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227 lines
19 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.38445" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4f0ec2e6-fa66-4aae-9b52-27dee0517837" ID-PMC="PMC6901612" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-893-51" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D8AAF4F44EDF5FE19D1CD5E5D68AC9F5" ID-PubMed="31845925" ID-ZooBank="0116CFB379524E4AB8D9A42E4802EE38" ModsDocID="1313-2970-893-51" checkinTime="1575325041577" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wu, Min, Chen, Zheyu & Zhang, Liwan" docDate="2019" docId="D4AC8A9B9F39549CBB6B91FF668E4CC6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 893: 51-67" docOrigin="ZooKeys 893" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.38445" docTitle="Sinorachis Wu & Chen, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="D8AAF4F44EDF5FE19D1CD5E5D68AC9F5" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="D8AAF4F44EDF5FE19D1CD5E5D68AC9F5" masterDocTitle="Jawless land snail Sinorachis, a new bradybaenine genus from China (Eupulmonata, Camaenidae)" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1668168163309" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Jawless land snail Sinorachis, a new bradybaenine genus from China (Eupulmonata, Camaenidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wu, Min</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Chen, Zheyu</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Liwan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>893</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>51</mods:start>
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<mods:end>67</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.38445</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.38445</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-893-51</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0116CFB379524E4AB8D9A42E4802EE38</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">D8AAF4F44EDF5FE19D1CD5E5D68AC9F5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="160612140" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D4AC8A9B9F39549CBB6B91FF668E4CC6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D4AC8A9B9F39549CBB6B91FF668E4CC6" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName LSID="D4AC8A9B-9F39-549C-BB6B-91FF668E4CC6" authority="Wu & Chen" class="Gastropoda" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Sinorachis Wu & Chen</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="51">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wu & Chen, gen. and sp. nov.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Shell conical. Embryonic shell with pits and/or granules. Adult shell smooth. Peristome not reflexed. Head wart developed. Mantle lobe only present on left side. Jaw absent. Membranous sac surrounding terminal genitalia absent. Penis sheath present. Penial caecum absent. Flagellum absent. Dart sac apparatus symmetrical. Mucous glands one; branched.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Shell</emphasis>
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conical. Whorls slightly convex. Suture impressed. Protoconch brownish purple; shiny; with tiny pits and/or granules. Adult shell smooth, not hairy or scaly. Body whorl large. Peristome not reflexed. Aperture not expanded. Umbilicus a slit. Shell glossy; banded or not.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">General anatomy</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Eversible head wart between ommatophore insertions developed. Lobe on mantle collar present on left but absent on right. Jaw absent. Crop thin, indistinguishable from the remaining alimentary tract.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Pallial complex</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Ureter closed. Kidney triangular, not bilobed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Genitalia</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Penis sheath present. Penis externally simple; internally with several pilasters. Flagellum absent. Epiphallus and vas deferens distinctly demarcated. Membranous sac surrounding terminal genitalia absent. Dart sac apparatus symmetrical. Accessory sac present. Poly-layered structure developed in dart sac. Mucous gland branched; inserting into dart sac through one peduncle.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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This new genus is named after
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">sino</emphasis>
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(China) and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">rachis</emphasis>
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, an enoid genus in which the old species of the new genus were placed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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Hubei (Badong, Lichuan), Chongqing (Chengkou), Yunnan (Dali) (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Distribution map of Sinorachis Wu & Chen, gen. nov. Blue dot, Sinorachis aureus (Heude, 1890) comb. nov.; yellow dots, Sinorachis onychinus (Heude, 1885) comb. nov.; red dot, Sinorachis baihu Wu & Chen, gen. and sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361273" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361273" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Distribution map of
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wu & Chen, gen. nov. Blue dot,
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis aureus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aureus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis aureus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Heude, 1890) comb. nov.; yellow dots,
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis onychinus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="onychinus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis onychinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Heude, 1885) comb. nov.; red dot,
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wu & Chen, gen. and sp. nov.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="51" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis baihu" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="baihu">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis baihu</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Wu & Chen, gen. and sp. nov. shares most conchological features with the other two known species, namely
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Enidae" genus="Buliminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Buliminus onychinus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="onychinus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Buliminus onychinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Heude, 1885 and
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Enidae" genus="Buliminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Buliminus aureus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aureus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Buliminus aureus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Heude, 1890, which were treated by some authors as species of the enoid genus
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Rhachodesmidae" genus="Rachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rachis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Rachis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Gredler, V" journalOrPublisher="Jahrbuecher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" pagination="343 - 373" refId="B1" refString="Gredler, V, 1887. Zur Conchylien-Fauna von China. XIII. Stueck. Jahrbuecher der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 11: 343 - 373" title="Zur Conchylien-Fauna von China. XIII. Stueck." volume="11" year="1887">Gredler 1887</bibRefCitation>
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). But based on pallial complex and genital system, the new species described herein should not been assigned to the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Rhachodesmidae" genus="Rachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rachis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Rachis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Albers, 1850 (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Enoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Enoidea">Enoidea</taxonomicName>
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) that belongs to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="Orthurethra" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="suborder" suborder="Orthurethra">Orthurethra</taxonomicName>
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and there is no dart apparatus in genitalia. The new genus is entirely in character for the subfamily
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Bradybaeninae">Bradybaeninae</taxonomicName>
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in possessing the typical dart sac apparatus that does not differ from that commonly seen in all the Chinese bradybaenine genera. In our opinion, based on shell morphology,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="B. onychinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="onychinus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">B. onychinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="B. aureus" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="aureus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">B. aureus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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should also belong to the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Sinorachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sinorachis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Sinorachis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. nov.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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The new genus is the only one that lacks a jaw in the subfamily
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Bradybaeninae">Bradybaeninae</taxonomicName>
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. Like
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Bradybaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bradybaena" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Bradybaena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Beck, 1837 and some other bradybaenine genera (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.861.35430" author="Wu, M" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" pagination="129 - 144" refId="B18" refString="Wu, M, Chen, Z, Zhu, X, 2019. Two new camaenid land snails (Eupulmonata) from Central China. ZooKeys 861: 129 - 144" title="Two new camaenid land snails (Eupulmonata) from Central China." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.861.35430" volume="861" year="2019">Wu et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
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), the genus shows a leaf-shaped appendage on the left mantle collar. The shells of the new genus are quite different from those of the high-shelled genus
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Pseudobuliminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudobuliminus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Pseudobuliminus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Gredler, 1886 in having a sculptured embryonic shell and a distinctly large body whorl. In aspects of general shell morphology, the shell of the new genus, the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Rhachodesmidae" genus="Rachis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rachis" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Rachis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Albers, 1850 distributed in Africa and India, the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Cerastidae" genus="Rhachistia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhachistia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Rhachistia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Connolly, 1925 distributed in eastern Africa and Asia, Chinese enid genus and Chinese
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Pseudobuliminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudobuliminus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Pseudobuliminus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. can be discriminated with the aid of the geometric morphometric methods (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Scatter plot of canonical variate 1 against canonical variate 2 (Canonical Variate Analysis), showing the shell morphological relationship among Rachis Albers, 1850 (bright blue dots), Rhachistia Connolly, 1925 (grey-blue dots), Chinese Pseudobuliminus spp. (orange dots), Chinese enid species (grey dots) and Sinorachis gen. nov. (pink dots). a, Sinorachis onychinus (Heude), SMF 42826; b, S. onychinus, SMF 104593; c, S. baihu Wu & Chen, gen. and sp. nov., holotype; d, S. onychinus, SMF 42825; e, S. aureus (Heude), based on an image from Heude (1890); f, S. onychinus, SMF 42827." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361282" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure10">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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) based on the landmarking scheme employed herein (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. A habitat of Sinorachis baihu Wu & Chen, gen. and sp. nov., HBUMM 08296 - specimen 2, paratype B a diagram showing design of landmarks (solid orange dots) and semi-landmarks (empty orange dots). Arrow indicates the crossing point made by the right profile and the last part of the suture." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/361281" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.38445.figure9">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="51">
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In comparison with Chinese species of another bradybaenine genus,
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Pseudobuliminus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudobuliminus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Pseudobuliminus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, that also has a high spired adult shell and embryonic sculpture, the new genus has a poly-layered structure, an accessory sac, and a single branch of mucous gland in the dart sac apparatus, but has no membranous sac surrounding terminal genitalia. If only focusing on the characteristic spectrum of genitalia (table 1, in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.835.32697" author="Wu, M" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" pagination="139 - 152" refId="B17" refString="Wu, M, 2019. A taxonomic note on the helicoid land snail genus Traumatophora (Eupulmonata, Camaenidae). ZooKeys 835: 139 - 152" title="A taxonomic note on the helicoid land snail genus Traumatophora (Eupulmonata, Camaenidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.835.32697" volume="835" year="2019">Wu 2019</bibRefCitation>
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), the genus is closest to
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Camaenidae" genus="Ponsadenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ponsadenia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="0" pageNumber="51" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="51">Ponsadenia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Schileyko, 1978 but these two genera can be distinguished by presence/absence of the poly-layered shell structure and the structure of accessory sac which looks like a bridge in the latter genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |