492 lines
62 KiB
XML
492 lines
62 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="86555F2FF255ADC9D0160297BC05B4AE">Two new species of Manerebia Staudinger from paramo habitat in the Colombian Eastern Cordillera of the Andes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Pronophilina)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DE01B553DC62F2DDFD613EA21400EF56">Mahecha-J, Oscar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DB1601A5E98A339B6882B2AD3A96AC21">Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 387, Kraków, Poland. & Instituto de Ciencias Naturales ICN / Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Modelación de Ecosistemas ECOLMOD, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Carrera 30 No. 45 - 03, Bogotá D. C., Colombia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="CA3304455EB167CFA853C99150509D92" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="46140AE515351A37CDA116F535EEAE55">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="DE7D7C2DAF466A5476C7DB09526B2F7A">Triviño, Paola</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3E97341B15B2F04686682AAEC8E40D30">Instituto de Ciencias Naturales ICN, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Carrera 30 No. 45 - 03, Bogotá D. C., Colombia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="576B096DDE4B6B3AE2FC25D3EF6A4DCC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F0865D57E32FCAEBC39BA5461358820E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6003C062E42F28C9164E783572791F57">Andrade-C, M. Gonzalo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C3F241EBD708E8804D2BF73F835A2706" type="ORCID">0000-0002-9181-4653</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="4730EE89D0533DA14C2071AD9AA19D37">Profesor Asociado, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales ICN, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Carrera 30 No. 45 - 03, Bogotá D. C., Colombia. mgandradec @ unal. edu. co; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9181 - 4653</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FF9259D21D7BEA856155FEDF5F9E93FB" type="email">mgandradec@unal.edu.co</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="92BC91B6656CD802B3675B109CBE390D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D79841F429FD9B694FBDACCD5E8B2581">Pyrcz, Tomasz W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="74D6AAB1BC5CB2DA8228968A7E7B8129" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4822-0670</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="008AF76A05E6080702A077D4FEF2953F">Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 5, 30 - 387, Kraków, Poland. & Department of Invertebrate Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 387 Kraków, Poland. tomasz. pyrcz @ uj. edu. pl; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4822 - 0670</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0B48808D829DACEF4C826CFA0272E307" type="email">tomasz.pyrcz@uj.edu.pl</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="588841E57EA02EDE1E04B721CEA91524">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="DC95E03CC1B5B432DEE67B488F34FC4A">
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<mods:date id="8DA3747D0F664979D82DCEA0C6C53C40">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E444E938C0BC4C63152DB410D5C3DE9D">2021-05-14</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="143BC011121FAA6814E1352FA0D8AB09" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="3CC07D32E4CF147D873D61AA691E9F9C">4970</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="DFCCA539F34E131EA926501EC5A8BD27" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="33AA97224425397C69D10FC7DC8EB04F">2</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B5CC1135BB64C975EFB0270B28E10BDE" type="CLB-Dataset">5895</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="90439428602321506C290A05FEB64A4C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4970.2.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C4B58F68A6E0F89E689A30C09BA10ADC" type="GBIF-Dataset">863dd458-55e0-4583-9677-8eb735037a0f</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4DCB2CEF66545C6A024781A60B7B49D5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FF728980B0724AC548CD7E23D49DF413" type="Zenodo-Dep">4761778</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="DC6987E14A75E90A58FE39F4FC66FF5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5047442" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183228193" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5047442" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC6987E14A75E90A58FE39F4FC66FF5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC6987E14A75E90A58FE39F4FC66FF5D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<subSubSection id="1CDA657C4A75E90C58FE39F4FD3DFF39" box="[151,736,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="547F36F74A75E90C58FE39F4FD3DFF39" blockId="2.[151,736,151,214]" box="[151,736,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<heading id="0F37819B4A75E90C58FE39F4FD3DFF39" bold="true" box="[151,736,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C58FE39F4FD3DFF39" bold="true" box="[151,736,151,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C58FE39F4FE01FF39" authority="Trivino" authorityName="Trivino" box="[151,476,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito">
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<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C58FE39F4FEA4FF3A" bold="true" box="[151,377,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Manerebia bernito</emphasis>
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Triviño
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</taxonomicName>
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& Mahecha-J. n. sp.
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1CDA657C4A75E90C58FE39D8FDC9FF5D" box="[151,532,187,214]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="description">
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<paragraph id="547F36F74A75E90C58FE39D8FDC9FF5D" blockId="2.[151,736,151,214]" box="[151,532,187,214]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A75E90C58FE39D8FEE4FF5D" box="[151,313,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[378,1186,358,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-104@3.[310,1278,345,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adults of the Manerebia “levana” group. A: M. bernito n. sp., holotype; B: M. bernito n. sp., allotype; C: M. levana male; D: M. levana female; E: M. clarita n. sp., holotype male; F: M. pervaga male; G: M. pervaga female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761782/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Figures 1 A, B</figureCitation>
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||
—
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||
<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A75E90C593139D8FEA7FF5D" box="[344,378,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1984,2008]" captionTargetBox="[255,1335,192,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[234,1352,181,1961]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Male genitalia. A: M. bernito n. sp., holotype; B: M. levana; C: M. clarita n. sp., holotype; D: M. pervaga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761786/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">2A</figureCitation>
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–
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<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A75E90C59E039D8FE12FF5E" box="[393,463,187,214]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1158,1182]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,181,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-21@6.[158,1430,181,1134]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitat of Manerebia bernito and Manerebia levana. A: M. bernito n. sp. female perched on Chusquea tessellata (Poaceae) plant; B: Habitat of M. bernito n. sp., Sabana El Crisol, Boyacá, 3400m.; C: M. levana female perched on C. tessellata: Photo: Pinzón-P, N.; D: Habitat of M. levana, the Monas paramo near to Guasca-Cundinamarca, 3320m.: Photo: Pinzón-P, N." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761788/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">3 A, B</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A75E90C5A6F39D8FDC9FF5D" box="[518,532,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1491,1515]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,186,1463]" captionTargetId="figure-21@7.[151,1437,181,1467]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Geographical distribution of the Manerebia “levana” group. Right inset shows the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761790" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761790/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">4</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1CDA657C4A75E90C58FE3860FD15FD92" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="547F36F74A75E90C58FE3860FD15FD92" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C58FE3860FE5AFE95" bold="true" box="[151,391,259,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Material examined:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="E4A83CAA4A75E90C59FA3860FAFFFEC9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3312305303" collectingDate="2017-11-10" collectorName="Sabana El Crisol" country="Colombia" latitude="5.749417" location="Boyaca" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.581085" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Boyaca" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C59FA3860FE26FE96" bold="true" box="[403,507,259,286]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<typeStatus id="8B7B88554A75E90C59FA3860FE26FE96" box="[403,507,259,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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||
:
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<collectingCountry id="2CD776674A75E90C5A673860FD75FE95" box="[526,680,259,285]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
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:
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, Pisba, Vda. Miraflores,
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<collectorName id="F93553214A75E90C5C5F3860FB20FE95" box="[1078,1277,259,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Sabana El Crisol</collectorName>
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, 3174 msnm,
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<geoCoordinate id="31F450304A75E90C58FE3844FEE3FECA" box="[151,318,295,322]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="1" seconds="57.9" value="5.749417">5°44’57.9’’ N</geoCoordinate>
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, -
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<geoCoordinate id="31F450304A75E90C59353844FDDBFECA" box="[348,518,295,322]" degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="1" seconds="51.9" value="-72.581085">72°34’51.9’’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="207E10374A75E90C5A753844FD43FEC9" box="[540,670,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2017-11-10">
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<collectingDate id="303AE9DF4A75E90C5A753844FD43FEC9" box="[540,670,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2017-11-10">10.XI.2017</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, P. Triviño-C leg., PTC 1978, ICN-MHN-L 42687
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="E4A83CAA4A75E90C5D5E3844FC8FFE02" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3312305302" collectingDate="2017-11-11" collectorName="Sabana El Crisol" country="Colombia" latitude="5.748342" location="Boyaca" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.5797" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Boyaca" typeStatus="allotype">
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<typeStatus id="8B7B88554A75E90C5D5E3844FA49FEC9" box="[1335,1428,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<collectingCountry id="2CD776674A75E90C58FE3828FEECFEED" box="[151,305,331,357]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="9604F8154A75E90C59293828FE4AFEED" box="[320,407,331,357]" country="Colombia" name="Boyaca" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Boyacá</collectingRegion>
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, Pisba, Vda. Miraflores,
|
||
<collectorName id="F93553214A75E90C5AA83828FC57FEED" box="[705,906,331,357]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Sabana El Crisol</collectorName>
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, 3013 msnm,
|
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<geoCoordinate id="31F450304A75E90C5C5C3828FB0BFEEE" box="[1077,1238,331,358]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="1" seconds="54.03" value="5.748342">5°44’54.03 N</geoCoordinate>
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, -
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<geoCoordinate id="31F450304A75E90C5C873828FA45FEED" box="[1262,1432,331,357]" degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="1" seconds="46.9" value="-72.5797">72°34’46.9’’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="207E10374A75E90C58FE380CFEC5FE01" box="[151,280,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2017-11-11">
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<collectingDate id="303AE9DF4A75E90C58FE380CFEC5FE01" box="[151,280,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2017-11-11">11.XI.2017</collectingDate>
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</date>
|
||
, P. Triviño-C leg., PTC 1999, ICN-MHN-L 39584
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
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.
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<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B35380CFB96FE01" bold="true" box="[860,1099,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B35380CFC13FE01" bold="true" box="[860,974,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
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<typeStatus id="8B7B88554A75E90C5B35380CFC13FE01" box="[860,974,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
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</emphasis>
|
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(
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<specimenCount id="42C6FD7E4A75E90C5BB7380CFBE3FE01" box="[990,1086,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
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):
|
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</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E4A83CAA4A75E90C5C3B380CFE22FE59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3312305306" collectingDate="2017-11-11" collectorName="Sabana El Crisol" country="Colombia" latitude="5.7500005" location="Boyaca" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="-72.58089" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Boyaca" typeStatus="paratype">
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<collectingCountry id="2CD776674A75E90C5C3B380CFB31FE01" box="[1106,1260,367,393]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="9604F8154A75E90C5C9F380CFA90FE01" box="[1270,1357,367,393]" country="Colombia" name="Boyaca" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Boyacá</collectingRegion>
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, Pisba, Vda. Miraflores,
|
||
<collectorName id="F93553214A75E90C593438F0FDFCFE25" box="[349,545,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Sabana El Crisol</collectorName>
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, 3086 msnm,
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,-
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="31F450304A75E90C5B2638F0FC20FE26" box="[847,1021,403,430]" degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="1" seconds="51.2" value="-72.58089">72°34’51.2’’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="207E10374A75E90C5C6238F0FB51FE25" box="[1035,1164,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2017-11-11">
|
||
<collectingDate id="303AE9DF4A75E90C5C6238F0FB51FE25" box="[1035,1164,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2017-11-11">11.XI.2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, P. Triviño-C leg., PTC 1994-018, ICN-MHN-L 42686
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="E4A83CAA4A75E90C5A6738D4FD19FD92" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3312305301" collectingDate="2017-11-11" collectorName="Sabana El Crisol" country="Colombia" latitude="5.748342" location="Boyaca" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.5797" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Boyaca" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2CD776674A75E90C5A6738D4FD75FE59" box="[526,680,439,465]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="9604F8154A75E90C5ADE38D4FCD3FE59" box="[695,782,439,465]" country="Colombia" name="Boyaca" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Boyacá</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Pisba, Vda. Miraflores,
|
||
<collectorName id="F93553214A75E90C5C5F38D4FB20FE59" box="[1078,1277,439,465]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Sabana El Crisol</collectorName>
|
||
, 3013 msnm,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="31F450304A75E90C58FE38B8FEECFE7E" box="[151,305,475,502]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="1" seconds="54.03" value="5.748342">5°44’54.03 N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, -
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="31F450304A75E90C592A38B8FE30FE7D" box="[323,493,475,501]" degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="1" seconds="46.9" value="-72.5797">72°34’46.9’’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="207E10374A75E90C599E38B8FDA5FE7D" box="[503,632,475,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2017-11-11">
|
||
<collectingDate id="303AE9DF4A75E90C599E38B8FDA5FE7D" box="[503,632,475,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2017-11-11">11.XI.2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, P. Triviño-C leg., PTC 2000, ICN-MHN-L 39587; the same last locality, P. Triviño-C leg., PTC 1991, ICN-MHN-L 39585
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1CDA657C4A75E90C58AE3B40FBB3FC65" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="547F36F74A75E90C58AE3B40FBB3FC65" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C58AE3B40FE99FDB5" bold="true" box="[199,324,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C59253B47FE1EFDB5" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[332,451,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C59253B47FE1EFDB5" box="[332,451,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C59A23B40FDD6FDB5" bold="true" box="[459,523,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C59A23B40FDD6FDB5" box="[459,523,547,573]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is in many aspects similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5B363B47FC0DFDB5" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[863,976,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B363B47FC0DFDB5" box="[863,976,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The male and female have submarginal small ocelli only in the VFW-VHW (between Cu2-A1 veins), but the ocelli of the females are just bigger than of the male. In the males, the ocelli are reduced to black dots.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5B613B0FFCA3FD0D" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[776,894,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B613B0FFCA3FD0D" box="[776,894,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5BEC3B08FC19FD0D" bold="true" box="[901,964,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C5BEC3B08FC19FD0D" box="[901,964,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5C273B0FFB63FD0D" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1102,1214,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5C273B0FFB63FD0D" box="[1102,1214,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the submarginal ocelli in the DFW-DHW and VFW-VHW of both sexes bigger than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5BED3BF3FC24FD21" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[900,1017,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5BED3BF3FC24FD21" box="[900,1017,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B963BECFBE1FD21" bold="true" box="[1023,1084,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C5B963BECFBE1FD21" box="[1023,1084,655,681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The wing pattern of both sexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C58DF3BD7FEF3FD45" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[182,302,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C58DF3BD7FEF3FD45" box="[182,302,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C595C3BD0FEA8FD45" bold="true" box="[309,373,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C595C3BD0FEA8FD45" box="[309,373,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5A623BD7FDA0FD45" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[523,637,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarita" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5A623BD7FDA0FD45" box="[523,637,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. clarita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5AED3BD0FD19FD45" bold="true" box="[644,708,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C5AED3BD0FD19FD45" box="[644,708,691,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(see below),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5B373BD7FC12FD45" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[862,975,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B373BD7FC12FD45" box="[862,975,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5CCD3BD7FAFAFD45" authorityName="Pyrcz & Viloria" authorityYear="2006" box="[1188,1319,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pervaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5CCD3BD7FAFAFD45" box="[1188,1319,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. pervaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C58FE3BBBFED0FD79" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,269,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C58FE3BBBFED0FD79" box="[151,269,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C597A3BB4FE8CFD79" bold="true" box="[275,337,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C597A3BB4FE8CFD79" box="[275,337,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has a wider postdiscal yellow-brown line on the Cu1 vein than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5C7D3BBBFB59FD79" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[1044,1156,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarita" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5C7D3BBBFB59FD79" box="[1044,1156,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. clarita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5CE33BB4FB15FD79" bold="true" box="[1162,1224,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C5CE33BB4FB15FD79" box="[1162,1224,727,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5CBC3BBBFA98FD79" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1237,1349,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5CBC3BBBFA98FD79" box="[1237,1349,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C596E3B9FFE55FC9D" authorityName="Pyrcz & Viloria" authorityYear="2006" box="[263,392,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pervaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C596E3B9FFE55FC9D" box="[263,392,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. pervaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both sexes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5A583B9FFD7AFC9D" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[561,679,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5A583B9FFD7AFC9D" box="[561,679,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5AC43B98FD36FC9D" bold="true" box="[685,747,763,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C5AC43B98FD36FC9D" box="[685,747,763,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are darker brown in discal cell, the postdiscal dark yellowishbrown line is composed of lunular streaks incurved basally in cells M1-M2 to A1-Cu2, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5CDE3A43FAFBFCB1" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1207,1318,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5CDE3A43FAFBFCB1" box="[1207,1318,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the VHW postdiscal band is yellowish-orange, indistinct, oblique and marked at its distal edge by a thin, dentate and dark brown line, dividing the wing into a yellowish-orange area basally and a chestnut area distally, and in the female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C58FE3AEFFEC4FC2D" authorityName="Pyrcz & Viloria" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,281,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pervaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C58FE3AEFFEC4FC2D" box="[151,281,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. pervaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the VHW is greyish brown, darker brown on the discal cell, and the postdiscal dark yellowish-brown line is composed of lunular streaks incurved basally in cells M1-M2 to A1-Cu2, approximately parallel to distal margin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30514B064A75E90C589C3AB0FE64FC66" author="Pyrcz, T. W. & Willmott, K. R. & Hall, J. P. W. & Viloria, A. L." box="[245,441,979,1006]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" pagination="37 - 79" refId="ref6167" refString="Pyrcz, T. W., Willmott, K. R., Hall, J. P. W. & Viloria, A. L. (2006) A review of the genus Manerebia Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in the northern Andes. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 39 (2000), 37 - 79." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Pyrcz
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C59543AB7FEA8FC65" box="[317,373,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additional differences are found in male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A75E90C5C6E3AB0FBBCFC65" box="[1031,1121,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1984,2008]" captionTargetBox="[255,1335,192,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[234,1352,181,1961]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Male genitalia. A: M. bernito n. sp., holotype; B: M. levana; C: M. clarita n. sp., holotype; D: M. pervaga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761786/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1CDA657C4A75E90D58AE3A94FC5FFF5D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="547F36F74A75E90D58AE3A94FC5FFF5D" blockId="2.[151,1437,259,2014]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,321]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C58AE3A94FE8CFB99" bold="true" box="[199,337,1015,1041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Description</emphasis>
|
||
: MALE (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A75E90C59AB3A94FDC0FB99" box="[450,541,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[378,1186,358,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-104@3.[310,1278,345,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adults of the Manerebia “levana” group. A: M. bernito n. sp., holotype; B: M. bernito n. sp., allotype; C: M. levana male; D: M. levana female; E: M. clarita n. sp., holotype male; F: M. pervaga male; G: M. pervaga female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761782/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5A5A3A94FDA4FB99" box="[563,633,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
antennae ventrally white with yellow brownish clubs, dorsally brown; eyes dark with yellow-brown hairs covering the back base of the eye; labial palp two times longer than head and dorsally covered with abundant yellow-brown and ventrally yellow scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B933D5CFB89FBD1" box="[1018,1108,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
dorsally black covered with golden hairy scales, which that cover the patagium, tegulae, and prothorax, ventrally brown; legs dorsally white with short red spines on the tarsus, ventrally of white color to the last three tarsi, and the latter in turn have many short spines of silver color.
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C59A13DC8FDE6FB4D" box="[456,571,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
dorsally brown, hairy, ventrally densely hairy, first abdominal segment white, median segments yellow-brown and last segments light brown.
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B0D3DB3FC6CFB61" box="[868,945,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Wings:</emphasis>
|
||
Forewing rounded triangular (length: 18.4- 19.2mm; mean: 19.6mm; n=5), hindwing rounded, tornus rounded; anal margin very slightly excavated near the angle; dorsal surface of both wings hairy in basal half and along anal margin. Dorsal surface ground color coffeebrown. DFW uniformly brown, large-sized androconial patch uniforms until to the submarginal area, completely covering the discal cell. VFW ground color brown, slightly darker at the base, costal margin lighter, it presents a thin orange-brown band between the apical and marginal areas extending towards the costal margin of the subapical, as well as the base of the costal margin area. There are three submarginal small white points between Rs-M3 veins near to the alar margin or termen; there is a submarginal smaller ocellus in Cu2-A1cells. DHW is entirely dark brown. VHW ochreous-brown; dark brown at the base of discal cell; with a thin red-brown band that begins from upper part of the basal area in the discal cell bordering the entire median, post-median, terminal, tornal, and coming back again to down part of the basal zone of discal cell, located between the Rs-A1 veins, but in some specimens, this line is not as pronounced; a thick yellowish-brown band from the base of the discal cell to CuA1 vein extending to the terminal zone; a very fine line is presents from postdiscal to submarginal area yellow-brown in the Cu2 vein, and a thicker line from discal to submarginal area yellow-brown at the beginning of the A1vein extends to the tornal-terminal part, decreasing its color and hue. These postdsical lines are ‘V’-shaped in cells CuA1 to A1 and approximately parallel to the distal marginal, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5A363F8FFD0DF88D" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[607,720,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5A363F8FFD0DF88D" box="[607,720,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5AB43F8FFC82F88D" authorityName="Pyrcz & Viloria" authorityYear="2006" box="[733,863,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pervaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5AB43F8FFC82F88D" box="[733,863,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. pervaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5B803F8FFB84F88D" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[1001,1113,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarita" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B803F8FFB84F88D" box="[1001,1113,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. clarita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5C093F88FB42F88D" bold="true" box="[1120,1183,1771,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C5C093F88FB42F88D" box="[1120,1183,1771,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; a band orange-brown to long of costal margin is presents; there is a submarginal smaller ocellus in CuA2-A1cells.
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5CD03E6CFA82F8A1" box="[1209,1375,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A75E90C5D063E6CFF63F8C5" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1984,2008]" captionTargetBox="[255,1335,192,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[234,1352,181,1961]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Male genitalia. A: M. bernito n. sp., holotype; B: M. levana; C: M. clarita n. sp., holotype; D: M. pervaga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761786/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
): Uncus long and arched with length similar to tegumen; at distal tip to valva with ‘five teeth’, which are very near it one to each other, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5A433E3BFD46F8F9" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[554,667,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5A433E3BFD46F8F9" box="[554,667,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A75E90C5AC23E34FCD9F8F9" box="[683,772,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1984,2008]" captionTargetBox="[255,1335,192,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[234,1352,181,1961]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Male genitalia. A: M. bernito n. sp., holotype; B: M. levana; C: M. clarita n. sp., holotype; D: M. pervaga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761786/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
); with many hairs along to the valva, extending anteriorly; aedeagus´s length like the valva, elongate similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5A9E3E1FFCB7F81D" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[759,874,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5A9E3E1FFCB7F81D" box="[759,874,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5B133E1FFC30F81D" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[890,1005,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarita" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B133E1FFC30F81D" box="[890,1005,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. clarita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5B9F3E18FBEAF81D" bold="true" box="[1014,1079,1915,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C5B9F3E18FBEAF81D" box="[1014,1079,1915,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5C133E1FFB23F81D" authorityName="Pyrcz & Viloria" authorityYear="2006" box="[1146,1278,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pervaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5C133E1FFB23F81D" box="[1146,1278,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. pervaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A75E90C5D793E18FA4DF81D" box="[1296,1424,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1984,2008]" captionTargetBox="[255,1335,192,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-21@5.[234,1352,181,1961]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Male genitalia. A: M. bernito n. sp., holotype; B: M. levana; C: M. clarita n. sp., holotype; D: M. pervaga." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761786/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Fig. 2A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
); with two dorso-lateral patches of spines in middle of posterior section but in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5C713EC3FB4FF831" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[1048,1170,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5C713EC3FB4FF831" box="[1048,1170,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5CF23EFCFB00F831" bold="true" box="[1179,1245,1951,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C5CF23EFCFB00F831" box="[1179,1245,1951,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
these spines are smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C59413EA7FE44F855" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[296,409,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarita" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C59413EA7FE44F855" box="[296,409,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. clarita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C59C93EA0FE02F855" bold="true" box="[416,479,1987,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A75E90C59C93EA0FE02F855" box="[416,479,1987,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5A743EA7FD43F855" authorityName="Pyrcz & Viloria" authorityYear="2006" box="[541,670,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pervaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5A743EA7FD43F855" box="[541,670,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. pervaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
although similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A75E90C5BE93EA7FC2CF855" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[896,1009,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A75E90C5BE93EA7FC2CF855" box="[896,1009,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the apical part of the aedeagus of the subsequent process is rounded in shape; saccus long. FEMALE (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A74E90D5B0039F4FC62FF39" box="[873,959,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[378,1186,358,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-104@3.[310,1278,345,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Adults of the Manerebia “levana” group. A: M. bernito n. sp., holotype; B: M. bernito n. sp., allotype; C: M. levana male; D: M. levana female; E: M. clarita n. sp., holotype male; F: M. pervaga male; G: M. pervaga female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761782/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
): it is a little big than a male, similar to the wing-color patterns to males. Female genitalia were not examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1CDA657C4A74E90D58AE39BCFBCBFEC9" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="547F36F74A74E90D58AE39BCFBCBFEC9" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,321]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D58AE39BCFE95FF71" bold="true" box="[199,328,223,249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. This species is dedicated to the second author’s grandfather: Bernabé Cruz, who bequeathed her his love for nature, the respect and deep admiration for the role of women in the society, the territory defense, his love for trees, wood, and the service to the community;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5AB83844FCFFFEC9" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[721,802,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5AB83844FCFFFEC9" box="[721,802,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is used in apposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="00BF667F4A74E90D58FE3F50FAF8F9F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4761782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761782/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" startId="3.[151,250,1587,1611]" targetBox="[378,1186,358,1551]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="547F36F74A74E90D58FE3F50FAF8F9F8" blockId="3.[151,1437,1587,1648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D58FE3F50FED2F9C3" bold="true" box="[151,271,1587,1611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||
. Adults of the
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D59C73F57FD59F9C4" box="[430,644,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D59C73F57FDC1F9C4" authorityName="Staudinger" authorityYear="1897" box="[430,540,1588,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Manerebia</taxonomicName>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5A453F57FDA0F9C4" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[556,637,1588,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">levana</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
group. A:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5A9E3F57FCB9F9C4" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[759,868,1588,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5A9E3F57FCB9F9C4" box="[759,868,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A74E90D5B043F57FC75F9C3" box="[877,936,1588,1612]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5B043F57FC7FF9C4" bold="true" box="[877,930,1588,1612]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">n. sp</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype; B:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5C563F57FB71F9C4" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[1087,1196,1588,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5C563F57FB71F9C4" box="[1087,1196,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A74E90D5CDC3F57FB2DF9C3" box="[1205,1264,1588,1612]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5CDC3F57FB37F9C4" bold="true" box="[1205,1258,1588,1612]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">n. sp</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, allotype; C:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5DE83F57FF06F9F8" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5DE83F57FF06F9F8" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male; D:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D59563F3BFE78F9F8" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[319,421,1624,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D59563F3BFE78F9F8" box="[319,421,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female; E:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5A733F3BFD5DF9F8" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[538,640,1624,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarita" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5A733F3BFD5DF9F8" box="[538,640,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. clarita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5AEF3F3BFD62F9F8" bold="true" box="[646,703,1624,1648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A74E90D5AEF3F3BFD62F9F8" box="[646,703,1624,1648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, holotype male; F:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5BED3F3BFC24F9E7" authorityName="Pyrcz & Viloria" authorityYear="2006" box="[900,1017,1624,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pervaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5BED3F3BFC24F9E7" box="[900,1017,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. pervaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male; G:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5C373F3BFB0EF9E7" authorityName="Pyrcz & Viloria" authorityYear="2006" box="[1118,1235,1624,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pervaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5C373F3BFB0EF9E7" box="[1118,1235,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. pervaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1CDA657C4A74E90A58AE3FFDFC66FF5D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="297" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="547F36F74A74E90A58AE3FFDFC66FF5D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1694,2008]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="297" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D58AE3FFDFEE0F930" bold="true" box="[199,317,1694,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
This species is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5A333FFCFD14F930" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[602,713,1694,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5A333FFCFD14F930" box="[602,713,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5ABF3FFCFC8BF930" authorityName="Pyrcz & Viloria" authorityYear="2006" box="[726,854,1695,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pervaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5ABF3FFCFC8BF930" box="[726,854,1695,1720]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. pervaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5BE33FFCFC27F930" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[906,1018,1694,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarita" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5BE33FFCFC27F930" box="[906,1018,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. clarita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A74E90D5B963FFDFBE0F930" box="[1023,1085,1694,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5B963FFDFBEBF930" bold="true" box="[1023,1078,1694,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">n. sp</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5C2A3FFCFB64F930" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[1091,1209,1694,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5C2A3FFCFB64F930" box="[1091,1209,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5CD63FFDFB21F930" bold="true" box="[1215,1276,1694,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A74E90D5CD63FFDFB21F930" box="[1215,1276,1694,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
presents valid taxonomic characters at the species level, such as the male genitalia and the wing pattern which allows differentiate it from other species. Nevertheless, a molecular analysis should be done to recognize their phylogenetic relationships between them.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D592C3E68FE61F8AC" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[325,444,1802,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D592C3E68FE61F8AC" box="[325,444,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D59AC3E69FDD8F8AC" bold="true" box="[453,517,1802,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A74E90D59AC3E69FDD8F8AC" box="[453,517,1802,1828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was found flying in the paramo over
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5BDE3E69FB47F8AC" box="[951,1178,1802,1828]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chusquea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tessellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5BDE3E69FB47F8AC" box="[951,1178,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">Chusquea tessellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants in a buffer area on the eastern slope in the Pisba National Natural Park (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A74E90D5B5D3E4DFC6EF8C0" box="[820,947,1838,1864]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1158,1182]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,181,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-21@6.[158,1430,181,1134]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitat of Manerebia bernito and Manerebia levana. A: M. bernito n. sp. female perched on Chusquea tessellata (Poaceae) plant; B: Habitat of M. bernito n. sp., Sabana El Crisol, Boyacá, 3400m.; C: M. levana female perched on C. tessellata: Photo: Pinzón-P, N.; D: Habitat of M. levana, the Monas paramo near to Guasca-Cundinamarca, 3320m.: Photo: Pinzón-P, N." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761788/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">Fig. 3A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D5BA23E4CFBE2F8C0" baseAuthorityName="Godman" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[971,1087,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="levana">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5BA23E4CFBE2F8C0" box="[971,1087,1838,1864]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">M. levana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been observed flying too over
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A74E90D58B83E31FE80F8E4" box="[209,349,1874,1900]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chusquea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tessellata">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D58B83E31FE80F8E4" box="[209,349,1874,1900]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">C. tessellata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Monas paramo near to Guasca-Cundinamarca (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CCFB2A724A74E90D5BA83E31FBE3F8E4" box="[961,1086,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1158,1182]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,181,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-21@6.[158,1430,181,1134]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habitat of Manerebia bernito and Manerebia levana. A: M. bernito n. sp. female perched on Chusquea tessellata (Poaceae) plant; B: Habitat of M. bernito n. sp., Sabana El Crisol, Boyacá, 3400m.; C: M. levana female perched on C. tessellata: Photo: Pinzón-P, N.; D: Habitat of M. levana, the Monas paramo near to Guasca-Cundinamarca, 3320m.: Photo: Pinzón-P, N." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4761788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4761788/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">Fig. 3C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the Pisba National Natural Park several threats to the natural habitat were identified, for example intensive grazing of livestock and frequent burning of the vegetation by the local inhabitants. The paramo of Pisba was categorized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="30514B064A74E90D5CF33EF9FAA3F83C" author="Trivino, P. M." box="[1178,1406,1946,1972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" refId="ref6507" refString="Trivino, P. M. (2017) El genero Lymanopoda (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) en ecosistemas de paramo de Colombia: un modelo para la formulacion de areas de importancia para la conservacion de las mariposas (AICMAs). Departamento de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, 395 pp." type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Triviño
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A74E90D5C9D3EF8FAF1F83C" box="[1268,1324,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a critically endangered (CR). This is in risk of ecosystem collapse, mainly due to intensive mining activity. Until now, the eastern slope of the paramo area of Pisba is the only known locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93C04D744A73E90A5C4E39F4FB43FF39" authority="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz, 2021" authorityName="Mahecha-J & Triviño & Andrade-C & Pyrcz" authorityYear="2021" box="[1063,1182,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Manerebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bernito" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A73E90A5C4E39F4FB43FF39" box="[1063,1182,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">M. bernito</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="66B4EAE54A73E90A5CCC39F4FB39FF39" bold="true" box="[1189,1252,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7D87579E4A73E90A5CCC39F4FB39FF39" box="[1189,1252,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, for that reason, conservation plans are necessary to preserve this species and its habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |