plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/A6/E9/03A6E95BFFB6FFDAE37F15ABD8ACFB9E.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

875 lines
101 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="3EACCA99A428F1C770F3474D81E13F6C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157582" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f2776005-80ee-41fa-b03a-25131fcb996e" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157582" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461013824471" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reeves, Will K., Adler, Peter H., Grogan, William L. &amp; Super, Paul E." docDate="2004" docId="03A6E95BFFB6FFDAE37F15ABD8ACFB9E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00483.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 483" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Ceratopogonidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FF9F9123FFB0FFD1E277111FDC27FF98" masterDocTitle="Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1698568383469" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="9556FE6CE84972315922F3C8B50F2F7C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B799070EF0B557F7E160AEA046B5FE1F">
<mods:title id="D94722232EFAF6FA5448B0B70E906299">Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="B930577AD6683FD0C3E80B2BD35F04E6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0A8614431B8B4F08135FE7424FF8FCAF">
<mods:roleTerm id="CEA68582D45418668AE08BBB48EA818A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="04D7250BF42F2C24194889BBE8E58FF8">Reeves, Will K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2AE90AA57207A5AF42B3DB04978AD7B6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BCDD653D2B700F9C62F0718A97728827">
<mods:roleTerm id="BD045A4AC5730CB739D3F69DB98697FB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="51346BC060B0E26AAEB03E2F5D0EF553">Adler, Peter H.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="AD136F3A33D994EA579140F8C508A400" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D4801331C4BA21DB97E14674849B2FAD">
<mods:roleTerm id="3CACE97985498A5E19A9460465D1FFFB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F56AF04A0F74C9BEFB9C6CB6B6E30CF7">Grogan, William L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="CFB89D8C17B68A234D8023695BB62A64" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E99C823E739565135BBDE7605A67A0BD">
<mods:roleTerm id="22C6B61B3E9EC196DA1DC575DAF712F5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="40A35DE73D7DEE47350B4E7FBB7BC052">Super, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="F3C8C8F91C46E9BA2FCE69A0EB6409E9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="83D4D4EA0A1567E67D9C7F80B9BAC396" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="A251809381890791328317BD23604080">
<mods:title id="C817D9AEC2CE56DDC06F280CF7CB3B79">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="8C3CBAC3A13B3A7EB3E402CC5BABB3CC">
<mods:date id="96AC2146CBAC873A8B2E0912CA7F974B">2004</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="2BCE3E01A42521AAD20E0270390D9AB7" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D1ECC4331069C473233442ED643DF1C3">483</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="3C4665FE6A8AA165D0119608A8CAB058" unit="page">
<mods:start id="7AEEDF11DDA86E2EB6BF3BACF9C57ED9">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="69E868A2084E11993D1B226EACF0F388">44</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="7D2BF426B343128E7F4EF088DD4B5356">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="52761469C8A51E367F555B5B157BB4B5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.157582</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E5160ED77CA877088A47C376CCDA7F35" type="GBIF-Dataset">f2776005-80ee-41fa-b03a-25131fcb996e</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DB1F2930C65CE2A5177C096703470B07" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="26A2E9F9DC46B8B51CBC15DAF11BB3BB" type="Zenodo-Dep">157582</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="20E6AC5465B5094132269DBB51D609B9" type="ZooBank">21B79402-B2DD-44D9-8A17-76E64785DE9C</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03A6E95BFFB6FFDAE37F15ABD8ACFB9E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6271853" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119600979" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6271853" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6E95BFFB6FFDAE37F15ABD8ACFB9E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6E95BFFB6FFDAE37F15ABD8ACFB9E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB6FFD7E37F15ABDECEFA79" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB6FFD7E37F15ABDE19FB56" blockId="6.[264,574,1204,1230]" box="[264,574,1204,1230]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D0F8EF21FFB6FFD7E37F15ABDE19FB56" bold="true" box="[264,574,1204,1230]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E37F15ABDE19FB56" bold="true" box="[264,574,1204,1230]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E31015ABDE19FB56" ID-CoL="7WQ" box="[359,574,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB6FFD7E37F15E0DECEFA79" blockId="6.[264,1323,1279,1825]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E3FF15E0DE22FA80" box="[392,517,1279,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E3FF15E0DE22FA80" box="[392,517,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Culicoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only group of hematophagous ceratopogonids known from the Park. Although other ceratopogonids such as
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E1331438DFC2FAD8" box="[836,997,1319,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Atrichopogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E1331438DFC2FAD8" box="[836,997,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Atrichopogon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E64F1438DDA1FAF1" authority="Thompsen" authorityName="Thompsen" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Dasyhelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oppressa">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E64F1438D90CFAD8" box="[1080,1323,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dasyhelea oppressa</emphasis>
Thompsen
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E3E11450DFB0FAF1" authority="Wirth and Spinelli" authorityName="Wirth and Spinelli" box="[406,919,1359,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Forcipomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmistoni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E3E11450DE8DFAF0" box="[406,682,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Forcipomyia edmistoni</emphasis>
Wirth and Spinelli
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E1AB1450D847FAF0" box="[988,1120,1359,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Parabezzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E1AB1450D847FAF0" box="[988,1120,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Parabezzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. occur in the Park, none of these are known to feed on vertebrates. Some species of North American
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E37F1480DE1DFA21" authority="(Lasiohelea)" baseAuthorityName="Lasiohelea" box="[264,570,1439,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Forcipomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E37F1480DDB9FA20" box="[264,414,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Forcipomyia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E3D81480DE08FA20" box="[431,559,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lasiohelea</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E0051480DF2FFA20" box="[626,776,1439,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Leptoconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E0051480DF2FFA20" box="[626,776,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Leptoconops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feed on reptile blood and bite humans (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E6A01480DDCEFA79" author="Pechuman" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" refString="Pechuman, L. L. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1961) A new record of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) feeding on frogs. Journal of Parasitology, 47, 600." type="journal article" year="1961">Pechuman &amp; Wirth 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E38214D8DEFBFA79" author="Mullens" box="[501,732,1479,1505]" pageId="6" pageNumber="42" refString="Mullens, B. A., Barrows, C. &amp; Borkent, A. (1997) Lizard feeding by Leptoconops (Brachyconops) californiensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on desert sand dunes. Journal of Medical Entomology, 34, 735 - 737." type="journal article" year="1997">Mullens et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB6FFD6E34F14F0DEFEFEAE" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB6FFD7E34F14F0DF55F8B9" blockId="6.[264,1323,1279,1825]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E34F14F0DD92F990" ID-CoL="9G2GV" box="[312,437,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E34F14F0DD92F990" box="[312,437,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Culicoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are some of the most annoying biters of humans in the Park. These flies tend to feed in the morning and afternoon and inflict painful bites. Some
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E6DA1708D90DF9A8" ID-CoL="9G2GV" box="[1197,1322,1559,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E6DA1708D90DF9A8" box="[1197,1322,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Culicoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are important vectors of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E0F61720DF0AF9C0" box="[641,813,1599,1624]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Haemoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Protozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E0F61720DF0AF9C0" box="[641,813,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Haemoproteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E1061720DFDBF9C0" box="[881,1020,1599,1624]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Mansonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E1061720DFDBF9C0" box="[881,1020,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mansonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., the virus that causes epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer, and other arbovirues (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E1A81778D8E7F919" author="Reeves" box="[991,1216,1639,1665]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" refString="Reeves, W. C., Scrivani, R. P., Hardy, J. L., Roberts, D. D. &amp; Neslon, R. L. (1970) Buttonwillow virus, a new arbovirus isolated from mammals and Culicoides midges in Kern County, California. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 19, 544 - 551." type="journal article" year="1970">Reeves et al. 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E6B91778DD88F931" author="Blanton" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E3B51790DEF9F931" box="[450,734,1679,1705]" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" refString="Rabinowitz, A. R., Patton, S. &amp; Major, V. (1985) Microfilariae of Tetrapetalonema llewellyni in raccoons of Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 21, 449 - 450." type="journal article">Rabinowitz et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported a filarial nematode,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E6431790D901F931" authority="Price" authorityName="Price" box="[1076,1318,1679,1705]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Mansonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="llewellyni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E6431790D8EAF930" box="[1076,1229,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. llewellyni</emphasis>
(Price)
</taxonomicName>
, that infects raccoons,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E07B17A8DE97F948" ID-CoL="4MPXY" box="[524,688,1719,1744]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Procyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lotor">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E07B17A8DE97F948" box="[524,688,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Procyon lotor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.), in the Park.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E1F017A8D823F948" ID-CoL="9G2GV" box="[903,1028,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E1F017A8D823F948" box="[903,1028,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Culicoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are the probable vectors of this filarial worm; other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E13917C0DFFFF960" box="[846,984,1759,1784]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Mansonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB6FFD7E13917C0DFFFF960" box="[846,984,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mansonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are transmitted by
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E6A417C0DDA5F8B9" ID-CoL="7WQ" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB6FFD7E3CC1618DF49F8B9" ID-CoL="6279F" authority="Bain &amp; Chaubaud 1986" authorityName="Bain &amp; Chaubaud" authorityYear="1986" box="[443,878,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Simuliidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB6FFD7E03E1618DF42F8B9" author="Bain" box="[585,869,1799,1825]" pageId="6" pageNumber="40" refString="Bain, O. &amp; Chabaud, A. G. (1986) Atlas des larves infestantes de filaires. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 37, 301 - 340." type="journal article" year="1986">Bain &amp; Chaubaud 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E37F1003DEFEFEAE" blockId="7.[264,1325,284,670]" box="[264,729,284,310]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E37F1003DEFEFEAE" ID-CoL="8BNMF" authority="Root &amp; Hoffman" authorityName="Root &amp; Hoffman" box="[264,729,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arboricola">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E37F1003DE2DFEAD" box="[264,522,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides arboricola</emphasis>
Root &amp; Hoffman
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB7FFD6E34F105BDE29FE36" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E34F105BDE29FE36" blockId="7.[264,1325,284,670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E06E105BDF8FFEC6" authority="Swain Co., Hazel Creek" authorityName="Swain Co., Hazel Creek" box="[537,936,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Hazel Creek</taxonomicName>
at campsite 86,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB7FFD6E61E105BD901FEC6" box="[1129,1318,324,350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1999-08-11">11 August 1999</date>
, light trap, coll. J. Cooper; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB7FFD6E11C1073D82CFE1E" box="[875,1035,364,390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2001-05-31">31 May 2001</date>
, treehole, larvae;
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB7FFD6E6AB1073DD61FE36" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2001-06-09">9 June 2001</date>
, treehole, larvae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB7FFD6E34F10A3DE6DFD76" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E34F10A3DE86FD06" blockId="7.[264,1325,284,670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E34F10A3DE1EFE4D" ID-CoL="8BNMF" box="[312,569,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arboricola">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E34F10A3DE1EFE4D" box="[312,569,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides arboricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
developed in water­filled treeholes with
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E66C10A3DD10FE66" ID-CoL="8BNMX" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E66C10A3D8E7FE4D" box="[1051,1216,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. guttipennis</emphasis>
(Coquillett)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E30210FBDEFBFE66" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[373,732,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triseriatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E30210FBDEB7FE65" box="[373,656,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ochlerotatus triseriatus</emphasis>
(Say)
</taxonomicName>
. No biting records were established in our study.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E37F1313DE37FDBD" ID-CoL="8BNMF" box="[264,528,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arboricola">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E37F1313DE37FDBD" box="[264,528,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides arboricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is primarily ornithophilic and apparently does not bite humans (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E367132BDE02FDD6" author="Blanton" box="[272,549,564,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E043132BDF21FDD6" author="Snow" box="[564,774,564,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" refString="Snow, W. E., Pickard, E. &amp; Moore, J. B. (1957) The Heleidae of the Tennessee River Basin. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 32, 18 - 36." type="journal article" year="1957">Snow et al. 1957</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E1EE132BD8D2FDD6" author="Humphreys" box="[921,1269,564,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Humphreys, J. G. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1973) Blood-feeding activity of female Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1973">Humphreys &amp; Turner (1973)</bibRefCitation>
collected an engorged female from caged rabbits, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E12B1343D881FDEE" author="Wright" box="[860,1190,604,630]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 b) Some hosts fed upon by ceratopogonids and simuliids. Journal of Medical Entomology, 7, 600." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Wright &amp; DeFoliart (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
collected a single female from a caged beaver.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E37F13CBDE6DFD76" blockId="7.[264,1323,724,950]" box="[264,586,724,750]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E37F13CBDE6DFD76" ID-CoL="8BNWN" authority="Hoffman" authorityName="Hoffman" box="[264,586,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baueri">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E37F13CBDDFEFD75" box="[264,473,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides baueri</emphasis>
Hoffman
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB7FFD6E34F13E3DD73FBCE" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E34F13E3DF8DFCA6" blockId="7.[264,1323,724,950]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove (520 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB7FFD6E67313E3D8A0FC8E" box="[1028,1159,764,790]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="5" value="35.592">35.5920°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB7FFD6E6E413E3D939FC8E" box="[1171,1310,764,790]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" precision="5" value="-83.8375">83.8375°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB7FFD6E37F123BDD9FFCA6" box="[264,440,804,830]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1986" valueMax="1987">1986 and 1987</date>
, emergence trap, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E0F9123BDFBAFCA6" author="Root" box="[654,925,804,830]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" refString="Root, D. S. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1991) Seasonal emergence patterns of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in eastern Tennessee. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 8, 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="1991">Root &amp; Gerhardt 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E34F1253DF53FC2E" blockId="7.[264,1323,724,950]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E34F1253DE74FCFE" author="Root" box="[312,595,844,870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="43" refString="Root, D. S. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1991) Seasonal emergence patterns of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in eastern Tennessee. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 8, 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="1991">Root &amp; Gerhardt (1991)</bibRefCitation>
studied the seasonal emergence of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E1981253D84BFCFD" box="[1007,1132,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E1981253D84BFCFD" box="[1007,1132,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. throughout eastern Tennessee and caught
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E00E126BDECCFC15" box="[633,747,884,910]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baueri">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E00E126BDEABFC15" box="[633,652,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E0E8126BDECCFC15" box="[671,747,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">baueri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Park.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E1E6126BD89FFC16" author="Blanton" box="[913,1208,884,910]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth (1979)</bibRefCitation>
provided records of this species feeding on humans in Florida.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E37F12F3DE8EFB9E" blockId="7.[264,1323,1004,1270]" box="[264,681,1004,1030]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E37F12F3DE8EFB9E" authority="Wirth &amp; Hubert" authorityName="Wirth &amp; Hubert" box="[264,681,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bickleyi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E37F12F3DDCFFB9D" box="[264,488,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides bickleyi</emphasis>
Wirth &amp; Hubert
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E34F150BDD73FBCE" blockId="7.[264,1323,1004,1270]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Collections: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 1984, ex deer and cows, (Gerhardt 1986).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB7FFD6E34F157BDE59FADE" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E34F157BDE06FB6E" blockId="7.[264,1323,1004,1270]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E34F157BDE30FBE5" ID-CoL="32C9B" box="[312,535,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bickleyi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E34F157BDE30FBE5" box="[312,535,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides bickleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mammalophilic and ornithophilic and feeds on deer and cows in the Park (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E3F71593DEB0FB3E" author="Blanton" box="[384,663,1164,1190]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
; Gerhardt 1986). Engorged
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E19B1593D849FB3D" ID-CoL="32C9B" box="[1004,1134,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bickleyi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E19B1593D849FB3D" box="[1004,1134,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. bickleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been collected on goats, humans, and turkeys (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E0B915ABDFF4FB56" author="Wirth" box="[718,979,1204,1230]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" refString="Wirth, W. W. &amp; Hubert, A. A. (1962) The species of Culicoides related to piliferus Root and Hoffman in eastern North America (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55, 182 - 195." type="journal article" year="1962">Wirth &amp; Hubert 1962</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E19615ABD901FB56" author="Humphreys" box="[993,1318,1204,1230]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Humphreys, J. G. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1973) Blood-feeding activity of female Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1973">Humphreys &amp; Turner 1973</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E37F15C3DE33FB6E" author="Blanton" box="[264,532,1244,1270]" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E37F1433DE59FADE" blockId="7.[264,1323,1324,1710]" box="[264,638,1324,1350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E37F1433DE59FADE" ID-CoL="8BPG7" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[264,638,1324,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E37F1433DE25FADD" box="[264,514,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides biguttatus</emphasis>
Coquillett
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB7FFD6E34F144BD8E7FAF6" box="[312,1216,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E34F144BD8E7FAF6" blockId="7.[264,1323,1324,1710]" box="[312,1216,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB7FFD6E105144BD836FAF6" box="[882,1041,1364,1390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, Shannon trap.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB7FFD9E34F1463D923FE1E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E34F1463D830F936" blockId="7.[264,1323,1324,1710]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E34F1463DE10FA0D" ID-CoL="8BPG7" box="[312,567,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E34F1463DE10FA0D" box="[312,567,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides biguttatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was active early in the spring when the air temperature fell below freezing at night.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E04714BBDF0AFA25" ID-CoL="8BPG7" box="[560,813,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E04714BBDF0AFA25" box="[560,813,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides biguttatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on deer and cows in the Park (Gerhardt 1986).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E3D714D3DE5CFA7E" box="[416,635,1484,1510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" refString="Snow, W. E., Pickard, E. &amp; Moore, J. B. (1957) The Heleidae of the Tennessee River Basin. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 32, 18 - 36." type="journal article">Snow et al. (1957)</bibRefCitation>
noted that it feeds on horses.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E1AA14D3D90CFA7E" author="Wright" box="[989,1323,1484,1510]" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 b) Some hosts fed upon by ceratopogonids and simuliids. Journal of Medical Entomology, 7, 600." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Wright &amp; DeFoliart (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
found
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E32114EBDDD6F995" ID-CoL="8BPG7" box="[342,497,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E32114EBDDD6F995" box="[342,497,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. biguttatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
engorged on chickens and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E14A14EBD803F996" box="[829,1060,1524,1550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="41" refString="Hayes, M. E., Mullen, G. R. &amp; Nusbaum, K. E. (1984) Comparison of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) attracted to cattle in an open pasture and bordering woodland. Mosquito News, 44, 368 - 370." type="journal article">Hayes et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
collected it on cattle. Snow &amp; Pickard (1958) reported being bitten by
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E1161703DFDBF9AD" ID-CoL="8BPG7" box="[865,1020,1564,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biguttatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E1161703DFDBF9AD" box="[865,1020,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. biguttatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
during daylight hours in lowland forests, but according to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E0D2175BDF42F9C6" author="Jamback" box="[677,869,1604,1630]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Jamnback, H. (1965) The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 399, 154 pp." type="book" year="1965">Jamback (1965)</bibRefCitation>
it rarely bites humans in New York.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E37F1773DDE2F91E" author="Malloch" box="[264,453,1644,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1915) The Chironomidae or midges of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Illinois State Laboratory Natural History Bulletin, 10, 275 - 543." type="journal article" year="1915">Malloch (1915)</bibRefCitation>
collected as many as
<specimenCount id="9D0993C4FFB7FFD6E0AA1773DF46F91E" box="[733,865,1644,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">13 females</specimenCount>
from humans in one day.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB7FFD6E6C71773DD8BF936" author="Childer" pageId="7" pageNumber="40" refString="Childers, C. C. &amp; Wingo C. W. (1968) Genus Culicoides (Diptera - Ceratopogonidae) in Central Missouri. University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 924, 32 pp." type="book" year="1968">Childer &amp; Wingo (1968)</bibRefCitation>
collected a single female from a human in Missouri.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB7FFD6E37F17FBDD9FF8D6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<table id="F90FAAEDFFB7002EE37F17FBD90DF8D6" box="[264,1322,1764,1870]" colsContinueIn="8.[264,1322,1764,1870]" gridcols="9" gridrows="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<tr id="353F5A0FFFB7002EE37F17FBD90DF966" box="[264,1322,1764,1790]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFB7002EE37F17FBDEB1F966" box="[264,662,1764,1790]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB7FFD6E37F17FBDE4EF966" ID-CoL="8BNPW" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[264,617,1764,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiopterus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB7FFD6E37F17FBDE2EF965" box="[264,521,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Culicoides chiopterus</emphasis>
Meigen
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFFB7002EE37F1613D90DF8BE" box="[264,1322,1804,1830]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th id="76EE3373FFB7002EE37F1613DEB1F8BE" box="[264,662,1804,1830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Collection: Tennessee, Sevier</th>
<td id="76EE3373FFB7002EE0E81613DEF7F8BE" box="[671,720,1804,1830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Co.,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB7002EE0AE1613DF32F8BE" box="[729,789,1804,1830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Twin</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB7002EE1691613DF51F8BE" box="[798,886,1804,1830]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Creeks,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB7002EE1F71613DF9CF8BE" box="[896,955,1804,1830]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">7–20</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB7002EE1B41613D81BF8BE" box="[963,1084,1804,1830]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">December</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB7002EE6321613D8A0F8BE" box="[1093,1159,1804,1830]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1999,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB7002EE6E71613D8CAF8BE" box="[1168,1261,1804,1830]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Malaise</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB7002EE6811613D90DF8BE" box="[1270,1322,1804,1830]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">trap,</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFFB7002EE37F162BD90DF8D6" box="[264,1322,1844,1870]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFB7002EE37F162BDEB1F8D6" box="[264,662,1844,1870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">coll. C. Parker.</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E34F1003D923FE1E" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
A single female of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E06F1003DE91FEAD" ID-CoL="8BNPW" box="[536,694,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chiopterus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E06F1003DE0CFEAD" box="[536,555,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E04D1003DE91FEAD" box="[570,694,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">chiopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was trapped in the winter, suggesting that the species is active during the colder months of the year or that adults can overwinter and become active on warm days. This species feeds on humans and birds (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E19E1073D8D0FE1E" author="Blanton" box="[1001,1271,364,390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB8FFD9E37F10A3DE9EFB6E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E37F10A3DE73FE4E" blockId="8.[264,1325,444,750]" box="[264,596,444,470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E37F10A3DE73FE4E" authority="Lutz" authorityName="Lutz" box="[264,596,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilipalpis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E37F10A3DE30FE4D" box="[264,535,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Culicoides debilipalpis</emphasis>
Lutz
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E34F10FBD877FDBE" blockId="8.[264,1325,444,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E06C10FBDF07FE66" authority="Deep Creek" authorityName="Deep Creek" box="[539,800,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Deep Creek</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB8FFD9E15A10FBD831FE66" box="[813,1046,484,510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2003-09-13">13 September 2003</date>
, biting human; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 1984, ex deer and cows, (Gerhardt 1986).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E34F132BDF4FFD76" blockId="8.[264,1325,444,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E34F132BDE72FDD6" author="Blanton" box="[312,597,564,590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth (1979)</bibRefCitation>
noted that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E0AC132BDFAFFDD5" box="[731,904,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilipalpis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E0AC132BDEC9FDD5" box="[731,750,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E089132BDFAFFDD5" box="[766,904,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">debilipalpis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on birds in Virginia but bites humans in South
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFB8FFD9E3931343DE6EFDEE" box="[484,585,604,630]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">America</collectingCountry>
and Asia.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E0A21343DF59FDEE" author="Remm" box="[725,894,604,630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refString="Remm, H. J. (1956) Contribution to the fauna of heleids of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae) of Estonia. Entomologicheskoe Obozreni, 35, 172 - 183." type="journal article" year="1956">Remm (1956)</bibRefCitation>
reported that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E6461343D8C4FDED" box="[1073,1251,604,630]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilipalpis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E6461343D863FDED" box="[1073,1092,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E62F1343D8C4FDED" box="[1112,1251,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">debilipalpis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an important pest of humans in
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFB8FFD9E01C139BDEE4FD06" box="[619,707,644,670]" name="Estonia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Estonia</collectingCountry>
during the spring and fall.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E66F139BD90CFD05" box="[1048,1323,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilipalpis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E66F139BD90CFD05" box="[1048,1323,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Culicoides debilipalpis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on deer, cows, and humans in the Park (Gerhardt 1986).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E19613B3D90BFD5E" author="Wright" box="[993,1324,684,710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 b) Some hosts fed upon by ceratopogonids and simuliids. Journal of Medical Entomology, 7, 600." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Wright &amp; DeFoliart (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E30113CBDE05FD75" box="[374,546,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilipalpis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E30113CBDDAEFD75" box="[374,393,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E3EF13CBDE05FD75" box="[408,546,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">debilipalpis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from turkeys and chickens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E37F123BDEBDFCA6" blockId="8.[264,1323,804,990]" box="[264,666,804,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E37F123BDEBDFCA6" authority="Wirth &amp; Blanton" authorityName="Wirth &amp; Blanton" box="[264,666,804,830]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="footei">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E37F123BDDF7FCA5" box="[264,464,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Culicoides footei</emphasis>
Wirth &amp; Blanton
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E34F1253DDF5FC16" blockId="8.[264,1323,804,990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Collection: Tennessee, Sevier Co., Twin Creeks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB8FFD9E1021253D8F4FCFE" box="[885,1235,844,870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1999-08-17" valueMax="1999-09-02" valueMin="1999-08-17">17 August–2 September 1999</date>
, funnel trap, coll. Parker.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E34F1283DE33FC46" blockId="8.[264,1323,804,990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E3C51283DE3EFC2D" box="[434,537,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="footei">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E3C51283DE3EFC2D" box="[434,537,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. footei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
live in moist treeholes (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E14E1283D860FC2E" author="Blanton" box="[825,1095,924,950]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
) and adults are not known to bite humans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E37F150BDEB8FBB6" blockId="8.[264,1325,1044,1710]" box="[264,671,1044,1070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E37F150BDEB8FBB6" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[264,671,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E37F150BDE28FBB5" box="[264,527,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Culicoides guttipennis</emphasis>
(Coquillett)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E34F1523DE9EFB6E" blockId="8.[264,1325,1044,1710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E0691523D823FBCE" authority="Haywood Co., Purchase Knob" authorityName="Haywood Co., Purchase Knob" box="[542,1028,1084,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB8FFD9E6641523D89FFBCE" box="[1043,1208,1084,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, treehole; Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB8FFD9E0B9157BDF4EFBE6" box="[718,873,1124,1150]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2002-05-09">9 May 2002</date>
, biting horse;
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB8FFD9E668157BD892FBE6" box="[1055,1205,1124,1150]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2002-07-04">4 July 2002</date>
, treehole; Twentymile Creek ranger station, treehole; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 1984, ex deer and cows, (Gerhardt 1986); Cocke Co., Cosby Nature Trail (503 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB8FFD9E6D315ABD900FB56" box="[1188,1319,1204,1230]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="5" value="35.7778">35.7778°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFB8FFD9E37F15C3DDB4FB6E" box="[264,403,1244,1270]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="5" value="-83.2131">83.2131°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB8FFD9E3D015C3DE60FB6E" box="[423,583,1244,1270]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2001-05-29">29 May 2001</date>
, treehole.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB8FFD8E34F141BDE57FE66" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E34F141BDEAAF936" blockId="8.[264,1325,1044,1710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E34F141BDE18FA85" ID-CoL="8BNMX" box="[312,575,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E34F141BDE18FA85" box="[312,575,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Culicoides guttipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was one of the most frequently collected species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E6DA141BD90DFA85" ID-CoL="9G2GV" box="[1197,1322,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E6DA141BD90DFA85" box="[1197,1322,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Culicoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in treeholes. Larvae of this species coexist with those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E1E81433D819FADD" ID-CoL="8BNMF" box="[927,1086,1324,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arboricola">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E1E81433D819FADD" box="[927,1086,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. arboricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E63A1433DD73FAF5" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E63A1433DD68FAF5" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triseriatus">Ochlerotatus triseriatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E3E4144BDF15FAF6" ID-CoL="8FGQZ" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[403,818,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E3E4144BDEBCFAF5" box="[403,667,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Toxorhynchites rutilus</emphasis>
(Coquillett)
</taxonomicName>
. A single biting female was taken from a horse at dusk, and Gerhardt (1986) collected this species on deer and cows in the Park.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E37F14BBDE42FA26" author="Humphreys" box="[264,613,1444,1470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Humphreys, J. G. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1973) Blood-feeding activity of female Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1973">Humphreys &amp; Turner (1973)</bibRefCitation>
reported
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E0AB14BBDFA3FA25" ID-CoL="8BNMX" box="[732,900,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E0AB14BBDFA3FA25" box="[732,900,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. guttipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most commonly on goats, rabbits, and turkeys.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E3D214D3DE88FA7E" author="Hair" box="[421,687,1484,1510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" refString="Hair, J. A. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1968) Preliminary host preference studies on Virginia Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Mosquito News, 28, 103 - 107." type="journal article" year="1968">Hair &amp; Turner (1968)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that females prefer humans and small mammals.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E3FD14EBDE03F996" author="Snow" box="[394,548,1524,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" refString="Snow, W. E. (1955) Feeding activities of some blood-sucking Diptera with references to vertical distribution in bottomland forest. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 48, 512 - 521." type="journal article" year="1955">Snow (1955)</bibRefCitation>
reported that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E0BE14EBDF48F995" ID-CoL="8BNMX" box="[713,879,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E0BE14EBDF48F995" box="[713,879,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. guttipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on humans at ground level and in the canopy. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E0421703DF24F9AE" author="Jamnback" box="[565,771,1564,1590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="42" refString="Jamnback, H. (1965) The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 399, 154 pp." type="book" year="1965">Jamnback (1965)</bibRefCitation>
noted no biting records from humans in New York and suggested that due to the presence of sensilla coeloconica on all flagellomeres, the species might be primarily ornithophilic.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB8FFD9E13A1773D894F91E" author="Wright" box="[845,1203,1644,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 b) Some hosts fed upon by ceratopogonids and simuliids. Journal of Medical Entomology, 7, 600." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Wright &amp; DeFoliart (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
recorded engorged females from chickens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB8FFD9E37F17FBDE0CF8D6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<table id="F90FAAEDFFB8002EE37F17FBD90DF8D6" box="[264,1322,1764,1870]" colsContinueFrom="7.[264,1322,1764,1870]" colsContinueIn="30.[264,1323,1766,1872]" gridcols="9" gridrows="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<tr id="353F5A0FFFB8002EE37F17FBD90DF966" box="[264,1322,1764,1790]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFB8002EE37F17FBDE82F966" box="[264,677,1764,1790]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB8FFD9E37F17FBDEBCF966" ID-CoL="8BNWX" authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" box="[264,667,1764,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haematopotus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB8FFD9E37F17FBDE15F965" box="[264,562,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Culicoides haematopotus</emphasis>
Malloch
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFFB8002EE37F1613D90DF8BE" box="[264,1322,1804,1830]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th id="76EE3373FFB8002EE37F1613DE82F8BE" box="[264,677,1804,1830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Collection: Tennessee, Blount</th>
<td id="76EE3373FFB8002EE0C51613DEC4F8BE" box="[690,739,1804,1830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Co.,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB8002EE0861613DF1EF8BE" box="[753,825,1804,1830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cades</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB8002EE1301613DFACF8BE" box="[839,907,1804,1830]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cove,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB8002EE1ED1613DFF2F8BE" box="[922,981,1804,1830]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1986</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB8002EE1951613D82BF8BE" box="[994,1036,1804,1830]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">and</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB8002EE66D1613D87BF8BE" box="[1050,1116,1804,1830]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1987,</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB8002EE61D1613D8CFF8BE" box="[1130,1256,1804,1830]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">emergence</td>
<td id="76EE3373FFB8002EE6811613D90DF8BE" box="[1270,1322,1804,1830]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">trap,</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353F5A0FFFB8002EE37F162BD90DF8D6" box="[264,1322,1844,1870]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76EE3373FFB8002EE37F162BDE82F8D6" box="[264,677,1844,1870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(Root &amp; Gerhardt 1991).</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB9FFD8E34F1003D8F8FE36" blockId="9.[264,1323,284,430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E34F1003DE45FEAD" ID-CoL="8BNWX" box="[312,610,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haematopotus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E34F1003DE45FEAD" box="[312,610,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Culicoides haematopotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a vector of the blood parasite
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E19B1003DD7EFEC6" authority="Levine" authorityName="Levine" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Haemoproteus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="meleagridis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E19B1003D90DFEAD" box="[1004,1322,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Haemoproteus meleagridis</emphasis>
Levine
</taxonomicName>
of wild and domestic turkey (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E0B3105BDF44FEC6" author="Mullen" box="[708,867,324,350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Mullen, G. A. (2002) Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). In: Mullen, G. &amp; Durden, L. (Eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 163 - 184." type="book chapter" year="2002">Mullen 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E10F105BD8B2FEC6" author="Fallis" box="[888,1173,324,350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="41" refString="Fallis, A. M. &amp; Bennett, G. F. (1961) Sporgony of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus in simuliids and ceratopogonids and a revised classification of the Haemosporidiida. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 39, 215 - 228." type="journal article" year="1961">Fallis &amp; Bennett (1961)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E767105BDD8BFE1D" ID-CoL="8BNWX" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haematopotus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E767105BDD8BFE1D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. haematopotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on crows and grouse, whereas
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E10A1073D872FE1E" box="[893,1109,364,390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="41" refString="Hayes, M. E., Mullen, G. R. &amp; Nusbaum, K. E. (1984) Comparison of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) attracted to cattle in an open pasture and bordering woodland. Mosquito News, 44, 368 - 370." type="journal article">Hayes et al (1984)</bibRefCitation>
collected females from cattle. This species is widely reported to feed on humans (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E65D108BD8F5FE36" author="Malloch" box="[1066,1234,404,430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1915) The Chironomidae or midges of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Illinois State Laboratory Natural History Bulletin, 10, 275 - 543." type="journal article" year="1915">Malloch 1915</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB9FFD8E37F10FBDE57FE66" blockId="9.[264,1325,484,910]" box="[264,624,484,510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E37F10FBDE57FE66" ID-CoL="8BNR7" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[264,624,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obsoletus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E37F10FBDDDBFE65" box="[264,508,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Culicoides obsoletus</emphasis>
(Meigen)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB9FFD8E34F1313D884FDD6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB9FFD8E34F1313D884FDD6" blockId="9.[264,1325,484,910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Collection: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E0631313DFF0FDBE" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[532,983,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB9FFD8E1911313D884FDBE" box="[998,1187,524,550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2002-03-19">19 March 2002</date>
, biting elk; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 1984, ex deer and cows, (Gerhardt 1986).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB9FFD8E34F1343DE4DFC46" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB9FFD8E34F1343D90CFC16" blockId="9.[264,1325,484,910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E34F1343DE0CFDED" ID-CoL="8BNR7" box="[312,555,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obsoletus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E34F1343DE0CFDED" box="[312,555,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Culicoides obsoletus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a vector of bluetongue virus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E1D91343D86BFDEE" author="Mullen" box="[942,1100,604,630]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Mullen, G. A. (2002) Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). In: Mullen, G. &amp; Durden, L. (Eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 163 - 184." type="book chapter" year="2002">Mullen 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Elk were reintroduced into the Park in 2001. The biting record of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E13E139BDFFEFD05" ID-CoL="8BNR7" box="[841,985,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obsoletus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E13E139BDF7BFD05" box="[841,860,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E11C139BDFFEFD05" box="[875,985,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">obsoletus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on elk could represent a historic host association and is relevant for the epidemiology of epidemic hemorrhagic disease of deer in Cataloochee Cove. This midge also feeds on deer and cows in the Park (Gerhardt 1986) and is an annoying pest of humans at locations up to 2000 meters elevation near Newfound Gap (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E04F123BDF25FCA6" author="Snow" box="[568,770,804,830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refString="Snow, W. E., Pickard, E. &amp; Moore, J. B. (1957) The Heleidae of the Tennessee River Basin. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 32, 18 - 36." type="journal article" year="1957">Snow et al. 1957</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E161123BDFC6FCA6" author="Jamnback" box="[790,993,804,830]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Jamnback, H. (1965) The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 399, 154 pp." type="book" year="1965">Jamnback (1965)</bibRefCitation>
noted that this species feeds on horses and cattle.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E3881253DF6BFCFE" author="Wright" box="[511,844,844,870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 b) Some hosts fed upon by ceratopogonids and simuliids. Journal of Medical Entomology, 7, 600." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Wright &amp; DeFoliart (1970b)</bibRefCitation>
collected engorged specimens from rabbits and gray squirrels, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E03E126BDFBDFC16" author="Humphreys" box="[585,922,884,910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Humphreys, J. G. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1973) Blood-feeding activity of female Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1973">Humphreys &amp; Turner (1973)</bibRefCitation>
found a single female on a turkey.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB9FFD8E37F12DBDE4DFC46" blockId="9.[264,1324,964,1790]" box="[264,618,964,990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E37F12DBDE4DFC46" ID-CoL="32D4X" authority="Goeldi" authorityName="Goeldi" box="[264,618,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E37F12DBDDD8FC45" box="[264,511,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Culicoides paraensis</emphasis>
(Goeldi)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB9FFD8E34F12F3DD91FB56" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB9FFD8E34F12F3DD91FB56" blockId="9.[264,1324,964,1790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E05512F3DF94FB9E" authority="Haywood, Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood, Cataloochee" box="[546,947,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood, Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB9FFD8E1B412F3D840FB9E" box="[963,1127,1004,1030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2002-07-22">22 July 2002</date>
, biting humans; Purchase Knob,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB9FFD8E3A2150BDE5BFBB6" box="[469,636,1044,1070]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2002-07-22">22 July 2002</date>
, Shannon trap; Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB9FFD8E77A150BDD83FBCE" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2002-08-15">15 August 2002</date>
, biting cat and humans;
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB9FFD8E0BD1523DF4CFBCE" box="[714,875,1084,1110]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2003-06-11">11 June 2003</date>
, biting horse; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 1984, ex deer and cows, (Gerhardt 1986); Sevier Co., Gatlinburg,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB9FFD8E6C5157BDD53FB3E" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1954-09-02">2 September 1954</date>
, (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E3FD1593DE7CFB3E" author="Snow" box="[394,603,1164,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refString="Snow, W. E., Pickard, E. &amp; Moore, J. B. (1957) The Heleidae of the Tennessee River Basin. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 32, 18 - 36." type="journal article" year="1957">Snow et al. 1957</bibRefCitation>
); Rich Mountain Blowhole Cave entrance,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFB9FFD8E6141593D902FB3E" box="[1123,1317,1164,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1999-08-25">25 August 1999</date>
, biting humans.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFB9FFDBE34F15C3DE84FEAE" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFB9FFD8E34F15C3DE2DF966" blockId="9.[264,1324,964,1790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E34F15C3DE15FB6D" ID-CoL="32D4X" box="[312,562,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E34F15C3DE15FB6D" box="[312,562,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Culicoides paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a tropical and subtropical biting midge that ranges into the Appalachians during the summer.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E0EF141BDFA9FA85" ID-CoL="32D4X" box="[664,910,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E0EF141BDFA9FA85" box="[664,910,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Culicoides paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on deer and cows in the Park (Gerhardt 1986) and can be the most widespread and annoying biter of humans during daylight hours (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E3B4144BDEB3FAF6" author="Snow" box="[451,660,1364,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refString="Snow, W. E., Pickard, E. &amp; Moore, J. B. (1957) The Heleidae of the Tennessee River Basin. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 32, 18 - 36." type="journal article" year="1957">Snow et al. 1957</bibRefCitation>
). It bites in the afternoon along the edge of woodlands, and feeds on humans in the canopy (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E0BE1463DF70FA0E" author="Snow" box="[713,855,1404,1430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refString="Snow, W. E. (1955) Feeding activities of some blood-sucking Diptera with references to vertical distribution in bottomland forest. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 48, 512 - 521." type="journal article" year="1955">Snow 1955</bibRefCitation>
; Snow &amp; Pickard 1958). According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E37F14BBDE42FA26" author="Humphreys" box="[264,613,1444,1470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Humphreys, J. G. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1973) Blood-feeding activity of female Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1973">Humphreys &amp; Turner (1973)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E00314BBDF2CFA25" ID-CoL="32D4X" box="[628,779,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E00314BBDF2CFA25" box="[628,779,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also feeds on small mammals and birds. We collected
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E30B14D3DE35FA7D" ID-CoL="32D4X" box="[380,530,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E30B14D3DE35FA7D" box="[380,530,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on a feral cat in the Park. Because
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E65214D3D89BFA7D" ID-CoL="32D4X" box="[1061,1212,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E65214D3D89BFA7D" box="[1061,1212,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on carnivores, it could serve as a vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E0AC14EBDF53F995" box="[731,884,1524,1549]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Mansonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="llewellyni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E0AC14EBDF53F995" box="[731,884,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. llewellyni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a filarial nematode of raccoons. The only laboratory transmission of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E0F61703DF3CF9AD" box="[641,795,1564,1589]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Mansonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="llewellyni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E0F61703DF3CF9AD" box="[641,795,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. llewellyni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
involved an apparently misidentified vector.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E37F175BDDC6F9C6" box="[264,481,1604,1630]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refString="Yates, J. A., Lowrie, R. C., Jr. &amp; Eberhard, M. L. (1982) Development of Tetrapetalonema llewellyni to the infective stage in Culicoides hollensis. Journal of Parasitology, 68, 293 - 296." type="journal article">Yates et al. (1982)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E0EB175BD806F9C6" ID-CoL="8BNSN" authority="Melander &amp; Brues" authorityName="Melander &amp; Brues" box="[668,1057,1604,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hollensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E0EB175BDF0FF9C5" box="[668,808,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. hollensis</emphasis>
(Melander &amp; Brues)
</taxonomicName>
was the vector of this nematode, but they used wild­caught flies from Mississippi where
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E6591773D89CF91D" ID-CoL="8BNSN" box="[1070,1211,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hollensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E6591773D89CF91D" box="[1070,1211,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. hollensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not occur.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E32B178BDE7FF935" ID-CoL="32D4X" box="[348,600,1684,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E32B178BDE7FF935" box="[348,600,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Culicoides paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFB9FFD8E16B178BD82AF936" authority="Manson" authorityName="Manson" box="[796,1037,1684,1710]" class="Chromadorea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Mansonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="ozzardi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFB9FFD8E16B178BDFB8F935" box="[796,927,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. ozzardi</emphasis>
Manson
</taxonomicName>
, a filarial nematode of humans (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E30117A3DE30F94E" author="Mullen" box="[374,535,1724,1750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Mullen, G. A. (2002) Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). In: Mullen, G. &amp; Durden, L. (Eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 163 - 184." type="book chapter" year="2002">Mullen 2002</bibRefCitation>
). It also transmits Oropouche virus to humans in South
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFB9FFD8E6B117A3D90CF94E" box="[1222,1323,1724,1750]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">America</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFB9FFD8E36717FBDDD9F966" author="Eldridge" box="[272,510,1764,1790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="41" refString="Eldridge, B. F., Scott, T. W. Day, J. F. &amp; Tabachnick, W. J. (2000) Arbovirus diseases. In: B. F. Eldridge, B. F. &amp; Edman, J. D. (Eds.), Medical Entomology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp. 415 - 460." type="book chapter" year="2000">Eldridge et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE37F1003DE84FEAE" blockId="10.[264,1326,284,950]" box="[264,675,284,310]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE37F1003DE84FEAE" ID-CoL="8BNRR" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[264,675,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguisuga">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE37F1003DE34FEAD" box="[264,531,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culicoides sanguisuga</emphasis>
(Coquillett)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBAFFDBE34F105BDD73FAF6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE34F105BD93EFDEE" blockId="10.[264,1326,284,950]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE056105BD851FEC6" authority="Haywood Co., Big Creek Campground" authorityName="Haywood Co., Big Creek Campground" box="[545,1142,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Big Creek Campground</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE6F1105BD90FFEC6" box="[1158,1320,324,350]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1999-07-19">19 July 1999</date>
, light trap, coll. J. Cooper; Cataloochee,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE09B1073DFAAFE1E" box="[748,909,364,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2002-07-22">22 July 2002</date>
, biting humans; Purchase Knob,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE7691073DD8FFE36" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2003-08-04">4 August 2003</date>
, biting human; Swain Co., Clingman's Dome (1924 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBAFFDBE6D2108BD90FFE36" box="[1189,1320,404,430]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="5" value="35.5561">35.5561°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBAFFDBE37F10A3DDB4FE4E" box="[264,403,444,470]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="5" value="-83.4961">83.4961°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE3DC10A3DE6CFE4E" box="[427,587,444,470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2001-07-22">22 July 2001</date>
, sewage treatment plant, biting human; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE33910FBDDCCFE66" box="[334,491,484,510]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2002-05-09">9 May 2002</date>
, biting human; Straight Fork Motor Trail (959 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBAFFDBE6D410FBD900FE66" box="[1187,1319,484,510]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="5" value="35.6215">35.6215°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBAFFDBE37F1313DDB5FDBE" box="[264,402,524,550]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="5" value="-83.211">83.2110°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE3D81313DE7BFDBE" box="[431,604,524,550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2001-07-19">19 July 2001</date>
, biting human during rainstorm; Tennessee, Blount Co., Abrams Creek sewage treatment plant,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE094132BDFA0FDD6" box="[739,903,564,590]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2002-06-19">19 June 2002</date>
,
<specimenCount id="9D0993C4FFBAFFDBE1E2132BD82BFDD6" box="[917,1036,564,590]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
, feeding on little brown bat, coll. J. Bellwood; Tremont Institute,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE09C1343DFBCFDEE" box="[747,923,604,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1999-08-02">2 August 1999</date>
, black light trap, coll. J. Ciegler.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE34F139BDDC5FC2E" blockId="10.[264,1326,284,950]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
This species, along with
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE02D139BDED2FD05" box="[602,757,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE02D139BDED6FD05" box="[602,753,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraensis">C. paraensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
feeds on the exposed arms and legs of Park visitors during daylight hours and at dusk. Two engorged females of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE64D13B3D8C1FD5D" box="[1082,1254,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguisuga">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE64D13B3D8C1FD5D" box="[1082,1254,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. sanguisuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were removed from the wing of a little brown bat that was trapped as it escaped a maintenance building, representing the first record of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE09C13E3DFB4FC8D" box="[747,915,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguisuga">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE09C13E3DFB4FC8D" box="[747,915,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. sanguisuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeding on bats. This species also feeds on deer and cows in the Park (Gerhardt 1986).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE1F6123BD86AFCA6" author="Jamnback" box="[897,1101,804,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="42" refString="Jamnback, H. (1965) The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 399, 154 pp." type="book" year="1965">Jamnback (1965)</bibRefCitation>
recorded this species feeding on horses, rabbits, hares, ducks, grouse, blue jays, and sparrows.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE6D61253DDEDFC16" author="Humphreys" pageId="10" pageNumber="42" refString="Humphreys, J. G. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1973) Blood-feeding activity of female Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1973">Humphreys &amp; Turner (1973)</bibRefCitation>
collected over 22,000 flies from goats, 3400 from turkeys, and more than 2000 from rabbits.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE37F12F3DEA5FB9E" blockId="10.[264,1323,1004,1230]" box="[264,642,1004,1030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE37F12F3DEA5FB9E" authority="Wirth &amp; Jones" authorityName="Wirth &amp; Jones" box="[264,642,1004,1030]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="snowi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE37F12F3DDF6FB9D" box="[264,465,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culicoides snowi</emphasis>
Wirth &amp; Jones
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE34F150BDDD1FBCE" blockId="10.[264,1323,1004,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Collection: Tennessee, Sevier Co, W. tributary of Porters Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE65D150BD8E5FBB6" box="[1066,1218,1044,1070]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="1999-07-27">27 July 1999</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. J. Cooper.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE34F157BDEE4FB56" blockId="10.[264,1323,1004,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The single collection of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE021157BDE9BFBE5" box="[598,700,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="snowi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE021157BDE9BFBE5" box="[598,700,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. snowi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a Malaise trap provides no biological information other than the summer collection date.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE0AC1593DF80FB3D" box="[731,935,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="snowi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE0AC1593DF80FB3D" box="[731,935,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culicoides snowi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is attracted to humans (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE6B21593DDB8FB56" author="Wirth" pageId="10" pageNumber="44" refString="Wirth, W. W. &amp; Hubert, A. A. (1962) The species of Culicoides related to piliferus Root and Hoffman in eastern North America (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55, 182 - 195." type="journal article" year="1962">Wirth &amp; Hubert 1962</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE3DC15ABDE91FB56" author="Blanton" box="[427,694,1204,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE37F141BDEE7FA86" blockId="10.[264,1324,1284,1510]" box="[264,704,1284,1310]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE37F141BDEE7FA86" authority="Root &amp; Hoffman" authorityName="Root &amp; Hoffman" box="[264,704,1284,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE37F141BDDD5FA85" box="[264,498,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culicoides spinosus</emphasis>
Root &amp; Hoffman
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE34F1433DD73FAF6" blockId="10.[264,1324,1284,1510]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Collections: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 1984, ex deer and cows, (Gerhardt 1986).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBAFFDBE34F1463DE43F9AE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE34F1463DFCFFA7E" blockId="10.[264,1324,1284,1510]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE34F1463DE06FA0D" ID-CoL="8BPGC" box="[312,545,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE34F1463DE06FA0D" box="[312,545,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culicoides spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bites humans, deer, and cows (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE1F81463D87DFA0E" author="Snow" box="[911,1114,1404,1430]" pageId="10" pageNumber="44" refString="Snow, W. E., Pickard, E. &amp; Moore, J. B. (1957) The Heleidae of the Tennessee River Basin. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 32, 18 - 36." type="journal article" year="1957">Snow et al. 1957</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE6111463DD61FA26" author="Blanton" pageId="10" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE32214BBDE0AFA26" author="Hayes" box="[341,557,1444,1470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" refString="Hayes, M. E., Mullen, G. R. &amp; Nusbaum, K. E. (1984) Comparison of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) attracted to cattle in an open pasture and bordering woodland. Mosquito News, 44, 368 - 370." type="journal article" year="1984">Hayes et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
; Gerhardt 1986).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE17214BBD846FA26" author="Humphreys" box="[773,1121,1444,1470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="42" refString="Humphreys, J. G. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1973) Blood-feeding activity of female Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1973">Humphreys &amp; Turner (1973)</bibRefCitation>
recorded collections of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE31F14D3DDC8FA7D" ID-CoL="8BPGC" box="[360,495,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE31F14D3DDC8FA7D" box="[360,495,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from goats, rabbits, turkeys, and chickens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE37F1703DE43F9AE" blockId="10.[264,1324,1564,1870]" box="[264,612,1564,1590]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE37F1703DE43F9AE" ID-CoL="8BPCN" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[264,612,1564,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE37F1703DDC0F9AD" box="[264,487,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culicoides stellifer</emphasis>
Coquillett
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBAFFDBE34F175BDF1BF936" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDBE34F175BDF1BF936" blockId="10.[264,1324,1564,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Tremont Institute (524 meters, Thunderhead Mountain
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBAFFDBE3F01773DDD1F91E" box="[391,502,1644,1670]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="55" value="35.621">35.621ºN</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBAFFDBE0741773DE5AF91E" box="[515,637,1644,1670]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" precision="55" value="-83.678">83.678ºW</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBAFFDBE0E11773DF47F91E" box="[662,864,1644,1670]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2001-08-22">22 August 2001</date>
, biting human, coll. P. Super; Cades Cove, 1984, ex deer and cows, (Gerhardt 1986).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBAFFDAE34F17A3DE45FE36" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBAFFDAE34F17A3D90CFEC6" blockId="10.[264,1324,1564,1870]" lastBlockId="11.[264,1323,284,350]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE34F17A3DE3CF94D" ID-CoL="8BPCN" box="[312,539,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE34F17A3DE3CF94D" box="[312,539,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culicoides stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a human­biting species collected during the later summer.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE37F17FBDE0FF966" author="Blanton" box="[264,552,1764,1790]" pageId="10" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth (1979)</bibRefCitation>
noted that there were no confirmed records of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE62817FBD8FAF965" ID-CoL="8BPCN" box="[1119,1245,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE62817FBD8FAF965" box="[1119,1245,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
biting humans, as earlier records (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE02B1613DF0AF8BE" author="Snow" box="[604,813,1804,1830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="44" refString="Snow, W. E., Pickard, E. &amp; Moore, J. B. (1957) The Heleidae of the Tennessee River Basin. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 32, 18 - 36." type="journal article" year="1957">Snow et al 1957</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBAFFDBE1491613DFDCF8BE" author="Jamnback" box="[830,1019,1804,1830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="42" refString="Jamnback, H. (1965) The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 399, 154 pp." type="book" year="1965">Jamnback 1965</bibRefCitation>
) probably referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDBE7671613DD5DF8D5" ID-CoL="32D4X" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paraensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDBE7671613DD5DF8D5" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. paraensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Our specimens verify the human­biting habits of this species.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBAFFDAE614162BDD0FFEAD" ID-CoL="8BPCN" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellifer">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBAFFDAE614162BDD0FFEAD" italics="true" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Culicoides stellifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also feeds on deer and cows in the Park (Gerhardt 1986).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE1A01003D90CFEAE" author="Humphreys" box="[983,1323,284,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Humphreys, J. G. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1973) Blood-feeding activity of female Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 10, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1973">Humphreys &amp; Turner (1973)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the species from goats and turkey, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE14D105BD83FFEC6" box="[826,1048,324,350]" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" refString="Hayes, M. E., Mullen, G. R. &amp; Nusbaum, K. E. (1984) Comparison of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) attracted to cattle in an open pasture and bordering woodland. Mosquito News, 44, 368 - 370." type="journal article">Hayes et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
recorded it from cattle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE37F108BDE45FE36" blockId="11.[264,1323,404,670]" box="[264,610,404,430]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE37F108BDE45FE36" ID-CoL="8BP2B" authority="Hoffman" authorityName="Hoffman" box="[264,610,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venustus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE37F108BDDD5FE35" box="[264,498,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Culicoides venustus</emphasis>
Hoffman
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBBFFDAE34F10A3D8ACFB9E" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE34F10A3DD73FE66" blockId="11.[264,1323,404,670]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, 1984, ex deer and cows, (Gerhardt 1986).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE34F1313DDA7FD06" blockId="11.[264,1323,404,670]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE34F1313DE05FDBD" box="[312,546,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venustus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE34F1313DE05FDBD" box="[312,546,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Culicoides venustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on deer and cows in the Park (Gerhardt 1986). This species apparently has never been collected biting humans.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE1F6132BD877FDD6" author="Jamnback" box="[897,1104,564,590]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Jamnback, H. (1965) The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 399, 154 pp." type="book" year="1965">Jamnback (1965)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE767132BDD4AFDED" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="venustus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE767132BDD4AFDED" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. venustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is strictly mammalophilic due to the small number of sensilla coeloconica on its flagellum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE37F13CBDF22FD76" blockId="11.[264,1325,724,1030]" box="[264,773,724,750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE37F13CBDF22FD76" authority="Root and Hoffman" authorityName="Root and Hoffman" box="[264,773,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE37F13CBDE06FD75" box="[264,545,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Culicoides villosipennis</emphasis>
Root and Hoffman
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE34F13E3DE85FCFE" blockId="11.[264,1325,724,1030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE06C13E3DF39FC8E" authority="Deep Creek" authorityName="Deep Creek" box="[539,798,764,790]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Deep Creek</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBBFFDAE15C13E3DFE0FC8E" box="[811,967,764,790]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1999-07-20">20 July 1999</date>
, light trap, coll. C. Parker and J. Cooper; Tennessee, Sevier Co., LeConte Creek at Twin Creeks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBBFFDAE660123BD896FCA6" box="[1047,1201,804,830]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1999-07-12">12 July 1999</date>
, hand collection below dam, coll. J. Cooper.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE34F126BD8ACFB9E" blockId="11.[264,1325,724,1030]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
A single specimen was collected in the Park while hovering around a human.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE699126BDDC8FC2D" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="villosipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE699126BDDC8FC2D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Culicoides villosipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on humans and birds (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE1341283D812FC2E" author="Hair" box="[835,1077,924,950]" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" refString="Hair, J. A. &amp; Turner, E. C., Jr. (1968) Preliminary host preference studies on Virginia Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Mosquito News, 28, 103 - 107." type="journal article" year="1968">Hair &amp; Turner 1968</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE6351283DD73FC46" author="Wright" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 b) Some hosts fed upon by ceratopogonids and simuliids. Journal of Medical Entomology, 7, 600." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="b">Wright &amp; DeFoliart 1970b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE31312DBDE5EFC46" author="Blanton" box="[356,633,964,990]" pageId="11" pageNumber="40" refString="Blanton, F. S. &amp; Wirth, W. W. (1979) The sand flies (Culicoides) of Florida (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Volume 10. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, 204 pp." type="book" year="1979">Blanton &amp; Wirth 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE0E712DBDF79FC46" author="Jamnback" box="[656,862,964,990]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Jamnback, H. (1965) The Culicoides of New York State (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 399, 154 pp." type="book" year="1965">Jamnback (1965)</bibRefCitation>
suggests that this species is primarily ornithophilic because of the greater number of flagellar sensilla coeloconica.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink