.18" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="8.18">8.18 mm</quantity>
|
||
, bill depth at the center of nostrils
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC4E9FE55FD2AFE63" box="[656,757,402,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.14" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="5.14">5.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
and bill width at center of nostrils
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC2F0FE54FB2DFE63" box="[1161,1266,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.79" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="mm" value="4.79">4.79 mm</quantity>
|
||
; collection site is the same as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F7F28DFFECFFCBC742FE70FE7EFE1F" box="[315,417,439,465]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26B929F9FFECFFCBC7D5FE70FE3DFE1F" box="[428,482,439,465]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Both</collectorName>
|
||
skins prepared by
|
||
<collectorName id="26B929F9FFECFFCBC4C1FE70FC5BFE1F" box="[696,900,439,465]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Hernando Román</collectorName>
|
||
; field catalog numbers EOC 001 and EOC 003,
|
||
<collectorName id="26B929F9FFECFFCBC6EEFE1CFEA6FE3B" box="[151,377,475,501]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">GenBank Accession</collectorName>
|
||
numbers provided in
|
||
<collectorName id="26B929F9FFECFFCBC417FE1CFD30FE3B" box="[622,751,475,501]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Appendix I</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF34C2FFFECFFCBC6BEFE38FE04FD67" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1150]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Dawn song.—Two complete dawn songs of this taxon by MECN 9592 (XC607786, XC607789) are deposited at xeno-canto.org. For description per element see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE7994FFECFFCBC49FFDE4FCE1FDF3" box="[742,830,547,573]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="18.[151,239,464,490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 3. Dawn song descriptions. In C. “El Oro” notes “b” and “c” follow the note names of C. s. semifuscus, but are delivered in different order (see Figs. 6)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF331CA7FFEEFFC9C6EEFE17F895FE24" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" tableUuid="DF331CA7FFEEFFC9C6EEFE17F895FE24">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
; for spectrograms, see
|
||
<figureCitation id="137750AAFFECFFCBC234FDE4FB6EFDF3" box="[1101,1201,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[320,1275,194,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-21@11.[311,1275,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Structural differences in dawn song elements. Between C. s. semifuscus, “a” notes, pre-trill notes (“b” and “c”), trill, and posttrill notes (“d” and “e”), C. “El Oro”, the order of “c” + “b” notes in C. “El Oro” follow our comparisons with C. s. semifuscus (see Table 3 for descriptions per note) and C. f.phaeocephalus, notes “a” + “a1”, notes “b”, trill and notes “c”. Bird artwork by Carmen Lu Páez." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5588087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5588087/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
, and Supplementary Material A2. A single, sharp, high-pitched element (note “a”) repeated several times before pre-trill notes and dry staccato trill similar than
|
||
<emphasis id="B938903DFFECFFCBC7CEFDACFDB4FD4B" box="[439,619,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
C. s.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C37ACFFECFFCBC78BFDACFDB4FD4B" box="[498,619,619,645]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semifuscus">semifuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; but pre-trill notes “b” and “c” delivered in different order and post-trill notes different than nominal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF34C2FFFECFFCBC6BEFD74FCF1FCDB" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1150]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Etymology.—We choose an epithet that matches the obvious field diagnostic feature of this new member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C37ACFFECFFCBC6B8FD10FE84FD3F" box="[193,347,727,753]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Chlorospingus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semifuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938903DFFECFFCBC6B8FD10FE84FD3F" box="[193,347,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">C. semifuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, which is its olive-yellow breast band.
|
||
<emphasis id="B938903DFFECFFCBC519FD10FC25FD3F" box="[864,1018,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Xanthothorax</emphasis>
|
||
combines two Greek words,
|
||
<emphasis id="B938903DFFECFFCBC33CFD10FA43FD3F" box="[1349,1436,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">xanthos</emphasis>
|
||
meaning yellow and
|
||
<emphasis id="B938903DFFECFFCBC7F8FD3CFE15FCDB" box="[385,458,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">thorax</emphasis>
|
||
meaning breast (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD31DEFFECFFCBC4F3FD3CFCFDFCDB" author="Jobling, J. A." box="[650,802,763,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref19272" refString="Jobling, J. A. (2010) The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names from Aalge to Zusii. Helm, London, 432 pp." type="book" year="2010">Jobling 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF34C2FFFECFFCBC6BEFCD8FDE4FBFB" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1150]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
Distribution and habitat.—Mainly found in the borders of humid subtropical lower montane cloud forests in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498882CDFFECFFCBC3FAFCD8FEF2FC93" country="Ecuador" name="El Oro" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">El Oro Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
and in similar ecosystems in adjacent
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498882CDFFECFFCBC4AEFC84FCAAFC93" box="[727,885,835,861]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Loja Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD31DEFFECFFCBC5FBFC84FB66FC93" author="Ridgely, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J." box="[898,1209,835,861]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" refId="ref20819" refString="Ridgely, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J. (2001) The Birds of Ecuador. Status, Distribution and Taxonomy. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 848 pp." type="book" year="2001">Ridgely & Greenfield 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To our knowledge, this subspecies is restricted in its northern limit by the arid Jubones River valley. The southernmost record is from Vicentino south of Puyango River, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498882CDFFECFFCBC431FC4CFD37FC6B" box="[584,744,907,933]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Loja Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD31DEFFECFFCBC481FC4CFC6CFC6B" author="Best, B. F. & Clarke, C. T. & Checker, M. & Broom, A. L. & Thewlis, R. M. & Duckworth, W. & McNab, A." box="[760,947,907,933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="108 - 119" refId="ref15938" refString="Best, B. F., Clarke, C. T., Checker, M., Broom, A. L., Thewlis, R. M., Duckworth, W. & McNab, A. (1993) Distributional records, natural history notes, and conservation of some poorly known birds from southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Bulletin British Ornithologists' Club, 113 (2), 108 - 119." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Best
|
||
<emphasis id="B938903DFFECFFCBC54DFC4CFCB1FC6B" box="[820,878,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its southern distribution might be limited by the transition from the Chocoan humid to Tumbesian dry ecosystems, between Puyango and Catamayo rivers. Its elevation range is ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4E1CAFFECFFCBC7E5FC14FDF0FC23" box="[412,559,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1700.0" valueMin="800.0">800‒1700 m</quantity>
|
||
. Uncommon and localized, in general, but frequently found in Buenaventura Reserve (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD31DEFFECFFCBC779FC30FDC2FBDF" author="Robbins, M. B. & Ridgely, R. S." box="[256,541,1015,1041]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="59 - 71" refId="ref20956" refString="Robbins, M. B. & Ridgely, R. S. (1990) The avifauna of an upper tropical cloud forest in southwestern Ecuador. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 142, 59 - 71." type="journal article" year="1990">Robbins & Ridgely 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in suitable habitat and elevation in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498882CDFFECFFCBC59FFC30FB44FBDF" box="[998,1179,1015,1041]" country="Ecuador" name="El Oro" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">El Oro province</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD31DEFFECFFCBC2D3FC30FF2AFBFB" author="Garzon-Santomaro, C. & Pozo-Zamora, G. & Sornoza-Molina, F. & Mena-Valenzuela, P." pageId="16" pageNumber="167" pagination="121 - 218" refId="ref18033" refString="Garzon-Santomaro, C., Pozo-Zamora, G., Sornoza-Molina, F. & Mena-Valenzuela, P. (2019) Aves del Paramo al Manglar. In: MECN-INB-GADPEO, Anfibios, Reptiles y Aves de la Provincia de El Oro. Una Guia para la Identificacion de Especies del Paramo al Manglar. Segunda Edicion. Publicacion Miscelanea N ° 11. GADPEO-INABIO, Quito, pp. 121 - 218." type="book chapter" year="2019">
|
||
Garzón-Santomaro
|
||
<emphasis id="B938903DFFECFFCBC3F1FC30FF6BFBFB" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and adjacent
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498882CDFFECFFCBC7EEFBDCFDE8FBFB" box="[407,567,1051,1077]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Loja province</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF34C2FFFECFFCBC6BEFBF8FA57FBB3" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1150]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B244672FFECFFCBC6BEFBF8FA5AFBB3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391147302" accessionNumber="XC607791" collectingDate="2017-09-09" collectionCode="XC" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
Breeding.—Juveniles were reported begging for food on 26 February (vocalization recorded by MSN,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5DD4EAFFECFFCBC6EEFBA4FF60FBB0" box="[151,191,1123,1150]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">XC</collectionCode>
|
||
607791) and
|
||
<date id="FFF26AEFFFECFFCBC72BFBA4FDFDFBB3" box="[338,546,1123,1149]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2017-09-09">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFB69307FFECFFCBC72BFBA4FDFDFBB3" box="[338,546,1123,1149]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" value="2017-09-09">9 September 2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
. Both breeding records were within the area where we collected the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F7F28DFFECFFCBC366FBA4FA5AFBB3" box="[1311,1413,1123,1149]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |