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<document id="D5360307898F85912B195943A01A61FD" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e41d4e91-d40f-474a-9c07-5e5f7a6d7e5e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="262836" ID-ZooBank="DFDC5EE6-BB16-4BDD-883D-3530AAD04FA0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1470118416046" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Messing, Charles G." docDate="2016" docId="03A6C633C84B4501CAE9FA8F751DF80C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4147.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4147 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae Messing, 2016, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FF9FBE4BC8494506CA7EFF997071FFBA" masterDocTitle="Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), a sea lily from the tropical western Atlantic with a unique crown pattern" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698366615280" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="08FAC24A7CF75E26AD568D577E5DA27B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="78EAFAAE83037B50075933AB215D0314">Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), a sea lily from the tropical western Atlantic with a unique crown pattern</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="E4AB989A56C18C5CCF3A28F46467896F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="92664A75449B780E3FC4E18BDBB07F19">Messing, Charles G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6E8EF2784ABF849006FD53BAD2661F30">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1D470D860AE14BBD1598C009099F5D78">
<mods:date id="746A4B56811D2997DF4CB2B637507F21">2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="DDB169F200DCAC22ED4B5CA811A48F21" type="volume">
<mods:number id="1A325CE87ABF9F69FD612BAD572DD3C0">4147</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="3C4F619FD60D2C5572FCF8EE5E9A8B28">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5DF9B88C6E5771036D4A2CF5C3D3501E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4147.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9D577559C384B82428C7FDDA4A1C4A90" type="GBIF-Dataset">e41d4e91-d40f-474a-9c07-5e5f7a6d7e5e</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BDC695DBD62BB7C7F0BDAFBA614FAA7F" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A81C5C485C6626DC953F2E8CA800091D" type="Zenodo-Dep">262836</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03A6C633C84B4501CAE9FA8F751DF80C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6069868" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123514655" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6069868" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6C633C84B4501CAE9FA8F751DF80C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6C633C84B4501CAE9FA8F751DF80C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="C31524AEC84B4504CAE9FA8F72D1FA8A" box="[151,672,1302,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84B4504CAE9FA8F72D1FA8A" blockId="2.[151,672,1302,1328]" box="[151,672,1302,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0F8C049C84B4504CAE9FA8F72D1FA8A" bold="true" box="[151,672,1302,1328]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504CAE9FA8F72D1FA8A" bold="true" box="[151,672,1302,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84B4504CAE9FA8F727BFA8A" ID-CoL="8GGWS" box="[151,522,1302,1328]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="daniellalevyae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504CAE9FA8F727BFA8A" bold="true" box="[151,522,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A248164CC84B4504C86EFA8F72D1FA8A" box="[528,672,1302,1328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31524AEC84B4504CAE9FAC474B1FA20" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84B4504CAE9FAC474B1FA20" blockId="2.[151,1437,1373,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504CAE9FAC4716FFACC" bold="true" box="[151,286,1373,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84B4504CB5AFAC472F1FACC" box="[292,640,1373,1398]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="daniellalevyae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504CB5AFAC472F1FACC" box="[292,640,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504C8F8FAC472B4FACC" bold="true" box="[646,709,1373,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A248164CC84B4504C8F8FAC472B4FACC" box="[646,709,1373,1398]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is named in honor of Daniella Levy Becker by Robert Becker in recognition of their generous support for research on crinoids at Nova Southeastern University.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31524AEC84B4504CAB9FA3C7422F9F4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84B4504CAB9FA3C7422F9F4" blockId="2.[151,1437,1373,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<materialsCitation id="3B677D78C84B4504CAB9FA3C725CFA58" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291040001" collectingDate="2009-07-29" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Johnson Sea-Link II" elevation="582" latitude="27.067753" location="Little Bahama Bank" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.32154" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="USNM 1411123" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504CAB9FA3C7147FA04" bold="true" box="[199,310,1445,1470]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Material.</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="DBA9DF5EC84B4504CB40FA3F7187FA04" box="[318,502,1446,1470]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectionCode id="ED1EEFE0C84B4504CB40FA3F71FEFA04" box="[318,399,1446,1470]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">USNM</collectionCode>
1411123
</specimenCode>
(
<typeStatus id="54B4C987C84B4504C878FA3C721AFA04" box="[518,619,1445,1470]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
)
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504C805FA3C732FFA07" box="[635,862,1445,1470]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectorName id="26FA12F3C84B4504C805FA3C732FFA07" box="[635,862,1445,1470]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Johnson Sea-Link II</collectorName>
</emphasis>
3698, West of
<location id="8ED021FEC84B4504CE74FA3C7481FA04" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6C633C84B4501CAE9FA8F751DF80C:8ED021FEC84B4504CE74FA3C7481FA04" box="[1034,1264,1445,1470]" latitude="27.067753" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.32154" name="Little Bahama Bank" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Little Bahama Bank</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B11E2C84B4504CE82FA3C75E9FA04" box="[1276,1432,1445,1470]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="27.067753">27º04.0652'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B11E2C84B4504CAE9FA537147FA58" box="[151,310,1482,1506]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="-79.32154">79º19.2923'W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84B4504CB3CFA5071FDFA5B" box="[322,396,1481,1506]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.82" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="582.0">
<elevation id="00229016C84B4504CB3CFA5071FDFA5B" box="[322,396,1481,1506]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.82" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="582.0">582 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFB151E5C84B4504CBE6FA53725CFA58" box="[408,557,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2009-07-29">
<collectingDate id="EFF5A80DC84B4504CBE6FA53725CFA58" box="[408,557,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2009-07-29">29 July 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B677D78C84B4504C846FA537249F990" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291040000" collectingDate="2009-07-23" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Johnson Sea-Link II" elevation="616" latitude="27.074984" location="Little Bahama Bank" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.32" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="USNM 1411124" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DBA9DF5EC84B4504C846FA537281FA58" box="[568,752,1482,1506]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectionCode id="ED1EEFE0C84B4504C846FA5372F8FA58" box="[568,649,1482,1506]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">USNM</collectionCode>
1411124
</specimenCode>
(large
<typeStatus id="54B4C987C84B4504C93EFA5373D3FA58" box="[832,930,1482,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
) and MNHN-IE-2014-2001 (small
<typeStatus id="54B4C987C84B4504CF4CFA5375E5FA58" box="[1330,1428,1482,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
) (both partly dissociated for SEM),
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504C83AFA747347F9BF" box="[580,822,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectorName id="26FA12F3C84B4504C83AFA747347F9BF" box="[580,822,1517,1542]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Johnson Sea-Link II</collectorName>
</emphasis>
3685, West of
<location id="8ED021FEC84B4504C981FA747482F9BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6C633C84B4501CAE9FA8F751DF80C:8ED021FEC84B4504C981FA747482F9BC" box="[1023,1267,1517,1542]" latitude="27.074984" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.32" name="Little Bahama Bank" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Little Bahama Bank</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B11E2C84B4504CF78FA7775E6F9BC" box="[1286,1431,1518,1542]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="27.074984">27º04.499’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B11E2C84B4504CAE9F98B715DF990" box="[151,300,1554,1578]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="-79.32">79º19.200’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84B4504CB42F98871FBF993" box="[316,394,1553,1578]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="616.0">
<elevation id="00229016C84B4504CB42F98871FBF993" box="[316,394,1553,1578]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="616.0">616 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFB151E5C84B4504CBE4F98B7249F990" box="[410,568,1553,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2009-07-23">
<collectingDate id="EFF5A80DC84B4504CBE4F98B7249F990" box="[410,568,1553,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2009-07-23">23 July 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B677D78C84B4504C838F98B7422F9F4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291039999" collectingDate="2002-05-23" collectionCode="UMML" collectorName="V Suncoaster &amp; A. Oleinik" country="Bahamas" elevation="400" latitude="25.474617" location="Bimini" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.29387" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="UMML 44.239" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bimini" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="DBA9DF5EC84B4504C838F98B7287F990" box="[582,758,1554,1578]" collectionCode="UMML" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/qx5p-wgw2" name="University of Miami Marine Laboratory" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<collectionCode id="ED1EEFE0C84B4504C838F98B72ECF993" box="[582,669,1554,1577]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/qx5p-wgw2" name="University of Miami Marine Laboratory" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">UMML</collectionCode>
44.239
</specimenCode>
(
<typeStatus id="54B4C987C84B4504C977F98B731FF990" box="[777,878,1554,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, crown only), R/
<collectorName id="26FA12F3C84B4504CE46F98B74A2F993" box="[1080,1235,1554,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
V
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504CE29F98B74A2F993" box="[1111,1235,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Suncoaster</emphasis>
</collectorName>
, dredge #3, S of
<collectingRegion id="49CBB9C7C84B4504CAE9F9AC7099F9F4" box="[151,232,1589,1614]" country="Bahamas" name="Bimini" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bimini</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31837B5C84B4504CA8DF9AC712CF9F4" box="[243,349,1589,1614]" name="Bahamas" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B11E2C84B4504CB19F9AC7188F9F4" box="[359,505,1589,1614]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="25.474617">25º28.477’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B11E2C84B4504C87BF9AC72EBF9F4" box="[517,666,1589,1614]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="1" value="-79.29387">79º17.632’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84B4504C8DBF9AF729EF9F7" box="[677,751,1590,1614]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="400.0">
<elevation id="00229016C84B4504C8DBF9AF729EF9F7" box="[677,751,1590,1614]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFB151E5C84B4504C884F9AF73E2F9F4" box="[762,915,1590,1614]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2002-05-23">
<collectingDate id="EFF5A80DC84B4504C884F9AF73E2F9F4" box="[762,915,1590,1614]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2002-05-23">23 May 2002</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26FA12F3C84B4504C9E0F9AF7466F9F4" box="[926,1047,1589,1614]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. Oleinik</collectorName>
, coll.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31524AEC84B4504CAB9F9C073E7F80C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84B4504CAB9F9C073E7F80C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1373,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504CAB9F9C07130F9C8" bold="true" box="[199,321,1625,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84B4504CBA0F9C072FFF9C8" box="[478,654,1625,1650]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84B4504CBA0F9C072FFF9C8" box="[478,654,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Porphyrocrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with at least eight and up to at least 17 radials, the number probably increasing with size. Stalk to at least
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84B4504C83CF9E772D0F92F" box="[578,673,1662,1686]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.08" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="408.0">408 mm</quantity>
long; proxistele of 7–11 thin, disk-like columnals; no articulations with multiradial facets; dististele short (11 columnals in single specimen with complete stalk); ratio of major to minor columnal diameter (D/d) to 1.4 distally. Aboral cup as wide distally as tall (small specimen) to wider than tall; basals squarish or taller than wide; radials taller than wide. Rays unbranched; arms to at least
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84B4504CEA9F9737554F8BB" box="[1239,1317,1770,1794]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="73.0">73 mm</quantity>
long, with distal apinnulate filament; maximum arm width at Br4–6; proximal arm articulation pattern chiefly 1+2 3+4 5+6 with first pinnule on left side of Br6 but with several variations. First 4–5 pinnules on both sides of arm genital; gonadal expansion covered with thin interlocking plates; ambulacral tissue of middle and distal pinnules with numerous small fine single and irregularly branched needles, and few small coarse meshes. Disk interambulacral areas at least partly covered with thin, polygonal interlocking plates.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7027ADC84A4505CAE9FB697543FA04" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262837/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1242]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84A4505CAE9FB697543FA04" blockId="3.[151,1436,1264,1470]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84A4505CAE9FB697169FABF" bold="true" box="[151,280,1264,1286]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84A4505CB5DFB697210FABC" box="[291,609,1264,1286]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="daniellalevyae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84A4505CB5DFB697210FABC" box="[291,609,1264,1286]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84A4505C812FB6972DBFABF" bold="true" box="[620,682,1264,1285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A248164CC84A4505C812FB6972DBFABF" box="[620,682,1264,1285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A–C. Holotype (USNM 1411123). A.
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84A4505CE2EFB6874E4FABC" box="[1104,1173,1265,1286]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">In situ</emphasis>
, cemented to low-relief, lithified carbonate hardbottom. B.
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84A4505CB89FA897249FA9F" box="[503,568,1296,1317]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">In situ</emphasis>
close-up of crown showing well-developed gonads on genital pinnules, and terminal arm filaments. Crown in A and B forming parabolic filtration fan in response to current from left. C. Proximal stalk and crown with terminal filaments visible on three arms (since lost). D. Paratype (USNM 1411124) proximal stalk and crown. E. Paratype (MHNH-IE-2014-2001)
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84A4505CBEDFAF271A8FA3A" box="[403,473,1387,1408]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">in situ,</emphasis>
cemented to substrate similar to that in A. Upright crown posture reflects weak or negligible current, also reflected by posture of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84A4505C86CFA137299FA25" box="[530,744,1418,1439]" class="Crinoidea" family="Bathycrinidae" genus="Democrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bourgueticrinida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rawsoni">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84A4505C86CFA137299FA25" box="[530,744,1418,1439]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Democrinus rawsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(rear center) and curled arms of feather star
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84A4505CEC1FA1075EDFA25" box="[1215,1436,1417,1439]" class="Crinoidea" family="Antedonidae" genus="Trichometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cubensis">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84A4505CEC1FA1075EDFA25" box="[1215,1436,1417,1439]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Trichometra cubensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clinging to stalk. C and D images taken immediately following collection, before preservation. Scales: (C, D) 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31524AEC84A4501CAB9FA7C751DF80C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84A4505CAB9FA7C755BF90B" blockId="3.[151,1437,1509,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84A4505CAB9FA7C71AFFA44" bold="true" box="[199,478,1509,1534]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Description of
<typeStatus id="54B4C987C84A4505CB09FA7C71AFFA44" box="[375,478,1509,1534]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84A4505CB92FA7C7223FA44" box="[492,594,1509,1534]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1264,1286]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1242]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A – C. Holotype (USNM 1411123). A. In situ, cemented to low-relief, lithified carbonate hardbottom. B. In situ close-up of crown showing well-developed gonads on genital pinnules, and terminal arm filaments. Crown in A and B forming parabolic filtration fan in response to current from left. C. Proximal stalk and crown with terminal filaments visible on three arms (since lost). D. Paratype (USNM 1411124) proximal stalk and crown. E. Paratype (MHNH-IE- 2014 - 2001) in situ, cemented to substrate similar to that in A. Upright crown posture reflects weak or negligible current, also reflected by posture of Democrinus rawsoni (rear center) and curled arms of feather star Trichometra cubensis clinging to stalk. C and D images taken immediately following collection, before preservation. Scales: (C, D) 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262837/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figures 1</figureCitation>
A–C, 2, 3A–B, 4A, 5, 6B-C; Tables 1, 2). Total stalk L=
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84A4505CEB0FA7F755AFA47" box="[1230,1323,1510,1534]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="408.0">408 mm</quantity>
including attachment disk, of 124 columnals; attachment disk thick and truncated (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84A4505C9B3F9907440F99B" box="[973,1073,1545,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1422,1444]" captionTargetBox="[238,1353,179,1398]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[238,1354,179,1398]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. Holotype (USNM 1411123). Composite image of stalk with proximal portion of crown. Every tenth columnal numbered from proximalmost. Upper arrow: C 112 + 113 united by anchylosed articulation. Lower arrow: C 121 with apparent rudimentary anchylosis. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262838/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2</figureCitation>
). Proxistele of proximalmost 11 visible columnals with tight sutures difficult to distinguish (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84A4505C950F9B473FEF9FC" box="[814,911,1581,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1005,1027]" captionTargetBox="[157,1427,202,975]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,983]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp., proximal stalk and proximalmost crown. A. Holotype (USNM 1411123). B – D. Paratypes. B. UMML 44.239 (basal ring and stalk not collected). C. USNM 1411124. D. MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001. Sutures between proximal columnals, between basal ring and stalk, and between basal and radial rings indistinct but not fused; illustrated here for clarity. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262840/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 4</figureCitation>
A). Mesistele (C12–C113) accounting for great majority of stalk length; weak synarthrial gap visible externally between C11–12, but D/d&gt;1.0 at C13–14 (1.02, 1.08); pairs of columnals developing barrel-shaped profile across major diameter (D) by C14–15. Mesisteledististele transition at C113–114, corresponding to increase in D from
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84A4505C9D4F9007471F90B" box="[938,1024,1689,1713]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
(C111) to
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84A4505CE06F90074BFF90B" box="[1144,1230,1689,1714]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
(C114).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84A4505CAB9F9247183F84C" blockId="3.[151,1437,1509,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Stalk diameter (D) (Table 1): C1 same as base of adjacent basal ring; gradually decreasing to C13–14; increasing gradually from C15 to
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84A4505C862F9787205F943" box="[540,628,1761,1785]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="3.8">3.8 mm</quantity>
by mid-stalk, and
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84A4505C933F97873D5F943" box="[845,932,1761,1786]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
immediately above attachment disk (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84A4505CF2FF97870D4F8A4" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[181,1415,699,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[162,1426,685,1850]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A, C, E. Columnal height and diameter (mm). B, D, F. Columnal HD. Both plotted against columnal number (from proximal at left to distal stalk at right, not including terminal attachment disk or small thin rudimentary columnals masked externally by basals). A – B. Holotype (USNM 1411123); large arrow indicates dip in HD; small arrows indicate measurements for C 121 (see text). C – D. Large paratype (USNM 1411124); small arrow in C indicates unusually long C 62. E – F. Small Paratype (MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001); C 21 + 22 abnormally shorter (small arrow in F) due to early anchylosed articulation. Large vertical arrow in B, D and F indicates low point of dip in HD ratios. Px = proxistele; Ds = dististele." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262839/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3</figureCitation>
A). Columnal height: C1–7 thin, discoidal,
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84A4505C8DFF89F735DF8A7" box="[673,812,1798,1822]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.3 mm</quantity>
tall; gradually increasing in height to C81 (
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84A4505CF4FF89C75E1F8A4" box="[1329,1424,1797,1822]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
), remaining about the same to C100, and diminishing irregularly to just above base (
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84A4505CE36F8B074D4F8FB" box="[1096,1189,1833,1858]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
). Columnal HD ratio: similar for C1–6 (0.11–0.14), gradually increasing and reaching 1.0 by C32; remaining similar from ~C53 to C92 (1.07–1.15), then gradually decreasing, especially following C108 (0.90), through mesistele-dististele transition (0.85), to 0.69 (C120) and 0.50 (C123) (omitting abnormal C121 and 124) (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84A4505CE7AF80C7417F814" box="[1028,1126,1941,1966]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[181,1415,699,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[162,1426,685,1850]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A, C, E. Columnal height and diameter (mm). B, D, F. Columnal HD. Both plotted against columnal number (from proximal at left to distal stalk at right, not including terminal attachment disk or small thin rudimentary columnals masked externally by basals). A – B. Holotype (USNM 1411123); large arrow indicates dip in HD; small arrows indicate measurements for C 121 (see text). C – D. Large paratype (USNM 1411124); small arrow in C indicates unusually long C 62. E – F. Small Paratype (MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001); C 21 + 22 abnormally shorter (small arrow in F) due to early anchylosed articulation. Large vertical arrow in B, D and F indicates low point of dip in HD ratios. Px = proxistele; Ds = dististele." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262839/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3</figureCitation>
B). Slight dip in HD ratios (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84A4505CAE0F8207171F868" box="[158,256,1977,2002]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[181,1415,699,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[162,1426,685,1850]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A, C, E. Columnal height and diameter (mm). B, D, F. Columnal HD. Both plotted against columnal number (from proximal at left to distal stalk at right, not including terminal attachment disk or small thin rudimentary columnals masked externally by basals). A – B. Holotype (USNM 1411123); large arrow indicates dip in HD; small arrows indicate measurements for C 121 (see text). C – D. Large paratype (USNM 1411124); small arrow in C indicates unusually long C 62. E – F. Small Paratype (MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001); C 21 + 22 abnormally shorter (small arrow in F) due to early anchylosed articulation. Large vertical arrow in B, D and F indicates low point of dip in HD ratios. Px = proxistele; Ds = dististele." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262839/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3</figureCitation>
B, large arrow) due to slight but abrupt increase in columnal diameter from 1.8 (C17) to 2.3 (C21) with little increase in ossicle height.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7027ADC84C4503CAE9FA17746AFA58" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262838/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[238,1353,179,1398]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84C4503CAE9FA17746AFA58" blockId="5.[151,1436,1422,1506]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84C4503CAE9FA177166FA1E" bold="true" box="[151,279,1422,1444]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84C4503CB5DFA177210FA1E" box="[291,609,1422,1444]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="daniellalevyae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84C4503CB5DFA177210FA1E" box="[291,609,1422,1444]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84C4503C812FA1672DBFA1E" bold="true" box="[620,682,1423,1444]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A248164CC84C4503C812FA1672DBFA1E" box="[620,682,1423,1444]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Holotype (USNM 1411123). Composite image of stalk with proximal portion of crown. Every tenth columnal numbered from proximalmost. Upper arrow: C112+113 united by anchylosed articulation. Lower arrow: C121 with apparent rudimentary anchylosis. Scale bar: 5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84C4503CAB9F99373D9F908" blockId="5.[151,1436,1545,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
C112 and 113 each shorter and narrower than C111 or C114, joined by tightly anchylosed articulation (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84C4503CF2FF99070D6F9FC" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1422,1444]" captionTargetBox="[238,1353,179,1398]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[238,1354,179,1398]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. Holotype (USNM 1411123). Composite image of stalk with proximal portion of crown. Every tenth columnal numbered from proximalmost. Upper arrow: C 112 + 113 united by anchylosed articulation. Lower arrow: C 121 with apparent rudimentary anchylosis. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262838/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2</figureCitation>
, upper arrow); C121 longer and narrower than C120 or C122 (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84C4503C90DF9B473A6F9FC" box="[883,983,1581,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1422,1444]" captionTargetBox="[238,1353,179,1398]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[238,1354,179,1398]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. Holotype (USNM 1411123). Composite image of stalk with proximal portion of crown. Every tenth columnal numbered from proximalmost. Upper arrow: C 112 + 113 united by anchylosed articulation. Lower arrow: C 121 with apparent rudimentary anchylosis. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262838/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2</figureCitation>
, lower arrow; 3A and B, small arrows), with slightly constricted, apparently rudimentary anchylosis (i.e., possibly two ossicles) (see under USNM 1411124 for descriptions of facets of articulations with similar exterior appearance); distalmost columnal (C124) above attachment disk much shorter and narrower than those above it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84C4503CAB9F924736AF8F8" blockId="5.[151,1436,1545,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Aboral cup (basal+radial rings) wider adorally than tall. Basal ring almost cylindrical; diameter slightly greater adorally; sutures indistinct (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84C4503CBB3F978725FF940" box="[461,558,1761,1786]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1005,1027]" captionTargetBox="[157,1427,202,975]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,983]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp., proximal stalk and proximalmost crown. A. Holotype (USNM 1411123). B – D. Paratypes. B. UMML 44.239 (basal ring and stalk not collected). C. USNM 1411124. D. MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001. Sutures between proximal columnals, between basal ring and stalk, and between basal and radial rings indistinct but not fused; illustrated here for clarity. Scale bar: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262840/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4</figureCitation>
A). Radial ring a short, inverted, truncated cone of 15 radials. Profiles of radial and basal rings creating an angle of 140–150º. Individual radial ossicles straight sided, slightly wider distally; aboral surface gently convex. Radials shorter than basals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84C4500CAB9F8D77174FD3F" blockId="5.[151,1436,1545,2038]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Rays
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84C4503CB75F8D7712FF8DF" box="[267,350,1870,1894]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="73.0">73 mm</quantity>
long, including remaining ~17-mm apinnulate terminal filament (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84C4503CE18F8D474B6F8DC" box="[1126,1223,1869,1894]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1264,1286]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1242]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A – C. Holotype (USNM 1411123). A. In situ, cemented to low-relief, lithified carbonate hardbottom. B. In situ close-up of crown showing well-developed gonads on genital pinnules, and terminal arm filaments. Crown in A and B forming parabolic filtration fan in response to current from left. C. Proximal stalk and crown with terminal filaments visible on three arms (since lost). D. Paratype (USNM 1411124) proximal stalk and crown. E. Paratype (MHNH-IE- 2014 - 2001) in situ, cemented to substrate similar to that in A. Upright crown posture reflects weak or negligible current, also reflected by posture of Democrinus rawsoni (rear center) and curled arms of feather star Trichometra cubensis clinging to stalk. C and D images taken immediately following collection, before preservation. Scales: (C, D) 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262837/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 1</figureCitation>
C). IBr1 squarish, laterally apposed, slightly wider distally; joined to radial by muscular synarthry. IBr2 similar but wider, with weak thin lateral flange; WH 1.2–1.3. IBr3 to IBr6–8 gradually wider and shorter with more strongly developed flange; WH increasing from 1.5 to 1.8. Following brachials more strongly rounded, with plane of thin lateral margins oriented toward interior of crown. Middle brachials shorter, wider distally, with distal margin slightly raised; free middle brachials becoming squarish through middle of arm; proximal ossicle of a brachial pair higher, with convex distal margin and WH 1.9; distal brachial of a pair shorter, with straight distal margin and WH 1.4. Distal brachials narrower with slightly expanded distal ends, becoming higher than wide, but no higher than shorter middle brachials; WH 0.8–0.9. Arms terminating in delicate threadlike filament up to
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84F4500CE3EFE9D74E4FEA6" box="[1088,1173,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
long (none remaining complete) (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84F4500CB62FEBE71FBFEFA" box="[284,394,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1264,1286]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1242]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1242]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A – C. Holotype (USNM 1411123). A. In situ, cemented to low-relief, lithified carbonate hardbottom. B. In situ close-up of crown showing well-developed gonads on genital pinnules, and terminal arm filaments. Crown in A and B forming parabolic filtration fan in response to current from left. C. Proximal stalk and crown with terminal filaments visible on three arms (since lost). D. Paratype (USNM 1411124) proximal stalk and crown. E. Paratype (MHNH-IE- 2014 - 2001) in situ, cemented to substrate similar to that in A. Upright crown posture reflects weak or negligible current, also reflected by posture of Democrinus rawsoni (rear center) and curled arms of feather star Trichometra cubensis clinging to stalk. C and D images taken immediately following collection, before preservation. Scales: (C, D) 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262837/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 1</figureCitation>
B, C). Aboral and lateral surfaces of brachials covered with crowded, distally-directed recumbent spines; spines becoming more erect but still distally-directed on distal brachials (see
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84F4500CE91FED57517FEDF" box="[1263,1382,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1773,1795]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1749]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1751]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 15. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. paratype (USNM 1411124); trifascial synarthries on proximal (A – B) and middle (C – D) brachials in end view; distal brachials (E – F) in oblique lateral view. A. Distal articular facet of IBr 3 with inverted Y-shaped fulcral ridge. B. Corresponding proximal articular facet of succeeding IBr 4 with adambulacral leg of fulcral ridge flattened. C, E. Distal articular facets with well-developed inverted Y-shaped fulcral ridge. D, F. Corresponding proximal articular facets of succeeding brachial with adambulacral leg of fulcral ridge excavated, and each leg of Λ-shaped portion split. Scale bars: 500 µm, (upper) A – D, (lower) E – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262851/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 15</figureCitation>
E–F, 17B–C, E, 21C for the same features on USNM 1411124 and MNHN-IE-2014-2001).
<tableCitation id="C68D429EC84F4500CE16FEF674CDFE32" box="[1128,1212,367,392]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,242,157,180]" captionText="TABLE 2. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp., remaining attached arm articulations. Paratype USNM 1411124 disarticulated for SEM; articulations recorded for 3 of 14 arms. + = brachials joined by ligamentary articulation. Free brachials indicated in red. First pinnule location: on left (L) or right (R) side of preceding brachial." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 2</tableCitation>
indicates pattern of proximal articulations; all ligamentary articulations appear to be trifascial synarthries (see USNM 1411124 below for descriptions); one or two brachials of a triplet often shorter than others; pattern from IBr6 or 8 to IBr20–25 chiefly brachial pairs alternating with single free brachial; few successive pairs or two successive free brachials also present. Brachial pairs commonly separated by two free brachials beyond ~IBr30 with some series of 3–4 successive free brachials distally (beyond IBr50) (on detached arms). Plane of trifascial articulations distal to IBr6 tilted with respect to arm axis in lateral view, so that aboral face of distal ossicle of a pair is shorter (arrows in
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84F4500CAE9FDF57086FD3F" box="[151,247,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,193,1517]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[150,1436,193,1518]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. Holotype (USNM 1411123). A. Genital pinnules. B. Middle arm pinnules. Arrows indicate examples of tilted plane of articulation of trifascial synarthries. Scale bars: (A) 1 mm; (B) 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262841/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7027ADC84F4500CAE9F8A775EFF857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262839/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[181,1415,699,1839]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84F4500CAE9F8A775EFF857" blockId="6.[151,1438,1854,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84F4500CAE9F8A77162F8E9" bold="true" box="[151,275,1854,1876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84F4500CB64F8A77222F8EE" box="[282,595,1854,1876]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="daniellalevyae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84F4500CB64F8A77222F8EE" box="[282,595,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84F4500C825F8A672E4F8EE" bold="true" box="[603,661,1855,1876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A248164CC84F4500C825F8A672E4F8EE" box="[603,661,1855,1876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, C, E. Columnal height and diameter (mm). B, D, F. Columnal HD. Both plotted against columnal number (from proximal at left to distal stalk at right, not including terminal attachment disk or small thin rudimentary columnals masked externally by basals). A–B. Holotype (USNM 1411123); large arrow indicates dip in HD; small arrows indicate measurements for C121 (see text). C–D. Large paratype (USNM 1411124); small arrow in C indicates unusually long C62. E–F. Small Paratype (MNHN-IE-2014-2001); C21+22 abnormally shorter (small arrow in F) due to early anchylosed articulation. Large vertical arrow in B, D and F indicates low point of dip in HD ratios. Px = proxistele; Ds = dististele.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7027ADC84E4501CAE9FC747221FBE4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262840/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[157,1427,202,975]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84E4501CAE9FC747221FBE4" blockId="7.[151,1436,1004,1118]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84E4501CAE9FC747163FBB8" bold="true" box="[151,274,1005,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0F0CA6C84E4501CB66FC757220FBB8" box="[280,593,1004,1026]" class="Crinoidea" family="Phrynocrinidae" genus="Porphyrocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="daniellalevyae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84E4501CB66FC757220FBB8" box="[280,593,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84E4501C828FC7472FEFBB8" bold="true" box="[598,655,1005,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A248164CC84E4501C828FC7472FEFBB8" box="[598,655,1005,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, proximal stalk and proximalmost crown. A. Holotype (USNM 1411123). B– D. Paratypes. B. UMML 44.239 (basal ring and stalk not collected). C. USNM 1411124. D. MNHN-IE-2014-2001. Sutures between proximal columnals, between basal ring and stalk, and between basal and radial rings indistinct but not fused; illustrated here for clarity. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84E4501CAB9FB1F74BBF990" blockId="7.[151,1437,1157,1974]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
On remaining attached rays (2 now broken near bases), first pinnule on left side of IBr5+6 (2 cases), IBr6+7 (9 cases), IBr5+6+7 (3 cases) and on right side of IBr7+8 (1 case) (in aboral view with arm base down as in
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84E4501CF52FB3375E6FB78" box="[1324,1431,1194,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1422,1444]" captionTargetBox="[238,1353,179,1398]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[238,1354,179,1398]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. Holotype (USNM 1411123). Composite image of stalk with proximal portion of crown. Every tenth columnal numbered from proximalmost. Upper arrow: C 112 + 113 united by anchylosed articulation. Lower arrow: C 121 with apparent rudimentary anchylosis. Scale bar: 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262838/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figures 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84E4501CAE9FB5770D4FB5C" box="[151,165,1230,1254]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1400,1422]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,337,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,337,1379]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. paratype (USNM 1411124). A. Oral (upper) view of basal ring with central plug. Dots indicate (estimated) positions of sutures between adjacent basals. Schematic insert indicates basal sutures and number of nerve canal openings within each ossicle; not including canals formed by diverging grooves of adjacent basals that appear along basal sutures. B. Lateral view of proximal crown; radials are lowermost ossicles. C. Aboral view of radial ring showing proximal (aboral) facets of 14 radials. Scale bars: A, C = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262845/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9</figureCitation>
B) (
<tableCitation id="C68D429EC84E4501CAB1FB547154FB5C" box="[207,293,1229,1254]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,242,157,180]" captionText="TABLE 2. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp., remaining attached arm articulations. Paratype USNM 1411124 disarticulated for SEM; articulations recorded for 3 of 14 arms. + = brachials joined by ligamentary articulation. Free brachials indicated in red. First pinnule location: on left (L) or right (R) side of preceding brachial." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Proximal two pinnulars of all pinnules short, ~
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84E4501C934FB5773D0FB5C" box="[842,929,1230,1254]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
high. First 4–5 pinnules on each side genital,
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84E4501CAE9FB6B709EFAB0" box="[151,239,1266,1291]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
long, of 11 segments. Well-developed gonadal inflation extending from pinnular 4 to 8–10 (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84E4501CF6BFB6B7509FAB1" box="[1301,1400,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,938,960]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,916]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1437,193,917]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A. Paratype (MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001), portion of genital pinnule showing gonadal inflation at left. B – C. Holotype (USNM 1411123), middle (B) and distal end (C) of distal pinnule showing spicules. Scale bars: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262842/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6</figureCitation>
A); distalmost gonad smaller than others, extending along 3–4 pinnulars. First pinnular of genital pinnule with HW 1.3, second 1.0; following pinnulars becoming slender with expanded ends and HW&gt;4.0; distal few pinnulars shorter. Pinnulars of gonadal inflation with thin lateral expansion. Gonads covered with thin, irregular, interlocking plates (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84E4501CAE0FA1B708EFA21" box="[158,255,1410,1435]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,938,960]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,916]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1437,193,917]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A. Paratype (MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001), portion of genital pinnule showing gonadal inflation at left. B – C. Holotype (USNM 1411123), middle (B) and distal end (C) of distal pinnule showing spicules. Scale bars: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262842/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6</figureCitation>
A). Middle pinnules to
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84E4501C87FFA1A7233FA20" box="[513,578,1411,1434]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
long with up to 19 pinnulars and HW to 8.0. Distal pinnules threadlike, to
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84E4501CFFEFA1B70B2FA04" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
long, of up to 22 pinnulars with HW of individual pinnulars up to 10.0. First pinnular of middle and distal pinnules with HW ~1.0, and with thin, distally-pointed, blade-like flange on lateral margin facing base of arm (see under
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84E4501CAA1FA74713DF9BC" box="[223,332,1517,1542]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1699,1721]" captionTargetBox="[161,1412,193,1668]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[161,1413,193,1669]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 17. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. paratype (USNM 1411124). A – B. Middle brachials. A. Free brachial, ambulacral view; distal facet at top. B. Side view, distal muscular synarthry at top. C – E. Distal brachials. C. Free brachial, oblique ambulacral view, distal facet at left. D. Oblique view, distal muscular synarthry at right. E. Free brachial, side view, distal facet at right. p = projecting muscle fossa; r = recumbent muscle fossa. F. First pinnular, distal facet at left. Scale bars: A – E 200 µm, F 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262853/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 17</figureCitation>
F USNM 1411124 below). Ambulacral tissue of middle and distal pinnules containing numerous small fine single and irregularly branched needles, and few small coarse meshes (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84E4501CE59F98B74F9F991" box="[1063,1160,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,938,960]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,916]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1437,193,917]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A. Paratype (MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001), portion of genital pinnule showing gonadal inflation at left. B – C. Holotype (USNM 1411123), middle (B) and distal end (C) of distal pinnule showing spicules. Scale bars: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262842/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6</figureCitation>
B, C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84E4501CAB9F9AC7091F92C" blockId="7.[151,1437,1157,1974]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Disk (partly visible between two broken arms) flat, reaching level of IBr8, connected to arms by short narrow bridges that reach IBr9; interambulacral areas at least partly covered with extremely thin, polygonal interlocking plates.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB07725C84E4501CAB9F93B751DF80C" blockId="7.[151,1437,1157,1974]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B97BAB37C84E4501CAB9F93B7239F901" bold="true" box="[199,584,1698,1723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description of USNM 1411124</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84E4501C821F93B72A0F900" box="[607,721,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[181,1415,699,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[162,1426,685,1850]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A, C, E. Columnal height and diameter (mm). B, D, F. Columnal HD. Both plotted against columnal number (from proximal at left to distal stalk at right, not including terminal attachment disk or small thin rudimentary columnals masked externally by basals). A – B. Holotype (USNM 1411123); large arrow indicates dip in HD; small arrows indicate measurements for C 121 (see text). C – D. Large paratype (USNM 1411124); small arrow in C indicates unusually long C 62. E – F. Small Paratype (MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001); C 21 + 22 abnormally shorter (small arrow in F) due to early anchylosed articulation. Large vertical arrow in B, D and F indicates low point of dip in HD ratios. Px = proxistele; Ds = dististele." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262839/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figures 3</figureCitation>
B–C, 4C, 7–18, Tables 1–2) (partly dissociated for SEM). Remaining stalk L=
<quantity id="4CF7DAC0C84E4501CBFCF95F7196F964" box="[386,487,1734,1758]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9799999999999995" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="398.0">398 mm</quantity>
, of 101 externally visible columnals (the distalmost broken); detached close to attachment disk (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84E4501CB1AF97371BFF8B8" box="[356,462,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1972,1994]" captionTargetBox="[166,1408,193,1936]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[166,1410,193,1937]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. paratype (USNM 1411124). Composite image of stalk with basal ring. Arrows indicate columnals joined by anchyloses: C 30 + 31, C 86 + 87). Scale bar: 10 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262843/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 7</figureCitation>
). Proxistele of 7 visible columnals (C1–7) similar to
<typeStatus id="54B4C987C84E4501CE1DF97374B8F8B9" box="[1123,1225,1770,1795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; weak synarthrial articulation visible externally between C7 and C8; C7 with D/d 1.03; end of fulcral ridge evident externally by C9– 10; pairs of columnals developing barrel-shaped profile by C15–16. No dististele retained; D and HD decreasing gradually from C84 to remaining distal end (
<figureCitation id="13346BA0C84E4501C8F8F8CC7294F8D4" box="[646,741,1877,1902]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1854,1876]" captionTargetBox="[181,1415,699,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[162,1426,685,1850]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Porphyrocrinus daniellalevyae n. sp. A, C, E. Columnal height and diameter (mm). B, D, F. Columnal HD. Both plotted against columnal number (from proximal at left to distal stalk at right, not including terminal attachment disk or small thin rudimentary columnals masked externally by basals). A – B. Holotype (USNM 1411123); large arrow indicates dip in HD; small arrows indicate measurements for C 121 (see text). C – D. Large paratype (USNM 1411124); small arrow in C indicates unusually long C 62. E – F. Small Paratype (MNHN-IE- 2014 - 2001); C 21 + 22 abnormally shorter (small arrow in F) due to early anchylosed articulation. Large vertical arrow in B, D and F indicates low point of dip in HD ratios. Px = proxistele; Ds = dististele." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/262839/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 3</figureCitation>
C, D); D/d ~1.4 from mid-stalk to remaining end. Two pairs of columnals (C30+31, C87+88) tightly anchylosed; articulation appearing exteriorly as synostosis with no trace of syzygial pattern (see description of facets of similar-appearing articulations for USNM -IE-2014-2001 below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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