458 lines
75 KiB
XML
458 lines
75 KiB
XML
<document id="EC37D52AB893013B509AB0DC1724620E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4999.6.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119668" ID-ZooBank="2355BCA5-4260-4CDF-8545-8FD854D3E6A5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1626879889455" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Benzel, Joseph & Bright, Donald E." docDate="2021" docId="039F9144FFE6F87740AAFF1AFE9E1D9B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4999.6.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4999 (6)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pachyrhinus Schonherr 1823" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="508" masterDocId="FFA6E93CFFE4F870403DFF8DFFE91E76" masterDocTitle="A revision of the genus Pachyrhinus Schӧnherr 1823 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae Entiminae) in the Nearctic Region" masterLastPageNumber="533" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="503" updateTime="1699012250246" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="8685B61A80AF73831CBF2B4761F14310">A revision of the genus Pachyrhinus Schӧnherr 1823 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae Entiminae) in the Nearctic Region</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4558818BC1C68912B692B04396B040B9" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B629EDCFA2A6792E21BF22C871E8B62C">Benzel, Joseph</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BB43299D23C27B9223295E5CED14CA91">C. P. Gillete Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Biological Sciences and Pest Management. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525 & Current address: 2265 Wolfensberger Road, Castle Rock, CO 80109</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4462509FFD31B2206B1D120DB46879D1">Bright, Donald E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C4F72DF9E916B640B1F86DE36C2C0473">C. P. Gillete Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Biological Sciences and Pest Management. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="DE94A6B292F005A4C724697E948B1394">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A18BF39D3B6FA53D4944008BEAC57224">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1690C10EC5E14D65AC071D9EA536EE9B">2021-07-15</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="8B892052FFE6F87240AAFF1AFE161EC7" blockId="2.[151,511,151,178]" box="[151,511,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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<heading id="D0C1973EFFE6F87240AAFF1AFE161EC7" bold="true" box="[151,511,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F87240AAFF1AFE161EC7" ID-CoL="8HMFJ" authority="Schonherr 1823" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[151,511,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240AAFF1AFE161EC7" bold="true" box="[151,511,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240AAFF1AFEDB1EC4" bold="true" box="[151,306,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
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Schönherr 1823
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32C73D9FFE6F87240AAFF51FD511F26" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B892052FFE6F87240AAFF51FC571E82" blockId="2.[151,958,220,336]" box="[151,958,220,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26077CFFE6F87240AAFF51FC571E82" box="[151,958,220,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F87240AAFF51FE011E82" ID-CoL="8HMFJ" authority="Schonherr 1823: 40" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1823" box="[151,488,220,244]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240AAFF51FEFE1E82" box="[151,279,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
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Schönherr 1823: 40
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A970643FFE6F87241CFFF51FD601E82" author="Fall, H. C." box="[498,649,220,244]" page="308" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" year="1901">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE6F87241CFFF51FD601E82" author="Fall, H. C." box="[498,649,220,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" pagination="308 - 310" refId="ref21792" refString="Fall, H. C. (1901) Notes on Dichleonycha and Cantharis with descriptions of new species in other genera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 27, 308 - 310." type="journal article" year="1901">Fall 1901: 308</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE6F87242AEFF51FC7D1E82" author="O'Brien, C. W. & Wibmer, G. J." box="[659,916,220,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" pagination="1 - 382" refId="ref22560" refString="O'Brien, C. W. & Wibmer, G. J. (1982) Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae Sensu Lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In: Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. No. 34. The American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 1 - 382." type="book chapter" year="1982">O’Brien & Wibmer 1982</bibRefCitation>
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, 43.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE6F87240AAFF77FD021F64" blockId="2.[151,958,220,336]" box="[151,747,250,274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F87240AAFF77FE581F64" ID-CoL="8HQYV" authority="Schonherr 1826" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1826" box="[151,433,250,274]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scythropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240AAFF77FEEE1F64" box="[151,263,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Scythropus</emphasis>
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||
Schönherr 1826
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE6F8724186FF77FD291F64" author="O'Brien, C. W. & Wibmer, G. J." box="[443,704,250,274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" pagination="1 - 382" refId="ref22560" refString="O'Brien, C. W. & Wibmer, G. J. (1982) Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae Sensu Lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In: Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. No. 34. The American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 1 - 382." type="book chapter" year="1982">O’Brien & Wibmer, 1982</bibRefCitation>
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, 43.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE6F87240AAFE94FD351F47" blockId="2.[151,958,220,336]" box="[151,732,281,305]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F87240AAFE94FE7E1F47" ID-CoL="8K35W" authority="Gistel 1856" authorityName="Gistel" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,407,281,305]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Carpomanes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240AAFE94FEF11F46" box="[151,280,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Carpomanes</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE6F8724122FE94FE7E1F47" author="Gistel, J." box="[287,407,281,305]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" refId="ref21908" refString="Gistel, J. (1856) Die mysterien der europaischen Insectenwelt. Vol. 12. Druck und Verlag von Tobias Dannheimer, Kempten, 532 pp." type="book" year="1856">Gistel 1856</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE6F872419DFE94FD311F47" author="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. & Lyal, C. H. C." box="[416,728,281,305]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" refId="ref21175" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. & Lyal, C. H. C. (1999) A world catalog of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (Excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis, Barcelona, 316 pp." type="book" year="1999">Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE6F87240AAFEB5FD511F26" blockId="2.[151,958,220,336]" box="[151,696,311,336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F87240AAFEB5FE671F39" ID-CoL="8K3W3" authority="Voss 1936" authorityName="Voss" authorityYear="1936" box="[151,398,311,336]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Parisodrosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240AAFEB5FEF41F26" box="[151,285,312,336]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Parisodrosus</emphasis>
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||
Voss 1936
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE6F87241AAFEB5FD511F26" author="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. & Barrios, H. & Borovec, R. & Bouchard, P. & Caldara, R. & Colonnelli, E. & Gultekin, L. & Hlava, P. & Korotyaev, B. & Lyal, C. H. C. & Machado, A. & Meregalli, M. & Pierotti, H. & Ren, L. & Sanchez-Ruiz, M. & Sforzi, A. & Silfverberg, H. & Skuhrovec, J. & Tryzna, M. & Velazquez de Castro, A. J. & Yunakov, N. N." box="[407,696,312,336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" refId="ref21221" refString="Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Barrios, H., Borovec, R., Bouchard, P., Caldara, R., Colonnelli, E., Gultekin, L., Hlava, P., Korotyaev, B., Lyal, C. H. C., Machado, A., Meregalli, M., Pierotti, H., Ren, L., Sanchez-Ruiz, M., Sforzi, A., Silfverberg, H., Skuhrovec, J., Tryzna, M., Velazquez de Castro, A. J. & Yunakov, N. N. (2017) Cooperative Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Curculionoidea. Monografias electronicas SEA 8. Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa S. E. A, Zaragoza, 729 pp." type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Alonso-Zarazaga
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F8724271FEB5FD911F26" box="[588,632,312,336]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">et al</emphasis>
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. 2017
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32C73D9FFE6F87240AAFEF8FB461FFB" box="[151,1199,373,397]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B892052FFE6F87240AAFEF8FB461FFB" blockId="2.[151,1199,373,397]" box="[151,1199,373,397]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
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<typeStatus id="548D9EF0FFE6F87240AAFEF8FF201FFB" box="[151,201,373,397]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F872411BFEF8FDB71FFB" authority="Herbst, 1797" authorityName="Herbst" authorityYear="1797" box="[294,606,373,397]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Curculio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mustela">
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<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F872411BFEF8FE3C1FFB" box="[294,469,373,397]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Curculio mustela</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE6F87241E6FEF8FDB71FFB" author="Herbst, J. F. W." box="[475,606,373,397]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" refId="ref22090" refString="Herbst, J. F. W. (1797) Natursystem aller bekannten in-und auslandischen Insekten, als eine forestzung der von Buffonshen Naturgestichte. Der Kafer sebenter theil. VI. Theil. Pauli, Berlin, 346 pp." type="book" year="1797">Herbst, 1797</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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=
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<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F872424FFEF8FC081FFB" authority="Herbst, 1795" authorityName="Herbst" authorityYear="1795" box="[626,993,373,397]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Curculio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamulosus">
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<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F872424FFEF8FCBC1FFB" box="[626,853,373,397]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Curculio squamulosus</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE6F8724366FEF8FC081FFB" author="Herbst, J. F. W." box="[859,993,373,397]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" refId="ref22045" refString="Herbst, J. F. W. (1795) Natursystem aller bekannten in- und auslandischen Insekten, als eine forestzung der von Buffonshen Naturgestichte. Der kafer shester hheil. Mit 38 illuminierten kupfertafeln. Joachim Pauli, Berlin, 520 pp." type="book" year="1795">Herbst, 1795</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Gender, masculine.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C32C73D9FFE6F87240AAFE36FE7C1CFF" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="8B892052FFE6F87240AAFE36FE7C1CFF" blockId="2.[151,1436,443,649]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240AAFE36FEFB1FA3" bold="true" box="[151,274,443,469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Members of
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<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F8724196FE36FDD11FA3" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[427,568,443,469]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F8724196FE36FDD11FA3" box="[427,568,443,469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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are medium sized (
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||
<quantity id="4CCE8DB7FFE6F8724325FE36FC6E1FA0" box="[792,903,443,470]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="4.0">4–10 mm</quantity>
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||
) entimine weevils without post ocular lobes or vibrissae, and with elytra bearing well developed humeri (
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<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F872430EFE52FC9F1F8F" box="[819,886,479,505]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). The genus belongs to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F8724484FE52FAD41F8F" baseAuthorityName="O'Brien & Wibmer" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1209,1341,479,505]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Polydrusini">Polydrusini</taxonomicName>
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, sharing with
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<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F87240EDFD8EFEA71C6B" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1817" box="[208,334,515,541]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polydrusus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240EDFD8EFEA71C6B" box="[208,334,515,541]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Polydrusus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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laterally oriented antennae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F87242ADFD8EFD3D1C6B" box="[656,724,515,541]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and connate tarsal claws (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F8724438FD8EFBA31C6B" box="[1029,1098,515,541]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). It can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F87240AAFDAAFEFC1C37" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1817" box="[151,277,551,577]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polydrusus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240AAFDAAFEFC1C37" box="[151,277,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Polydrusus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its thick blunt rostrum bearing a large glabrous callosity and carina on the epistoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F87244C2FDAAFA7A1C34" box="[1279,1427,551,578]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 4 and 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and by its elongate scales with only thin, poorly developed ribs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F8724359FDC6FC271C10" box="[868,974,587,614]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,801,825]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,181,777]" captionTargetId="figure-20@4.[163,1424,181,777]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Elytral Scales. 6. Pachyrhinus elegans. 7. Pachyrhinus californicus. 8. Pachyrhinus cinereus scale. 9. Polydrusus impressifrons Gyllenhall 1834." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119672/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 6–8</figureCitation>
|
||
) as opposed to the large, pronounced ribs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F872408BFDE2FEDD1CFF" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1817" box="[182,308,623,649]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polydrusus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F872408BFDE2FEDD1CFF" box="[182,308,623,649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Polydrusus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F872417EFDE2FE6E1CFF" box="[323,391,623,649]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,801,825]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,181,777]" captionTargetId="figure-20@4.[163,1424,181,777]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Elytral Scales. 6. Pachyrhinus elegans. 7. Pachyrhinus californicus. 8. Pachyrhinus cinereus scale. 9. Polydrusus impressifrons Gyllenhall 1834." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119672/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF4970DAFFE6F87240AAFA66FB0D1851" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" startId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" targetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE6F87240AAFA66FB0D1851" blockId="2.[151,1436,1515,1575]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240AAFA66FED51875" bold="true" box="[151,316,1515,1539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">FIGURES 1–5.</emphasis>
|
||
1.
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F8724162FA66FD991875" box="[351,624,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F8724162FA66FD821875" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[351,619,1515,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamulosus">Pachyrhinus squamulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view. 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F872432BFA66FC7F1875" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[790,918,1515,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F872432BFA66FC7F1875" box="[790,918,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
head, lateral view. 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F8724441FA66FB151875" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[1148,1276,1515,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F8724441FA66FB151875" box="[1148,1276,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F87241B4F982FDE01851" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[393,521,1551,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87241B4F982FDE01851" box="[393,521,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
head, frontal view. 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE6F87242D6F982FBC81851" authority="(Schaller)" baseAuthorityName="Schaller" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[747,1057,1551,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polydrusus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87242D6F982FC5F1851" box="[747,950,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Polydrusus sericeus</emphasis>
|
||
(Schaller)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
head, frontal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C73D9FFE6F87540FAF9D8FF561F37" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE6F87340FAF9D8FD2819AB" blockId="2.[151,1437,1621,2008]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE6F87240FAF9D8FE421819" bold="true" box="[199,427,1621,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Description (male).</emphasis>
|
||
Length: 4.0–8.0 mm, average
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE8DB7FFE6F872433CF9D8FCBE1806" box="[769,855,1621,1648]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F872435BF9D8FC4E1806" box="[870,935,1621,1648]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), 2.0× as long as wide in dorsal view, widest portion of elytra at apical 2/3; shape elongate, subrectangular; dorsal outline in lateral view subplanar to weakly convex; color black, red or orange, lighter on legs, antennae red to orange; vestiture composed of elongate, appressed, contiguous, mostly nonoverlapping scales and both short, recurved and long, erect setae sparsely arranged over body, scales 2.0 to 4.0× as long as wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F87242AAF968FCEA1976" box="[663,771,1765,1792]" captionStart="FIGURES 6–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,801,825]" captionTargetBox="[164,1424,181,777]" captionTargetId="figure-20@4.[163,1424,181,777]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 6–9. Elytral Scales. 6. Pachyrhinus elegans. 7. Pachyrhinus californicus. 8. Pachyrhinus cinereus scale. 9. Polydrusus impressifrons Gyllenhall 1834." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119672/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 6–9</figureCitation>
|
||
), ribbed, with ribs extending out into spines at terminal end of scale, variably colored (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F87241FAF884FDBB1952" box="[455,594,1801,1828]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–15" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,885,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-48@4.[165,1422,885,1720]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–15. Elytral Vestiture. 10. Pachyrhinus elegans. 11. Pachyrhinus californicus. 12. Pachyrhinus cinereus. 13. Pachyrhinus squamulosus. 14. Pachyrhinus lethierryi. 15. Polydrusus sericeus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119674/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Figs. 10–15</figureCitation>
|
||
), color iridescent green or blue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F87243FBF884FBF01952" box="[966,1049,1801,1828]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–15" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,885,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-48@4.[165,1422,885,1720]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–15. Elytral Vestiture. 10. Pachyrhinus elegans. 11. Pachyrhinus californicus. 12. Pachyrhinus cinereus. 13. Pachyrhinus squamulosus. 14. Pachyrhinus lethierryi. 15. Polydrusus sericeus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119674/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) to orange brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F87244C8F884FAAC1952" box="[1269,1349,1801,1828]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–15" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,885,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-48@4.[165,1422,885,1720]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–15. Elytral Vestiture. 10. Pachyrhinus elegans. 11. Pachyrhinus californicus. 12. Pachyrhinus cinereus. 13. Pachyrhinus squamulosus. 14. Pachyrhinus lethierryi. 15. Polydrusus sericeus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119674/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) or ash white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F87240D9F8A0FEDC193E" box="[228,309,1837,1864]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–15" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1745,1769]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,885,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-48@4.[165,1422,885,1720]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–15. Elytral Vestiture. 10. Pachyrhinus elegans. 11. Pachyrhinus californicus. 12. Pachyrhinus cinereus. 13. Pachyrhinus squamulosus. 14. Pachyrhinus lethierryi. 15. Polydrusus sericeus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119674/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), scales lighter to pearlescent on underside, sides and elytral sulcus Head in dorsal view rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F8724552F8A0FF41191A" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); eyes small, ⅓ length of head in lateral view, produced ⅔ from base of head, projected outward, in lateral view round (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F87240DAF8F8FEC219E6" box="[231,299,1909,1936]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
),, separated from anterior margin of prothorax by diameter of eye; eye facets uniformly well defined; frons subrectangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE6F87241B7F814FE2719C2" box="[394,462,1945,1972]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), shortest distance located between eyes ¾ greatest width of pronotum, bearing shallow impression at apical point where it meets rostrum; ventral surface scaled, bearing sparse pearlescent setae; gular suture clearly visible, rostrum stout (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F873420DFF1AFD9D1EC7" box="[560,628,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), subquadrate, subequal to size of head, in dorsal view ¾ length of head, as long as wide; sides parallel to slightly diverging; medial region slightly impressed; epistomal area large, nearly semicircular, bearing prominent glabrous carina on edge, separated from nasal plate by shallow groove bearing three to five long setae at apical edge; nasal plate expanded into large glabrous callosity; rostrum in lateral view curved downward, length ½ basal width; mandibles large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F87342F2FEAAFCC81F34" box="[719,801,295,322]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–19" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,345,1378]" captionTargetId="figure-85@5.[159,1428,345,1381]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 16–19. 16. Mandibles showing scars at deciduous process attachment point. 17. Mandibles with deciduous process. 18. Oral cavity with maxillae and labium. 19. Antennae, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119676/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
), shiny, bearing 3–5 long laterally positioned setae; mandibular scar prominent, medially situated, deciduous process large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F87343B1FEC6FC361F13" box="[908,991,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–19" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,345,1378]" captionTargetId="figure-85@5.[159,1428,345,1381]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 16–19. 16. Mandibles showing scars at deciduous process attachment point. 17. Mandibles with deciduous process. 18. Oral cavity with maxillae and labium. 19. Antennae, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119676/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
), prominent, talon shaped, about length of rostrum, red or orange in color, maxillae rarely visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F873431FFEE2FC9D1FFF" box="[802,884,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–19" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,345,1378]" captionTargetId="figure-85@5.[159,1428,345,1381]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 16–19. 16. Mandibles showing scars at deciduous process attachment point. 17. Mandibles with deciduous process. 18. Oral cavity with maxillae and labium. 19. Antennae, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119676/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
), hidden by small projections of the head capsule at ventrolateral angles of oral cavity; cardo stout, as wide as long; maxillary palps three segmented, 2.0× as long as wide, I and II bearing single setae on buccal side, labium not covered by prementum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F87344B8FE3AFB311FA7" box="[1157,1240,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–19" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,345,1378]" captionTargetId="figure-85@5.[159,1428,345,1381]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 16–19. 16. Mandibles showing scars at deciduous process attachment point. 17. Mandibles with deciduous process. 18. Oral cavity with maxillae and labium. 19. Antennae, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119676/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
), subquadrate, as long as wide, external surface smooth; labial palps three segmented, inserted at apex of labium; palpomeres gradually reduced in size toward apex, bearing short fine setae on apical margin. Antennae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F8734464FE72FB431C6F" box="[1113,1194,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–19" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,345,1378]" captionTargetId="figure-85@5.[159,1428,345,1381]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 16–19. 16. Mandibles showing scars at deciduous process attachment point. 17. Mandibles with deciduous process. 18. Oral cavity with maxillae and labium. 19. Antennae, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119676/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
) 11-segmented, color black to orange; insertion at apical edge of rostrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F87342E3FDAEFCCA1C4B" box="[734,803,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Scrobe curved downwards 20–30°, deep at initiation in apicodorsal region, poorly defined through most of length, ending in basolateral region ventrad of apical margin of eye, separated from eye by width of scrobe, scape clavate with bulbous region extending from of length to apex, otherwise slender; antennae directed ventrad of eye in resting position, length reaching apical margin of prothorax, passing just below eye, bearing elongate setae; funicle (including peduncle) seven-segmented, as long as scape, densely pilose with hairlike setae; funicular antennomeres I and II clavate, 2.0× as long as other antennomeres; antennomeres III to VII conical, either subequal in length or decreasing in size to antennomer V, then increasing in size; club three-segmented, ⅓ length of scrobe, 3.0–4.0× as long as wide, covered in dense setae, club segments decreasing in length and width apically. Pronotum transverse (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F8734362FCCEFC4B1D2B" box="[863,930,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1515,1539]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetId="figure-165@2.[171,1417,673,1491]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1–5. 1. Pachyrhinus squamulosus, dorsal view. 2. Pachyrhinus head, lateral view. 3. Pachyrhinus tarsus showing connate tarsal claws. 4. Pachyrhinus head, frontal view. 5. Polydrusus sericeus (Schaller) head, frontal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119670/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), greatest width about ⅔ from anterior mar- gin; dorsal surface densely punctate, each puncture bearing a scale or seta; sides with lateral margins subparallel, rounded near midpoint; posterior margin straight to gently sinuate, as wide as anterior margin; in lateral view dorsal outline flattened about 1.5× long as ventral outline, anterior margin straight. Scutellum conspicuous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F8734507FC22FA661DBF" box="[1338,1423,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURES 20–21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,1492,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-118@5.[159,1428,1489,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 20–21. 20. Scutellum. 21. Male protibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119678/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
), triangular, covered in scales. Thorax with mesepisternum triangular, densely covered with scales; metepisternum trapezoidal, suture concealed by dense scales, of greatest width at anterior edge, diminishing to parallel-sided band along metepisternal suture; metepimeron not visible, entirely covered by elytron. Abdominal ventrites with dense coating of pearlescent scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F87341D6FBB2FDA81A2C" box="[491,577,1087,1114]" captionStart="FIGURES 26–28" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1736,1760]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,1101,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-42@6.[157,1429,1101,1713]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 26–28. 26. Abdominal ventrites. 27. Spiculum gastrale. 28. Tegmen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119682/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
); ventrites I–II connate, III–V separate; II shorter than I, subequal to III; III longer than IV; V subequal in length to I, subtriangular, covered with dense hair like setae; anterior margin of I and suture between II and III bisinuate, other margins straight. Procoxae contiguous, close to anterior margin of prothorax. Legs subequal in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F873420DFB26FD6A1AB3" box="[560,643,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURES 20–21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[160,1428,1492,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-118@5.[159,1428,1489,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 20–21. 20. Scutellum. 21. Male protibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119678" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119678/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
), front legs appear shorter as protibia arcuate, uniformly covered with pearlescent white, elongate setiform scales; femora stout, unarmed, approximately 1.5× length of pronotum, about 4.0× long as wide, proximal ¾ gradually widening then abruptly narrowing at tibial condyle; tibia arcuate, ventral margin flared, bearing row of spiniform setae increasing in length ventrally; mucro ⅓ size of tarsal claw; corbel open, surface glabrous; tarsi ventrally with dense cover of setae; tarsomeres I and II subtriangular, I larger than II, III deeply bilobed, 2.0× wide as II, IV miniscule, ⅜ size of II, concealed by III, V elongate, lacking setae pad, as long as I and II combined; claws connate, otherwise simple. Elytra length in dorsal view 2.0× greatest width, 2.0× width of pronotum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F873414BFA2AFE231BB7" box="[374,458,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1047,1071]" captionTargetBox="[241,1427,181,1022]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[159,1427,181,1023]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22–25. 22. Elytra. 23. Puncture in elytral interstria. 24. Scales on elytral stria. 25. Wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119680/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
); anterior margins straight; humeri prominent, roundly angulate, 1.5× width of posterior margin of pronotum; lateral margins parallel anteriorly, gently diverging in middle ⅓, converging to point at apical ⅓; apex pointed; declivity gradual, convex with 10 complete striae; stria separated by width of tibia; interstrial punc- tures shallow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F8734103F99EFE7B185B" box="[318,402,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1047,1071]" captionTargetBox="[241,1427,181,1022]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[159,1427,181,1023]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22–25. 22. Elytra. 23. Puncture in elytral interstria. 24. Scales on elytral stria. 25. Wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119680/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
), hidden by scales, separated longitudinally by diameter of puncture, bearing single, small, recumbent setae just before anterior side of puncture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F87342C9F9BAFCAE1827" box="[756,839,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1047,1071]" captionTargetBox="[241,1427,181,1022]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[159,1427,181,1023]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22–25. 22. Elytra. 23. Puncture in elytral interstria. 24. Scales on elytral stria. 25. Wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119680/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
); stria covered in scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F873445FF9BAFB5E1827" box="[1122,1207,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1047,1071]" captionTargetBox="[241,1427,181,1022]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[159,1427,181,1023]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22–25. 22. Elytra. 23. Puncture in elytral interstria. 24. Scales on elytral stria. 25. Wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119680/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). Scale color pattern variable by species and individual; straight, erect setae or more elongate scales arranged in rows along mid region of stria, longitudinally placed at every third interstrial puncture; interval X produced along apical ⅓ of elytra. Wings fully developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F8734165F92EFE4518CB" box="[344,428,1698,1725]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1047,1071]" captionTargetBox="[241,1427,181,1022]" captionTargetId="figure-20@6.[159,1427,181,1023]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22–25. 22. Elytra. 23. Puncture in elytral interstria. 24. Scales on elytral stria. 25. Wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119680" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119680/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
), 2.0X length of elytra, in repose folded inward at middle of anterior edge by sclerotized elbow, poorly veined. Genitalia with spiculum gastrale apodeme longer than pedon and aedeagus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F87344E9F94AFACF1897" box="[1236,1318,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURES 26–28" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1736,1760]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,1101,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-42@6.[157,1429,1101,1713]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 26–28. 26. Abdominal ventrites. 27. Spiculum gastrale. 28. Tegmen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119682/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
), thin with hooked anterior end; hook turning 90°, reaching ⅓ length of pedon; laminae on apical ⅛ of pedon, abruptly widen- ing out from apex, bearing single blunt sclerotized projection on each side near tip; tegmen apodeme shorter than those of aedeagus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE7F873414FF8BEFE2E193B" box="[370,455,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 26–28" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1736,1760]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,1101,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-42@6.[157,1429,1101,1713]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 26–28. 26. Abdominal ventrites. 27. Spiculum gastrale. 28. Tegmen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119682" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119682/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="504">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
), blunt-tipped; posterior ring thin, unarmed; aedeagus pedon length to width ratio 6:1; anteroventral margin weakly sclerotized, mesally curved; lateral margins curved ending in lengthened point covered by long fine setae; ostium elongate, ovate, highly arcuate, laterally emarginated, terminating in abrupt narrow point with slight ventral curvature; apodemes subequal pedon, partially embedded in lateral folds of pedon, sclerotized throughout, forming into wide paddles anteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4970DAFFE0F87440AAFCACFDF21D2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119672" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119672" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119672/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" startId="4.[151,264,801,825]" targetBox="[164,1424,181,777]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE0F87440AAFCACFDF21D2B" blockId="4.[151,1436,801,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F87440AAFCACFED51D4F" bold="true" box="[151,316,801,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">FIGURES 6–9.</emphasis>
|
||
Elytral Scales. 6.
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F87441C1FCACFD311D4F" box="[508,728,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F87441C1FCACFD3D1D4F" baseAuthorityName="Couper" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[508,724,801,825]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">Pachyrhinus elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
7.
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F87442C7FCACFBEB1D4F" box="[762,1026,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F87442C7FCACFC171D4F" baseAuthorityName="Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[762,1022,801,825]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicus">Pachyrhinus californicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
8.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F8744418FCACFAE81D4F" authorityName="The" baseAuthorityName="Casey" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[1061,1281,801,825]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F8744418FCACFAE81D4F" box="[1061,1281,801,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Pachyrhinus cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
scale. 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F8744558FCACFDFE1D2B" authority="Gyllenhall 1834" authorityName="Gyllenhall" authorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polydrusus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F8744558FCACFE801D2B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Polydrusus impressifrons</emphasis>
|
||
Gyllenhall 1834
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4970DAFFE0F87440AAF95CFC52197B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119674" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119674" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119674/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" startId="4.[151,264,1745,1769]" targetBox="[165,1422,885,1717]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE0F87440AAF95CFC52197B" blockId="4.[151,1436,1745,1805]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F87440AAF95CFEB1189F" bold="true" box="[151,344,1745,1769]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">FIGURES 10–15.</emphasis>
|
||
Elytral Vestiture. 10.
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F874427EF95CFCC8189F" box="[579,801,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F874427EF95CFCF4189F" baseAuthorityName="Couper" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[579,797,1745,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">Pachyrhinus elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
11.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F874436FF95CFBBC189F" baseAuthorityName="Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[850,1109,1745,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F874436FF95CFBBC189F" box="[850,1109,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Pachyrhinus californicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 12.
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F87444B3F95CFA9D189F" box="[1166,1396,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F87444B3F95CFA99189F" authorityName="The" baseAuthorityName="Casey" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[1166,1392,1745,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinereus">Pachyrhinus cinereus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
13.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F87440AAF978FE49197B" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[151,416,1781,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamulosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F87440AAF978FE49197B" box="[151,416,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Pachyrhinus squamulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 14.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F87441EEF978FD5E197B" baseAuthorityName="Desbrochers" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[467,695,1781,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lethierryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F87441EEF978FD5E197B" box="[467,695,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Pachyrhinus lethierryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 15.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE0F87442D7F978FC5C197B" baseAuthorityName="Schaller" baseAuthorityYear="1783" box="[746,949,1781,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polydrusus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE0F87442D7F978FC5C197B" box="[746,949,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Polydrusus sericeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE0F87540FAF8B6FF561F37" blockId="4.[151,1437,1851,2022]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,321]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
|
||
Female.Generally similar to male except length 5.0–10.0 mm, average
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE8DB7FFE0F874443AF8B6FB8A1920" box="[1031,1123,1851,1878]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, same proportions as male except where noted below; protibia straight with gentle sloping arch extending from ⅔ along tibia to outer apical angle, otherwise same as male; abdominal ventrite II expanded to length of ventrites III and IV combined (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE0F8744501F80EFA6619EB" box="[1340,1423,1923,1949]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–32" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,1030,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-425@7.[156,1432,1029,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 29–32. 29. Female protibia. 30. Female abdominal ventrites. 31. Eighth sternite. 32. Ovipositor." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119684/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
), other features identical; sternum VIII with spiculum ventral long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE0F8744345F82AFC2319B7" box="[888,970,1959,1985]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–32" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,1030,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-425@7.[156,1432,1029,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 29–32. 29. Female protibia. 30. Female abdominal ventrites. 31. Eighth sternite. 32. Ovipositor." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119684/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
), elongate; lamina triangular, arms entire, weakly sclerotized. Anterior margin significantly curved; lateral margins elongate, converging into blunt point at posterior; apical point and lateral margins bearing relatively long fine setae; ovipositor with coxites heavily sclerotized throughout (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D3CD7FFE1F875415EFF36FE501EA3" box="[355,441,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–32" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,1030,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-425@7.[156,1432,1029,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 29–32. 29. Female protibia. 30. Female abdominal ventrites. 31. Eighth sternite. 32. Ovipositor." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119684" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119684/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
), only marginally longer than wide, bearing sparse fine setae along edge; two; bearing small styli near end of distal coxites; spermatheca variable in size, comma or C shaped, apically sclerotized with small projection perpendicular to ramus; ramus subconical; cornu short, tightly to loosely recurved, subcylindrical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF4970DAFFE1F87540AAFAF1FCBB1BCF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119676" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119676" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119676/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="506" startId="5.[151,264,1404,1428]" targetBox="[176,1420,345,1378]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE1F87540AAFAF1FCBB1BCF" blockId="5.[151,1437,1404,1465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE1F87540AAFAF1FEBD1BE2" bold="true" box="[151,340,1404,1428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">FIGURES 16–19.</emphasis>
|
||
16. Mandibles showing scars at deciduous process attachment point. 17. Mandibles with deciduous process. 18. Oral cavity with maxillae and labium. 19. Antennae, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4970DAFFE1F87540AAF806FD4319D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119678" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119678" box="[151,682,1931,1955]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119678/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="506" startId="5.[151,264,1931,1955]" targetBox="[160,1428,1492,1906]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE1F87540AAF806FD4319D5" blockId="5.[151,682,1931,1955]" box="[151,682,1931,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE1F87540AAF806FEBD19D5" bold="true" box="[151,340,1931,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">FIGURES 20–21.</emphasis>
|
||
20. Scutellum. 21. Male protibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4970DAFFE2F87640AAFB9AFB601A59" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119680" box="[151,1161,1047,1071]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119680/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" startId="6.[151,264,1047,1071]" targetBox="[241,1427,181,1022]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE2F87640AAFB9AFB601A59" blockId="6.[151,1161,1047,1071]" box="[151,1161,1047,1071]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE2F87640AAFB9AFEBD1A59" bold="true" box="[151,340,1047,1071]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">FIGURES 22–25.</emphasis>
|
||
22. Elytra. 23. Puncture in elytral interstria. 24. Scales on elytral stria. 25. Wing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4970DAFFE2F87640AAF945FC2B1897" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119682" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5119682" box="[151,962,1736,1761]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5119682/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" startId="6.[151,264,1736,1760]" targetBox="[157,1429,1101,1708]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE2F87640AAF945FC2B1897" blockId="6.[151,962,1736,1761]" box="[151,962,1736,1761]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE2F87640AAF945FEBD1897" bold="true" box="[151,340,1736,1761]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">FIGURES 26–28.</emphasis>
|
||
26. Abdominal ventrites. 27.
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE2F87642BFF944FD661896" box="[642,655,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">S</emphasis>
|
||
piculum gastrale. 28. Tegmen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C73D9FFE2F87740FAF882FDA71EA3" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="508" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE2F87740FAF882FDA71EA3" blockId="6.[151,1437,1807,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="508" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE2F87640FAF882FE88195F" bold="true" box="[199,353,1807,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE2F876415BF882FDA3195F" box="[358,586,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE2F876415BF882FE1A195F" box="[358,499,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are common in pine forests in the temperate Palearctic and Nearctic regions. In the Nearctic they are distributed from New Brunswick west to British Columbia south to Baja
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F2EEB0FFE2F87644C4F8BEFA82193B" box="[1273,1387,1843,1869]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F2EEB0FFE2F87640AAF8DAFF181907" box="[151,241,1879,1905]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the west. In the east their range reaches as far south as
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F2EEB0FFE2F87643B0F8DAFC081907" box="[909,993,1879,1905]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F2EEB0FFE2F8764427F8DAFB461907" box="[1050,1199,1879,1905]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE2F87644FDF8DAFF3D19E3" author="Bright, D. E. & Bouchard, P." pageId="6" pageNumber="507" refId="ref21510" refString="Bright, D. E. & Bouchard, P. (2008) Insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 25. Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae. The Weevils of Canada and Alaska. Vol. 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, 327 pp." type="book" year="2008">Bright & Bouchard 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). No species are present in the southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32160C2FFE2F87642FCF8F6FCB319E3" box="[705,858,1915,1941]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In the Palearctic,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE2F8764415F8F6FAE419E3" box="[1064,1293,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE2F8764415F8F6FB5C19E3" box="[1064,1205,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are found as far north as southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32160C2FFE2F87641BAF812FE3C19CF" box="[391,469,1951,1977]" name="Poland" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32160C2FFE2F8764276F812FD4119CF" box="[587,680,1951,1977]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">England</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32160C2FFE2F87642F0F812FCE419CF" box="[717,781,1951,1977]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE2F8764321F812FC2D19CF" author="Yunakov, N. N." box="[796,964,1951,1977]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" refId="ref22749" refString="Yunakov, N. N. (2013) Tribe Polydrusini. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 8. Curculionidae II. Brill, Leiden, pp. 364 - 375." type="book" year="2013">Yunakov 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE2F87643F2F812FB0E19CC" author="Kono, H. & Morimoto, K." box="[975,1255,1951,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" pagination="71 - 87" refId="ref22372" refString="Kono, H. & Morimoto, K. (1960) Curculionidae from Shanshi, North China. (Coleoptera). Mushi, 34, 71 - 87." type="journal article" year="1960">Kono & Morimoto 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They are most diverse in the Western Mediterranean, reaching as far south as the Atlas Mountains in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32160C2FFE2F8764477F84EFB5B19AB" box="[1098,1202,1987,2013]" name="Morocco" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32160C2FFE2F8764486F84EFAFB19AB" box="[1211,1298,1987,2013]" name="Algeria" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32160C2FFE2F8764574F84EFA7519AB" box="[1353,1436,1987,2013]" name="Tunisia" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Hustache 1946, Hoffman 1961). Nearctic species are associated with species of pines but may also be found on Douglas fir (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE3F8774119FF36FDAB1EA3" author="Bright, D. E. & Bouchard, P." box="[292,578,187,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refId="ref21510" refString="Bright, D. E. & Bouchard, P. (2008) Insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 25. Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae. The Weevils of Canada and Alaska. Vol. 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, 327 pp." type="book" year="2008">Bright & Bouchard 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32C73D9FFE3F87740FAFF53FE9E1D9B" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE3F87740FAFF53FB621F80" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE3F87740FAFF53FECE1E8E" bold="true" box="[199,295,222,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Despite being a potential pest on economically important hosts, the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE3F8774493FF52FAD21E8F" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[1198,1339,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE3F8774493FF52FAD21E8F" box="[1198,1339,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains little studied. The damage they cause the host plant is apparently not permanent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE3F877442AFE8EFACA1F6B" author="Furniss, R. L. & Carolin, V. M." box="[1047,1315,259,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refId="ref21828" refString="Furniss, R. L. & Carolin, V. M. (1977) Western forest insects. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D. C., 654 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 131875" type="book" year="1977">Furniss & Carolin 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE3F877450BFE8EFEAB1F34" author="Jensen, G. L. & Koehler, C. S." pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="117 - 120" refId="ref22318" refString="Jensen, G. L. & Koehler, C. S. (1969) Biological studies of Scythropus californicus on Monterey pine in Northern California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 117 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 62.1.117" type="journal article" year="1969">Jensen & Koehler (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE3F8774227FEAAFD521F37" baseAuthorityName="Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[538,699,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE3F8774227FEAAFD521F37" box="[538,699,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">P. californicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Alameda Co.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F2EEB0FFE3F8774349FEAAFC0F1F37" box="[884,998,295,321]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
first appear in late February and can be found until early May. Maximum numbers are reached around late February to early March. The adult beetles feed on the needles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE3F8774160FEE2FE3C1FFF" box="[349,469,367,393]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE3F8774160FEE2FE741FFE" box="[349,413,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Pinus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; specifically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE3F8774253FEE2FCE61FFF" baseAuthorityName="Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[622,783,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE3F8774253FEE2FCE61FFF" box="[622,783,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">P. californicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on Monterey pine,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE3F8774410FEE2FB151FFF" authority="D. Don." authorityName="D. Don." box="[1069,1276,367,393]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE3F8774410FEE2FB721FFF" box="[1069,1179,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">P. radiata</emphasis>
|
||
D. Don.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Adult feeding results in intermittent notches along the needle’s length and causes death of the needle beyond the damaged area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE3F87740A2FE3AFEC11FA7" author="Burke, H. E." box="[159,296,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="21 - 37" refId="ref21561" refString="Burke, H. E. (1937) Important insect enemies of the Monterey pine. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting: Western Shade Tree Conference, 4, 21 - 37." type="journal article" year="1937">Burke 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Severely affected trees have a brownish appearance until the damaged needles fall off before winter. The weevils show no preference for feeding location on the tree (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE3F877434CFE56FB971F80" author="Jensen, G. L. & Koehler, C. S." box="[881,1150,475,502]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="117 - 120" refId="ref22318" refString="Jensen, G. L. & Koehler, C. S. (1969) Biological studies of Scythropus californicus on Monterey pine in Northern California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 117 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 62.1.117" type="journal article" year="1969">Jensen & Koehler 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE3F87740FAFE72FE6D1D2B" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
Female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE3F8774122FE72FE291C6F" baseAuthorityName="Horn" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[287,448,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE3F8774122FE72FE291C6F" box="[287,448,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">P. californicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
begin to produce eggs in February and continue production until the females die off (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE3F8774551FE72FE941C48" author="Jensen, G. L. & Koehler, C. S." pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="117 - 120" refId="ref22318" refString="Jensen, G. L. & Koehler, C. S. (1969) Biological studies of Scythropus californicus on Monterey pine in Northern California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 117 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 62.1.117" type="journal article" year="1969">Jensen & Koehler 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males have a shorter life span than the females resulting in a one to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D30EBDBFFE3F87744BAFDAEFB1B1C4B" box="[1159,1266,547,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" type="male">four male</specimenCount>
|
||
to female ratio by the time of the breeding season. The females may live to August and September in captivity and continue producing fertile eggs until death, even after all the males have died. Eggs are laid in an oviposition chamber constructed from three adjacent needles glued together in a bundle by a sticky exudate produced by the female. Females produce an average of 1,200 eggs distributed among an average of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D30EBDBFFE3F8774320FD3EFC8E1CBB" box="[797,871,691,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" type="egg">36 egg</specimenCount>
|
||
clusters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE3F87743ECFD3EFB351CB8" author="Jensen, G. L. & Koehler, C. S." box="[977,1244,691,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="117 - 120" refId="ref22318" refString="Jensen, G. L. & Koehler, C. S. (1969) Biological studies of Scythropus californicus on Monterey pine in Northern California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 117 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 62.1.117" type="journal article" year="1969">Jensen & Koehler 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Once the larvae hatch, they drop to the ground where they burrow into and feed on the tree’s rootlets. From laboratory reared specimens, pupation has been determined to occur in early September with adults emerging later in the month. Jensen and Koenher (1969) speculate that pupation occurs in the soil and that the weevils overwinter as adults, suggesting a two-year life cycle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B892052FFE3F87740FAFCEAFE9E1D9B" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
The feeding habits of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE3F87741C7FCEAFD6E1DF7" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[506,647,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE3F87741C7FCEAFD6E1DF7" box="[506,647,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not directly seem to cause lasting harm to the tree (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA75DA3FFE3F87744D8FCEAFF111DD3" author="Furniss, R. L. & Carolin, V. M." pageId="7" pageNumber="508" refId="ref21828" refString="Furniss, R. L. & Carolin, V. M. (1977) Western forest insects. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1339. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D. C., 654 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 131875" type="book" year="1977">Furniss & Carolin 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The attacked needles simply fall off the tree in autumn. However, larval feeding on the roots may cause more extensive damage. No studies are available that have determined the extent of the root damage caused by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C365BD1FFE3F87740AAFC5EFECD1D9B" authorityName="Schonherr" authorityYear="1823" box="[151,292,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachyrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942FC40FFE3F87740AAFC5EFECD1D9B" box="[151,292,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Pachyrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |