259 lines
33 KiB
XML
259 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="728AC982D2F83640FCA26C13C89F3342" ID-CLB-Dataset="32288" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.11" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0dbddabd-3d87-4157-a8b2-be92ac205639" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="852056" ID-ZooBank="7483A1Bf-9353-4472-935F-Ff6B962A4287" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1503910938166" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Opresko, Dennis" docDate="2017" docId="03E357645858EF000FE2D0D79462FDD1" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4312.1.11.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4312 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Alternatipathes bipinnata" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="190" masterDocId="FFDA2F1C5858EF010F75D7559139FA7E" masterDocTitle="First record of Alternatipathes bipinnata (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) in the Southern Hemisphere" masterLastPageNumber="193" masterPageNumber="189" pageNumber="189" updateTime="1698467391100" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="36B19905EBA83F30E9C867CCBAEF462F">First record of Alternatipathes bipinnata (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) in the Southern Hemisphere</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BE68A22CF591CF9973B96BFBB3C43C5C">Opresko, Dennis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9A010DE9ECBBA41CEA18ABA454A8528C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="39D5E2A3380FF7AFD31B133A40D770F9">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7D5BC9FF58994CFF355C5B154594F6EC">4312</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E357645858EF000FE2D0D79462FDD1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6015875" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132953716" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6015875" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E357645858EF000FE2D0D79462FDD1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E357645858EF000FE2D0D79462FDD1" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="190" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">
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<subSubSection id="C350B5F95858EF010FE2D0D793C2FDE3" box="[151,763,1922,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF5E6725858EF010FE2D0D793C2FDE3" blockId="0.[151,800,1922,2007]" box="[151,763,1922,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">
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<heading id="D0BD511E5858EF010FE2D0D793C2FDE3" bold="true" box="[151,763,1922,1949]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93E3A605858EF010FE2D0D793C2FDE3" bold="true" box="[151,763,1922,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15858EF010FE2D0D793A3FDE3" ID-CoL="65Y2R" authority="(Opresko, 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Opresko" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[151,666,1922,1949]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bipinnata">
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<emphasis id="B93E3A605858EF010FE2D0D790F2FDE2" bold="true" box="[151,459,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">Alternatipathes bipinnata</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835858EF010EAFD0D693A8FDE3" author="Opresko" box="[474,657,1923,1949]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" refString="Opresko, D. M. (2005) New genera and species of antipatharian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the North Pacific. Zoologische Mededelingen, 79, 129 - 165." type="journal article" year="2005">Opresko, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1371FAF75858EF010DDFD0D693C9FDE3" box="[682,752,1923,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,194,1728]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Alternatipathes bipinnata (Opresko, 2005) MPC 280617. a, complete specimen. b, close up view of pinnulated portion of the corallum (abpolypar view). c, SEM of pinnules from pinnulated stem. d, SEM of lateral pinnule. e, detail of spines on pinnulated part of the stem. f, detail of spines on primary branch. Scale equals 20 mm for a and b, and 0.2 mm for c – f." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852058/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C350B5F95858EF010FE2D0F09219FDA9" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BF5E6725858EF010FE2D0F09397FDC4" blockId="0.[151,800,1922,2007]" box="[151,686,1957,1978]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5AC15C5858EF010FE2D0F09397FDC4" box="[151,686,1957,1978]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15858EF010FE2D0F09376FDC4" ID-CoL="7DGQV" authority="Opresko, 2005: 138" authorityName="Opresko" authorityPageNumber="138" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,591,1957,1978]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Umbellapathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bipinnata">
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<emphasis id="B93E3A605858EF010FE2D0F090B3FDC4" box="[151,394,1957,1978]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">Umbellapathes bipinnata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEBC0635858EF010EFAD0F09376FDC4" author="Opresko" box="[399,591,1957,1978]" page="138" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" year="2005">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835858EF010EFAD0F09319FDC4" author="Opresko" box="[399,544,1957,1978]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" refString="Opresko, D. M. (2005) New genera and species of antipatharian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the North Pacific. Zoologische Mededelingen, 79, 129 - 165." type="journal article" year="2005">Opresko, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 138
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs 4–5.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF5E6725858EF010FE2D0979219FDA9" blockId="0.[151,800,1922,2007]" box="[151,800,1986,2007]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5AC15C5858EF010FE2D0979219FDA9" box="[151,800,1986,2007]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15858EF010FE2D09793E4FDA9" ID-CoL="65Y2R" authority=", Molodtsova & Opresko, 2017: 10" authorityName=", Molodtsova & Opresko" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,733,1986,2007]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bipinnata">
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<emphasis id="B93E3A605858EF010FE2D09790B4FDA9" box="[151,397,1986,2007]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="189">Alternatipathes bipinnata</emphasis>
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,
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEBC0635858EF010EEDD09793E4FDA9" author="Molodtsova" box="[408,733,1986,2007]" page="10" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" year="2017">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835858EF010EEDD0979382FDA9" author="Molodtsova" box="[408,699,1986,2007]" pageId="0" pageNumber="189" refString="Molodtsova, T. N. & Opresko, D. M. (2017) Black corals (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (2), pp. 349 - 365. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0659 - 6" type="journal article" year="2017">Molodtsova & Opresko, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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: 10
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 5.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C350B5F95859EF000FE2D7C290FFF9D1" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BF5E6725859EF000FE2D7C290FFF9D1" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,1967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">
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<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000FE2D7C2901BFAD1" bold="true" box="[151,290,151,175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Description.</emphasis>
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The colony is
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||
<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000EB1D7CD9324FAD1" box="[452,541,152,175]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="210.0">210 mm</quantity>
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tall with an intact basal attachment plate (about
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000B5BD7CD9543FAD1" box="[1070,1146,152,175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
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||
in maximum dimensions). The unpinnulated portion of the corallum curves slightly toward the polyp side and then backwards; the pinnulated portion curves forward, with the tip of the corallum pointing downwards. The unpinnulated portion of the stem is
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000A06D78D91F8FB71" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="195.0">195 mm</quantity>
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||
long and about
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000E0CD7AD90F7FB71" box="[377,462,248,271]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
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in diameter just above the basal plate. The
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000CC9D7AD9533FB71" box="[956,1034,248,271]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
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long pinnulated section contains 13 pinnules, six on one side and seven on the other. The pinnules on the stem are situated in two lateral rows and are arranged in a regularly alternating pattern. The stem pinnules are inclined toward the distal end of the stem (with a distal angle of about 49° for the lowermost pinnules, decreasing to about 46° for the pinnules at the top). The length of the stem pinnules increases toward the middle of the corallum; the longest simple pinnule is
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000B55D62D9554FBF1" box="[1056,1133,376,399]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
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and has a basal diameter of about
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||
<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000FACD6CD9017FBD1" box="[217,302,408,431]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
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||
. The lowermost pinnule on the stem is developed into a
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000CF3D6CD92E6FBD1" box="[902,991,408,431]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
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long pinnate branch with 44 pinnules (21 on one side and 23 on the other), with distal angles of 37° to 51°. This branch is itself branched, with its lowermost pinnule having five pinnules; three on one side and two on the other. Pinnules on the stem and branch are spaced from about
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000FACD6AD9012F871" box="[217,299,504,527]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
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||
to
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000E38D6AD90B3F871" box="[333,394,504,527]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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apart on each side of the axis, but some of the lowermost ones on the stem are about
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000A6ED6AD9460F871" box="[1307,1369,504,527]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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apart. The average density of the pinnules in each lateral row is three per centimeter, and four to five pinnules per centimeter for both rows. The planes containing the two rows of pinnules and pinnulated branches form an interior angle of 160 to 170°. The spines on the pinnules are concavely conical, with an acute apex; their base is flared out along the axis distally and proximally. They are arranged in regular rows, four or five of which are normally seen in lateral view. Within each row they are spaced at varying distances, from about 289 to 591 µm apart; they are more widely spaced towards the distal part of the pinnules. The pinnular spines are larger on the polyp side of the axis; polypar spines are 95 to 150 µm tall; abpolypar spines range from 40 to 116 µm. No additional small secondary spines are observed. Spines are also present on the stem, extending down to about
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<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000D7AD5AD9377F971" box="[527,590,760,783]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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of the basal plate. Those nearest the basal plate are irregularly arranged in two or three rows, higher up they occur in more neat rows; three to five of which are visible in lateral view. The spines on the stem are larger on the polypar side of the corallum; most of them extend out perpendicularly, and only a few of them slant downward towards the base. The spines on the pinnules extend out perpendicularly or are slightly inclined distally. Due to the poor condition of the remaining soft tissue (the specimen is an almost clean skeleton), no characteristics of the polyps could be determined.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C350B5F95859EF000FB2D4E2933AFE51" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF5E6725859EF000FB2D4E2933AFE51" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,1967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">
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||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000FB2D4E29060F9B1" bold="true" box="[199,345,951,975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Distribution.</emphasis>
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This species was previously known from three specimens collected in deep waters (
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||
<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000B92D4ED94ADF9B1" box="[1255,1428,952,975]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6075" metricValueMax="2.085" metricValueMin="1.13" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="1607.5" valueMax="2085.0" valueMin="1130.0">
|
||
<date id="FFF4C0B25859EF000B92D4ED944FF9B1" box="[1255,1398,952,975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" value="1130" valueMax="2085">1130 to 2085</date>
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||
m
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||
</quantity>
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||
) off the Pacific coast of
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||
<collectingRegion id="498E28905859EF000EE5D48D90D8F991" box="[400,481,984,1007]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F35DA6E25859EF000EE5D48D90D8F991" box="[400,481,984,1007]" name="Mexico" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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||
</collectingRegion>
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(
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7E80B55859EF000E84D48D9352F991" box="[497,619,984,1007]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" precision="92" value="31.273333">31°16.4’ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7E80B55859EF000D02D48D9239F991" box="[631,768,984,1007]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" precision="92" value="-117.57">117°34.2’ W</geoCoordinate>
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||
to
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7E80B55859EF000C56D48D92A5F991" box="[803,924,984,1007]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" precision="92" value="31.366667">31°22.0’ N</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7E80B55859EF000CDDD48D950AF991" box="[936,1075,984,1007]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" precision="92" value="-117.70333">117°42.2’ W</geoCoordinate>
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) and off
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<collectingRegion id="498E28905859EF000BE1D48D943AF991" box="[1172,1283,984,1007]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">California</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F35DA6E25859EF000A7BD48D947AF991" box="[1294,1347,984,1007]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">USA</collectingCountry>
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||
in
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||
<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000A13D48D903DFE71" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7399999999999998" metricValueMax="2.846" metricValueMin="2.6339999999999995" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="2740.0" valueMax="2846.0" valueMin="2634.0">
|
||
<date id="FFF4C0B25859EF000A13D48D91D1FE71" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" value="2634" valueMax="2846">2634 to 2846</date>
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||
m
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||
</quantity>
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||
depth (USNM 1234554, USNM 1234557); the present specimen represents the first record for the species in the Southern Hemisphere (
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<figureCitation id="1371FAF75859EF000EC1D34D90CFFE51" box="[436,502,1048,1071]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,244,1591,1613]" captionTargetBox="[172,1414,290,1570]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[172,1414,290,1570]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Known distribution of Alternatipathes bipinnata (Opresko, 2005). Red circles indicate previous records and the red star denotes the location of the specimen described in this study." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852060/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C350B5F95859EF000FB2D3629462FDD1" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF5E6725859EF000FB2D36290ACFF11" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,1967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000FB2D362900CFE31" bold="true" box="[199,309,1079,1103]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Overall, the pinnular densities appear to be similar to that of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F158D05859EF000B71D36D9558FE31" box="[1028,1121,1080,1103]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15859EF000BFCD3629437FE31" authorityName=", Molodtsova & Opresko" authorityYear="2017" box="[1161,1294,1079,1103]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bipinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000BFCD36295A0FE30" box="[1161,1177,1079,1102]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000BDDD3629437FE31" box="[1192,1294,1079,1103]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">bipinnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1371FAF75859EF000A6AD36D9467FE31" box="[1311,1374,1080,1103]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,194,1728]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Alternatipathes bipinnata (Opresko, 2005) MPC 280617. a, complete specimen. b, close up view of pinnulated portion of the corallum (abpolypar view). c, SEM of pinnules from pinnulated stem. d, SEM of lateral pinnule. e, detail of spines on pinnulated part of the stem. f, detail of spines on primary branch. Scale equals 20 mm for a and b, and 0.2 mm for c – f." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852058/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
b). In these features, however, our specimen is similar to one of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F158D05859EF000C5DD30D92B7FE11" box="[808,910,1112,1135]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
which has a maximum pinnular length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000A24D30D94A2FE11" box="[1361,1435,1112,1135]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
and a pinnular density of 4 to 5 per centimeter. The skeletal morphology is similar to that of the Northern Hemisphere specimens, with conical, acute spines with flared bases; however, the maximum size of the polypar spines is smaller in the present specimen than in the previously described specimens (159 versus 200 to 300 µm tall, respectively). The additional small secondary spines reported for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F158D05859EF000DC0D38D922BFE91" box="[693,786,1240,1263]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835859EF000C55D38D92F8FE91" author="Opresko" box="[800,961,1240,1263]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" refString="Opresko, D. M. (2005) New genera and species of antipatharian corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the North Pacific. Zoologische Mededelingen, 79, 129 - 165." type="journal article" year="2005">Opresko, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were not found in the Chilean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15859EF000A62D38294A5FE91" authorityName=", Molodtsova & Opresko" authorityYear="2017" box="[1303,1436,1239,1263]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Alternatipathes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bipinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000A62D382941EFE90" box="[1303,1319,1239,1262]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000A43D38294A5FE91" box="[1334,1436,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">bipinnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1371FAF75859EF000FEAD3AD91E7FF71" box="[159,222,1272,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,194,1728]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Alternatipathes bipinnata (Opresko, 2005) MPC 280617. a, complete specimen. b, close up view of pinnulated portion of the corallum (abpolypar view). c, SEM of pinnules from pinnulated stem. d, SEM of lateral pinnule. e, detail of spines on pinnulated part of the stem. f, detail of spines on primary branch. Scale equals 20 mm for a and b, and 0.2 mm for c – f." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/852058/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
c–f). The smaller size of the polypar spines and the absence of secondary spines, suggests that the Chilean specimen may represent a different species. Although spine size can be a valid species-level character, the examination of a larger suite of specimens is needed to eliminate the possibility that the differences reported here represent only intraspecific variability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF5E6725859EF000FB2D22D91C0FC31" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,1967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">
|
||
Of the approximately 247 known antipatharian species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835859EF000C56D22D92C2FFF1" author="Brugler" box="[803,1019,1399,1423]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" refString="Brugler, M. R., Opresko, D. M. & France, S. C. (2013) The evolutionary history of the order Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) as inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA: implications for black coral taxonomy and systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 312 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12060" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Brugler
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000C0BD22D928CFFF1" box="[894,949,1399,1423]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), only eleven of them, or about 4.5 %, occur along the southeastern Pacific off Chile. All of these species only occur in subtidal waters; from
|
||
<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000A40D2CD9448FFD1" box="[1333,1393,1432,1455]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="79.0">79 m</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15859EF000FE2D2E2936EFFB1" authority="(Pourtales, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Pourtales" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[151,599,1463,1487]" class="Anthozoa" family="Myriopathidae" genus="Plumapathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fernandezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000FE2D2E290A0FFB1" box="[151,409,1463,1487]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Plumapathes fernandezi</emphasis>
|
||
(Pourtalès, 1874)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 99762) from the Juan Fernández Archipelago to a maximum depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000FE2D28D91D0FF91" box="[151,233,1496,1519]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15859EF000E6CD2829219FF91" authority="Opresko & Breedy, 2010" authorityName="Opresko & Breedy" authorityYear="2010" box="[281,800,1495,1519]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Lillipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ritamariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000E6CD282933CFF91" box="[281,517,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Lillipathes ritamariae</emphasis>
|
||
Opresko & Breedy, 2010
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from off Caldera, in northern Chile (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835859EF000BCFD28D94A8FF91" author="Araya" box="[1210,1425,1495,1519]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" refString="Araya, J. F., Aliaga, J. A. & Araya, M. E. (2016 a) First record of Lillipathes ritamariae Opresko and Breedy, 2010 (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biodiversity, 1 - 5. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 016 - 0591 - 1" type="journal article" year="2016" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Araya
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000A70D28D9404FF91" box="[1285,1341,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The modest number of species reported for the area may reflect the lack of sampling in deep waters; from these species four are endemic and three of them have been found only once, while the rest has been collected as bycatch in deep-water fisheries.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF5E6725859EF000FB2D10D9462FDD1" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,1967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">
|
||
Records of unidentified species, in the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15859EF000DBED10292E9FC11" authority="Pallas, 1766" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[715,976,1623,1647]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000DBED1029204FC11" box="[715,829,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Antipathes</emphasis>
|
||
Pallas, 1766
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15859EF000CABD10295C5FC11" authority="Brook, 1889" authorityName="Brook" authorityYear="1889" box="[990,1276,1623,1647]" class="Anthozoa" family="Cladopathidae" genus="Cladopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000CABD102955CFC11" box="[990,1125,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Cladopathes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835859EF000B1AD10D95C5FC11" author="Brook" box="[1135,1276,1624,1647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" refString="Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger During the Years 1873 - 76. Zoology, 32, 1 - 222." type="journal article" year="1889">Brook, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15859EF000A7CD1029003FCF1" authority="Opresko, 2003" authorityName="Opresko" authorityYear="2003" class="Anthozoa" family="Cladopathidae" genus="Chrysopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000A7CD10294A5FC11" box="[1289,1436,1623,1647]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Chrysopathes</emphasis>
|
||
Opresko, 2003
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15859EF000E3DD122936AFCF1" authority="Haime, 1849" authorityName="Haime" authorityYear="1849" box="[328,595,1655,1679]" class="Anthozoa" family="Leiopathidae" genus="Leiopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000E3DD1229084FCF1" box="[328,445,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Leiopathes</emphasis>
|
||
Haime, 1849
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4A9DF15859EF000DF8D1229292FCF1" authority="Opresko, 2002" authorityName="Opresko" authorityYear="2002" box="[653,939,1655,1679]" class="Anthozoa" family="Schizopathidae" genus="Lillipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000DF8D12293C6FCF1" box="[653,767,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Lillipathes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835859EF000C7CD12D9292FCF1" author="Opresko" box="[777,939,1656,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" refString="Opresko, D. M. (2002) Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part II. Schizopathidae. Zoologische Mededelingen, 76, 411 - 442." type="journal article" year="2002">Opresko, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are also known from the area, derived from specimens collected serendipitously in the deep-water fisheries of the Patagonian Toothfish operating at
|
||
<quantity id="4CB24B975859EF000A66D1CD94A2FCD1" box="[1299,1435,1688,1711]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" unit="m" value="1400.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="800.0">800–2000 m</quantity>
|
||
depth along the entire Chilean coast (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835859EF000D57D1ED93DEFCB1" author="Bravo" box="[546,743,1719,1743]" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" refString="Bravo, A., Forsterra, G. & Haussermann, V. (2005) Fishing in troubled waters - evidence for higher diversity and high abundance of cold water corals along the Chilean coast. In: Brock, R. & George, R. Y. (Eds.), Deep-sea corals science and management. Proceedings of the third International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, pp 234." type="book chapter" year="2005">
|
||
Bravo
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000D1ED1ED9398FCB1" box="[619,673,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, material obtained in several expeditions along the coasts of the Southeastern Pacific (RV
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000D3DD18293EDFC91" box="[584,724,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Anton Bruun</emphasis>
|
||
, HMS
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000C52D18292A7FC91" box="[807,926,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">Challenger</emphasis>
|
||
, etc.), accounted for a total number of twelve antipatharian species (including species only identified to genus-level) for Chilean waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB9B835859EF000B0FD1AD91E8FD51" author="Haussermann" pageId="1" pageNumber="190" refString="Haussermann, V. & Forsterra, G. (2007) Large assemblages of cold-water corals in Chile: a summary of recent findings and potential impacts. In: George. R. Y. & Cairns, S. D. (Eds.), Conservation and adaptive management of seamount and deep-sea coral ecosystems. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, pp. 195 - 207." type="book chapter" year="2007">Häussermann & Försterra, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately, species-level identification in these specimens is hindered by the lack of local experts and the scant material deposited in local institutions; they are currently absent in the collections of the MNHNCL at Santiago, Chile (Jorge Pérez-Schultheiss,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000EC4D00D90E7FD11" box="[433,478,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">pers</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E3A605859EF000E85D00D9309FD11" box="[496,560,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="190">comm</emphasis>
|
||
.). This work adds to the scarce information on black corals from the Peruvian province; the present record from northern Chile extends the biogeographical range of this species significantly southwards, and it suggests a continuous distribution of this species along the South American continental margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |