355 lines
41 KiB
XML
355 lines
41 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6B993F75A899FA9199BC9CF0E5CF0304">On the taxonomic validity of Indian ground spiders: I. Genus Scopoides Platnick, 1989 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7BC7D7E2A3B47572BFBF6B7990CBA300">Caleb, John T. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="712946C19A07F889487AA6FABF261335">Sebastian, Pothalil A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03DA87E7FFE8A348FF75FA24CF5336CA" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159398556" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87E7FFE8A348FF75FA24CF5336CA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E7FFE8A348FF75FA24CF5336CA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" scope_family="Gnaphosidae" scope_order="Araneae">
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<subSubSection id="C369657AFFE8A347FF75FA24CFB1339C" box="[151,757,1427,1454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE8A347FF75FA24CFB1339C" blockId="6.[151,757,1427,1489]" box="[151,757,1427,1454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<heading id="D084819DFFE8A347FF75FA24CFB1339C" bold="true" box="[151,757,1427,1454]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE8A347FF75FA24CFB1339C" ID-CoL="37LP5" authority="(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[151,757,1427,1454]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Drassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
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<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FF75FA24CFB1339C" bold="true" box="[151,757,1427,1454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FF75FA24CC34339F" bold="true" box="[151,368,1427,1454]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Drassodes luridus</emphasis>
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(O.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE8A347FE45FA24CFA9339C" author="Pickard-Cambridge, O." box="[423,749,1427,1453]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="370 - 419" refId="ref4602" refString="Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1874) On some new species of Drassides. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 42, 370 - 419, pls. LI-LII." type="journal article" year="1874">Pickard-Cambridge, 1874</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C369657AFFE8A347FF75FA00CC5033E0" box="[151,276,1463,1489]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE8A347FF75FA00CC5033E0" blockId="6.[151,757,1427,1489]" box="[151,276,1463,1489]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<figureCitation id="13482A74FFE8A347FF75FA00CC5033E0" box="[151,276,1463,1489]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–33" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1773,1798]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,318,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,309,1754]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 27–33. Scopodes maitraiae Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 (NZC-ZSI-5008-9/18). 27 holotype female habitus, dorso-retrolateral view; 28 paratype female habitus, dorsal view. 29 epigyne of holotype female, ventral view; 30 vulvae of the same, dorsal view; 31 epigyne of paratype female, ventral view; 32–33 labels from type bottles. Scale bars: 27–28, 2 mm; 29–30, 0.2 mm; 31, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3353991/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Figs 27–33</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C369657AFFE8A347FF75FA4BCFCB30DB" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE8A347FF75FA4BC84A3003" blockId="6.[151,1437,1530,1770]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6311DFFFE8A347FF75FA4BC84A3003" infered="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE8A347FF75FA4BCFDF3022" authority="O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874: 396" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityPageNumber="396" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,667,1530,1555]" genus="Drassus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="luridus">
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<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FF75FA4BCC7D3022" box="[151,313,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Drassus luridus</emphasis>
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O.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD210E0FFE8A347FEBDFA4DCFDF3022" author="Pickard-Cambridge, O." box="[351,667,1530,1555]" page="396" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" year="1874">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE8A347FEBDFA4DCFDF3022" author="Pickard-Cambridge, O." box="[351,667,1530,1555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="370 - 419" refId="ref4602" refString="Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1874) On some new species of Drassides. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 42, 370 - 419, pls. LI-LII." type="journal article" year="1874">Pickard-Cambridge, 1874: 396</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, plate 52, fig. 21 [
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<typeStatus id="54C88853FFE8A347FCB1FA4DCEEA3022" box="[851,942,1530,1555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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female from
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<collectingCountry id="F3647661FFE8A347FBDBFA4CC9C13022" box="[1081,1157,1531,1555]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">INDIA</collectingCountry>
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: Bombay,
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<collectingRegion id="49B7F813FFE8A347FB12FA4DC8353022" box="[1264,1393,1530,1555]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
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, deposited in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (bottle No. 254, tube No. 138), not examined].
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE8A347FF75F98FC80F3060" blockId="6.[151,1437,1530,1770]" box="[151,1355,1592,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6311DFFFE8A347FF75F98FC80F3060" box="[151,1355,1592,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE8A347FF75F98FCF5C3060" ID-CoL="37LP5" authority="Tikader, 1982: 409" authorityName="Tikader" authorityPageNumber="409" authorityYear="1982" box="[151,536,1592,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Drassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
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<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FF75F98FCC143061" box="[151,336,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Drassodes luridus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD210E0FFE8A347FEB5F98FCF5C3060" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[343,536,1592,1617]" page="409" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" year="1982">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE8A347FEB5F98FCF5C3060" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[343,536,1592,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="295 - 536" refId="ref4634" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Gnaphosidae. Fauna India, 3 (Araneae), 295 - 536." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader, 1982: 409</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs 260–263;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD210E0FFE8A347FD57F98FC9E73060" author="Caleb, J. T. D. & Karthikeyani, R. & Muthuchelian, K." box="[693,1187,1592,1617]" page="135" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" year="2014">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE8A347FD57F98FC9E73060" author="Caleb, J. T. D. & Karthikeyani, R. & Muthuchelian, K." box="[693,1187,1592,1617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="135 - 138" refId="ref4147" refString="Caleb, J. T. D., Karthikeyani, R. & Muthuchelian, K. (2014) Description of Drassodes luridus O. P. Cambridge (Araneae: Gnaphosidae): First record from Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2, 135 - 138." type="journal article" year="2014">Caleb, Karthikeyani & Muthuchelian, 2014: 135</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs 1a–f, 2a–c.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE8A347FF75F9E0C9B730BF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1530,1770]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6311DFFFE8A347FF75F9E0C9B730BF" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE8A347FF75F9E0CF3D305E" authority="Tikader & Gajbe, 1977: 14" authorityName="Tikader & Gajbe" authorityPageNumber="14" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,633,1622,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scopodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maitraiae">
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<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FF75F9E0CC24305E" box="[151,352,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Scopodes maitraiae</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD210E0FFE8A347FE84F9E1CF3D305E" author="Tikader, B. K. & Gajbe, U. A." box="[358,633,1622,1647]" page="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" year="1977">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE8A347FE84F9E1CF3D305E" author="Tikader, B. K. & Gajbe, U. A." box="[358,633,1622,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="13 - 22" refId="ref4658" refString="Tikader, B. K. & Gajbe, U. A. (1977) Studies on some spiders of the genera Scopodes Chamberlin, Megamyrmecion Reuss, Scotophaeus Simon and Liodrassus Chamberlin (family: Gnaphosidae) from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 73, 13 - 22." type="journal article" year="1977">Tikader & Gajbe, 1977: 14</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 1A–E [
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<typeStatus id="54C88853FFE8A347FD16F9E1CE0B305E" box="[756,847,1622,1647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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female from
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<collectingCountry id="F3647661FFE8A347FC3BF9E0C961305E" box="[985,1061,1623,1647]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">INDIA</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="49B7F813FFE8A347FBCCF9E1C9EB305E" box="[1070,1199,1622,1647]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
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, deposited in NZC-ZSI (5008/18), examined];
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD210E0FFE8A347FE52F9C2CF3530BF" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[432,625,1653,1678]" page="365" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" year="1982">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE8A347FE52F9C2CF3530BF" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[432,625,1653,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="295 - 536" refId="ref4634" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Gnaphosidae. Fauna India, 3 (Araneae), 295 - 536." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader, 1982: 365</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, figs 164–169;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD210E0FFE8A347FCECF9C2CEFB30BF" author="Gajbe, U. A." box="[782,959,1653,1678]" page="462" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" year="2007">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE8A347FCECF9C2CEFB30BF" author="Gajbe, U. A." box="[782,959,1653,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="419 - 540" refId="ref4239" refString="Gajbe, U. A. (2007) Araneae: Arachnida. In: Fauna of Madhya Pradesh (including Chhattisgarh), State Fauna Series. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 15, 419 - 540." type="journal article" year="2007">Gajbe, 2007: 462</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, figs 97–102.
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<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FBADF9C1C9B730BF" bold="true" box="[1103,1267,1654,1678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">New synonymy</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE8A347FF75F923CFCB30DB" blockId="6.[151,1437,1530,1770]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6311DFFFE8A347FF75F923CFCB30DB" infered="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE8A347FF75F923CFE1309C" authority="Gawande & Bodkhe, 2018: 225" authorityName="Gawande & Bodkhe" authorityPageNumber="225" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,677,1684,1709]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Scopoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samarae">
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||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FF75F923CC1F309D" box="[151,347,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Scopoides samarae</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AD210E0FFE8A347FE80F923CFE1309C" author="Gawande, B. & Bodkhe, A." box="[354,677,1684,1709]" page="225" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" year="2018">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE8A347FE80F923CFE1309C" author="Gawande, B. & Bodkhe, A." box="[354,677,1684,1709]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="223 - 228" refId="ref4280" refString="Gawande, B. & Bodkhe, A. (2018) Description of spider genus Scopoides as a new species (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Wari Reserve Forest Area, Maharashtra, India. In: Rao, P. N., Saxena, A., Pandey, B. N. & Kulkarni, G. K. (Eds.), Biodiversity and bioprospects: Indian scenario and perspectives. Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 223 - 228." type="book chapter" year="2018">Gawande & Bodkhe, 2018: 225</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, figs 1–6 [
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C88853FFE8A347FCECF923CE2D309C" box="[782,873,1684,1709]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
female from
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3647661FFE8A347FC11F922C97B309C" box="[1011,1087,1685,1709]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">INDIA</collectingCountry>
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||
:
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||
<collectingRegion id="49B7F813FFE8A347FBAAF923C98D309C" box="[1096,1225,1684,1709]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
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||
, Buldhana, Wari Reserve Forest, deposited in SRL JDPSM, not examined (images given in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE8A347FC40F905C98830FA" author="Gawande, B. & Bodkhe, A." box="[930,1228,1714,1739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="223 - 228" refId="ref4280" refString="Gawande, B. & Bodkhe, A. (2018) Description of spider genus Scopoides as a new species (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Wari Reserve Forest Area, Maharashtra, India. In: Rao, P. N., Saxena, A., Pandey, B. N. & Kulkarni, G. K. (Eds.), Biodiversity and bioprospects: Indian scenario and perspectives. Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 223 - 228." type="book chapter" year="2018">Gawande and Bodkhe (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are diagnosable and were used for comparison)].
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FE09F965CFCB30DB" bold="true" box="[491,655,1746,1770]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">New synonymy</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C369657AFFE8A348FF75F8A0CF5336CA" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE8A347FF75F8A0CCE131AF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1815,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FF75F8A0CCCC3103" bold="true" box="[151,392,1815,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CACFFE8A347FE74F8A0CEA53167" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2417946739" collectingDate="1973-10-09" country="India" latitude="19.891678" longitude="74.47909" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" stateProvince="Maharashtra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FE74F8A0CFE53103" bold="true" box="[406,673,1815,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3647661FFE8A347FE74F8A0CCA93103" box="[406,493,1815,1842]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">INDIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FE1DF8A0CFE53103" bold="true" box="[511,673,1815,1842]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B7F813FFE8A347FE1DF8A0CFDE3103" box="[511,666,1815,1842]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62AD4E7DFFE8A347FD4DF8AFCE053103" box="[687,833,1816,1842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Ahmednagar</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA8AC8BFFE8A347FCB6F8AECE943102" box="[852,976,1817,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Kopargaon</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475036FFE8A347FC05F8AFC9D33103" box="[999,1175,1815,1842]" degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" precision="1" seconds="30.04" value="19.891678">
|
||
19
|
||
<superScript id="7C069BB9FFE8A347FBE1F8A0C94F3114" attach="none" box="[1027,1035,1815,1829]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">o</superScript>
|
||
53’30.04’’N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475036FFE8A347FB48F8AFC8133103" box="[1194,1367,1815,1842]" degrees="74" direction="east" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" precision="1" seconds="44.72" value="74.47909">
|
||
74
|
||
<superScript id="7C069BB9FFE8A347FB24F8A0C98A3114" attach="none" box="[1222,1230,1815,1829]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">o</superScript>
|
||
28’44.72’’E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<elevation id="005ED1C2FFE8A347FA90F8A0CDE93166" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.02" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="502.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B9B14FFE8A347FA90F8A0CDE93166" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.02" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="502.0">502 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
alt.,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D75FD78FFE8A347FF0EF88BCC173167" box="[236,339,1852,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF89E9D9FFE8A347FE80F88BCF5E3167" box="[354,538,1852,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" value="1973-10-09">
|
||
<date id="FFCD1031FFE8A347FE80F88BCF5E3167" box="[354,538,1852,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" value="1973-10-09">9 October 1973</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26865327FFE8A347FDCAF88ACF813166" box="[552,709,1852,1879]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">M. Babu Rao</collectorName>
|
||
leg. (NZC-ZSI5008/18)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1B3CACFFE8A347FC0DF88ACCE131AF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2417946735" collectingDate="1973-10-20" country="India" latitude="18.544569" longitude="73.81103" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" stateProvince="Maharashtra" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<location id="8EAC602AFFE8A347FC0DF88AC9633166" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87E7FFE8A348FF75FA24CF5336CA:8EAC602AFFE8A347FC0DF88AC9633166" box="[1007,1063,1853,1879]" country="India" county="Ahmednagar" latitude="18.544569" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="73.81103" municipality="Kopargaon" name="Pune" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" stateProvince="Maharashtra">Pune</location>
|
||
(formerly Poona): NCL
|
||
<location id="8EAC602AFFE8A347FAA8F88BC8D83167" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA87E7FFE8A348FF75FA24CF5336CA:8EAC602AFFE8A347FAA8F88BC8D83167" box="[1354,1436,1852,1878]" country="India" county="Ahmednagar" latitude="18.544569" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="73.81103" municipality="Kopargaon" name="Colony" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" stateProvince="Maharashtra">Colony</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475036FFE8A347FF42F8D7CC15314B" box="[160,337,1887,1914]" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" precision="1" seconds="40.45" value="18.544569">
|
||
18
|
||
<superScript id="7C069BB9FFE8A347FF5FF8E8CD81315C" attach="none" box="[189,197,1887,1901]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">o</superScript>
|
||
32’40.45’’N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE475036FFE8A347FEBFF8D7CF4E314B" box="[349,522,1887,1914]" degrees="73" direction="east" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" precision="1" seconds="39.70" value="73.81103">
|
||
73
|
||
<superScript id="7C069BB9FFE8A347FE9BF8E8CCC5315C" attach="none" box="[377,385,1887,1901]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">o</superScript>
|
||
48’39.70’’E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<elevation id="005ED1C2FFE8A347FDFDF8E8CF2C314A" box="[543,616,1887,1915]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.82" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="582.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B9B14FFE8A347FDFDF8E8CF2C314A" box="[543,616,1887,1915]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.82" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="582.0">582 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
alt;
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D75FD78FFE8A347FD79F8D7CE4C314B" box="[667,776,1888,1914]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="female">6 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE8A347FCF8F8D6CEE0314B" authorityName="Tikader & Gajbe" authorityYear="1977" box="[794,932,1889,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scopodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maitraiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FCF8F8D6CE6C314A" box="[794,808,1889,1915]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FCD5F8D6CEE0314B" box="[823,932,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">maitraiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C88853FFE8A347FC4EF8D6C955314A" box="[940,1041,1889,1915]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF89E9D9FFE8A347FBC7F8D7C9A2314B" box="[1061,1254,1888,1914]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" value="1973-10-20">
|
||
<date id="FFCD1031FFE8A347FBC7F8D7C9A2314B" box="[1061,1254,1888,1914]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" value="1973-10-20">20 October 1973</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26865327FFE8A347FB10F8D6C8D8314B" box="[1266,1436,1888,1915]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">D.B. Bastawde</collectorName>
|
||
leg. (NZC-ZSI5009/18)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE8A347FE47F834CCED31AF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1815,2023]" box="[421,425,1923,1950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE8A346FF25F810CC31372E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1815,2023]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,153,287]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FF25F810CFAD31F3" bold="true" box="[199,745,1959,1986]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Justification of the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE8A347FDB7F81FCFA631F3" authorityName="Tikader & Gajbe" authorityYear="1977" box="[597,738,1960,1986]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scopodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maitraiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FDB7F81FCF2131F3" bold="true" box="[597,613,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FD96F81FCFA631F3" bold="true" box="[628,738,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">maitraiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Detailed study of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C88853FFE8A347FC09F81EC96231F2" box="[1003,1062,1961,1987]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE8A347FBADF81EC99E31F3" authorityName="Tikader & Gajbe" authorityYear="1977" box="[1103,1242,1961,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scopodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maitraiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FBADF81EC99E31F3" box="[1103,1242,1961,1987]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">S. maitraiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13482A74FFE8A347FB08F81FC82831F3" box="[1258,1388,1960,1986]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–33" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1773,1798]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,318,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,309,1754]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 27–33. Scopodes maitraiae Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 (NZC-ZSI-5008-9/18). 27 holotype female habitus, dorso-retrolateral view; 28 paratype female habitus, dorsal view. 29 epigyne of holotype female, ventral view; 30 vulvae of the same, dorsal view; 31 epigyne of paratype female, ventral view; 32–33 labels from type bottles. Scale bars: 27–28, 2 mm; 29–30, 0.2 mm; 31, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3353991/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Figs 27–28</figureCitation>
|
||
) revealed that this species has all diagnostic characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE8A347FCCBF87ACEDE31D7" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1982" box="[809,922,1996,2022]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Drassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE8A347FCCBF87ACEDE31D7" box="[809,922,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">D. luridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the inverted pyriform epigynal plate with antero-laterally thickened rims and small, sclerotized, horizontally oriented primary spermathecae with large, hyaline, inflated balloon-like secondary spermathecae (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="13482A74FFE9A346FCF5FF0ACED236E6" box="[791,918,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 27–33" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1773,1798]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,318,1746]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,309,1754]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 27–33. Scopodes maitraiae Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 (NZC-ZSI-5008-9/18). 27 holotype female habitus, dorso-retrolateral view; 28 paratype female habitus, dorsal view. 29 epigyne of holotype female, ventral view; 30 vulvae of the same, dorsal view; 31 epigyne of paratype female, ventral view; 32–33 labels from type bottles. Scale bars: 27–28, 2 mm; 29–30, 0.2 mm; 31, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3353991/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Figs 29–31</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE9A346FC39FF0AC93236E6" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[987,1142,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" pagination="295 - 536" refId="ref4634" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Gnaphosidae. Fauna India, 3 (Araneae), 295 - 536." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 261–262 and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE9A346FAB6FF0ACF6F36CA" author="Caleb, J. T. D. & Karthikeyani, R. & Muthuchelian, K." pageId="7" pageNumber="162" pagination="135 - 138" refId="ref4147" refString="Caleb, J. T. D., Karthikeyani, R. & Muthuchelian, K. (2014) Description of Drassodes luridus O. P. Cambridge (Araneae: Gnaphosidae): First record from Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2, 135 - 138." type="journal article" year="2014">Caleb, Karthikeyani & Muthuchelian 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1e–f). Based on these observations, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE9A346FB62FF56C84D36CA" authorityName="Tikader & Gajbe" authorityYear="1977" box="[1152,1289,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scopodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maitraiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE9A346FB62FF56C84D36CA" box="[1152,1289,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">S. maitraiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE9A346FF1EFEB1CC2A372E" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1982" box="[252,366,261,287]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Drassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE9A346FF1EFEB1CC2A372E" box="[252,366,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">D. luridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C6679FFE9A346FF75F8E7CE933180" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3353987/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" startId="7.[151,264,1872,1897]" targetBox="[173,1413,319,1844]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE9A346FF75F8E7CE933180" blockId="7.[151,1436,1872,1969]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE9A346FF75F8E7CC133158" bold="true" box="[151,343,1872,1897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">FIGURES 22–26.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE9A346FEBDF8E6CFDA3158" authority="Gajbe, 1987" authorityName="Gajbe" authorityYear="1987" box="[351,670,1872,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scopodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tikaderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE9A346FEBDF8E6CF533158" box="[351,535,1873,1897]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Scopodes tikaderi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE9A346FDC2F8E7CFDA3158" author="Gajbe, U. A." box="[544,670,1872,1897]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" pagination="285 - 287" refId="ref4204" refString="Gajbe, U. A. (1987) A new Scopodes spider from India (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 8, 285 - 287." type="journal article" year="1987">Gajbe, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NZC-ZSI-5045-46/18). 22–24 left pedipalp of allotype male (22 ventral view, 23 retrolateral view, 24 enlarged view of retrolateral tibial apophysis); 25–26 genitalia of holotype female (25 epigyne, ventral view, 26 vulvae, dorsal view). Scale bars: 22–23, 0.5 mm; 24–26, 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE6A349FF25FF2ECE96372E" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,287]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FF25FF2ECC7F3682" bold="true" box="[199,315,153,179]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
One of the seven specimens in the bottle labeled as ‘paratype’ (NZC-ZSI 5009/18) actually belongs to a different gnaphosid genus. We were unable to trace out the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C88853FFE6A349FC8BFF0ACE8736E6" box="[873,963,189,215]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
males in the collection, which may either be lost or misplaced elsewhere in the collection. There seems to be inconsistency in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C88853FFE6A349FB82FF56C98436CA" box="[1120,1216,225,251]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
labeling: one label mentions ‘two females’, where as another label indicates ‘seven females’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF0C6679FFE6A349FF75F95ACC033140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3353991/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" startId="8.[151,264,1773,1798]" targetBox="[156,1429,318,1746]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE6A349FF75F95ACC033140" blockId="8.[151,1437,1773,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FF75F95ACC113137" bold="true" box="[151,341,1773,1798]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">FIGURES 27–33.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE6A349FEBFF95ACF5F3134" box="[349,539,1773,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scopodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maitraia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FEBFF95ACF5F3134" box="[349,539,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">Scopodes maitraia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
e
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE6A349FDCCF95ACE583134" author="Tikader, B. K. & Gajbe, U. A." box="[558,796,1773,1798]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="13 - 22" refId="ref4658" refString="Tikader, B. K. & Gajbe, U. A. (1977) Studies on some spiders of the genera Scopodes Chamberlin, Megamyrmecion Reuss, Scotophaeus Simon and Liodrassus Chamberlin (family: Gnaphosidae) from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 73, 13 - 22." type="journal article" year="1977">Tikader & Gajbe, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NZC-ZSI-5008-9/18). 27 holotype female habitus, dorso-retrolateral view; 28 paratype female habitus, dorsal view. 29 epigyne of holotype female, ventral view; 30 vulvae of the same, dorsal view; 31 epigyne of paratype female, ventral view; 32–33 labels from type bottles. Scale bars: 27–28, 2 mm; 29–30, 0.2 mm; 31, 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCC36F1FFE6A348FF25F828CF5336CA" blockId="8.[151,1437,1951,2014]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,251]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FF25F828CF9D318B" bold="true" box="[199,729,1951,1978]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
|
||
Justification of the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE6A349FDB3F817CF96318B" authorityName="Gawande & Bodkhe" authorityYear="2018" box="[593,722,1952,1978]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Scopoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samarae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FDB3F817CF25318B" bold="true" box="[593,609,1952,1978]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FD92F817CF96318B" bold="true" box="[624,722,1952,1978]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">samarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Judging from the original genitalic illustrations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE6A349FAFDF817C8D8318B" authorityName="Gawande & Bodkhe" authorityYear="2018" box="[1311,1436,1952,1978]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Scopoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samarae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FAFDF817C869318B" box="[1311,1325,1952,1978]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FADEF816C8D8318B" box="[1340,1436,1953,1978]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">samarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE6A349FF7DF873CC8831EF" author="Gawande, B. & Bodkhe, A." box="[159,460,1988,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="223 - 228" refId="ref4280" refString="Gawande, B. & Bodkhe, A. (2018) Description of spider genus Scopoides as a new species (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Wari Reserve Forest Area, Maharashtra, India. In: Rao, P. N., Saxena, A., Pandey, B. N. & Kulkarni, G. K. (Eds.), Biodiversity and bioprospects: Indian scenario and perspectives. Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 223 - 228." type="book chapter" year="2018">Gawande & Bodkhe 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 5–6), it is clear that this species has all diagnostic features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE6A349FB2AF872C87E31EF" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1982" box="[1224,1338,1988,2014]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Drassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FB2AF872C99831EF" box="[1224,1244,1989,2014]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE6A349FB09F873C87E31EF" box="[1259,1338,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">luridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as mentioned under the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE7A348FE16FF2ECF3A3682" authorityName="Tikader & Gajbe" authorityYear="1977" box="[500,638,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scopodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maitraiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE7A348FE16FF2ECF463682" box="[500,514,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE7A348FDF3FF2DCF3A3682" box="[529,638,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">maitraiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE7A348FD1AFF2EC9673682" author="Gawande, B. & Bodkhe, A." box="[760,1059,153,179]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="223 - 228" refId="ref4280" refString="Gawande, B. & Bodkhe, A. (2018) Description of spider genus Scopoides as a new species (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Wari Reserve Forest Area, Maharashtra, India. In: Rao, P. N., Saxena, A., Pandey, B. N. & Kulkarni, G. K. (Eds.), Biodiversity and bioprospects: Indian scenario and perspectives. Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 223 - 228." type="book chapter" year="2018">Gawande & Bodkhe 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 5–6 with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE7A348FB2EFF2EC8223682" author="Tikader, B. K." box="[1228,1382,153,179]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="295 - 536" refId="ref4634" refString="Tikader, B. K. (1982) Family Gnaphosidae. Fauna India, 3 (Araneae), 295 - 536." type="journal article" year="1982">Tikader 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 261–262 and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B00FFE7A348FECCFF0ACE4936E6" author="Caleb, J. T. D. & Karthikeyani, R. & Muthuchelian, K." box="[302,781,189,215]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="135 - 138" refId="ref4147" refString="Caleb, J. T. D., Karthikeyani, R. & Muthuchelian, K. (2014) Description of Drassodes luridus O. P. Cambridge (Araneae: Gnaphosidae): First record from Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2, 135 - 138." type="journal article" year="2014">Caleb, Karthikeyani & Muthuchelian 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1e–f). The species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE7A348FBF1FF0AC9CA36E6" authorityName="Gawande & Bodkhe" authorityYear="2018" box="[1043,1166,189,215]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Scopoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samarae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE7A348FBF1FF0AC96536E6" box="[1043,1057,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE7A348FBCCFF09C9CA36E6" box="[1070,1166,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">samarae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should thus be regarded as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C734D72FFE7A348FE7DFF55CF5436CA" authorityName="Tikader" authorityYear="1982" box="[415,528,225,251]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Drassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE7A348FE7DFF55CCF736CA" box="[415,435,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B907EAE3FFE7A348FE23FF56CF5436CA" box="[449,528,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">luridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |