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<mods:title id="493F903674F059A6E4EE864DFA1E80FE">A new cryptic species and review of the east-Andean leaf chafer genus Mesomerodon Ohaus, 1905 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ED945A123CCCA705209C88B2B947C471">Seidel, Matthias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C6B671C91BEE3224784F038A1AA21DBB">Jameson, Mary L.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="DC4DADCDFBEC29CF273B9CB1B764D7AF" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="7904883F10414137D5D7C590CF0F55A5" ID-CoL="62Z8Y" authority="Ohaus, 1905" authorityName="Ohaus" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon Ohaus, 1905</taxonomicName>
Figs 1-6, 7-8, 9-17, 18, 19-21, 22-24, 25-27
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A75B3B67CE8795A5FF841CFF17ACCCB1" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="288E286DD6B87E1BC3AF823275D6A851" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="2F501146E6471E118623372EFDF00E56" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
Ohaus, 1905: 319. Type species
<taxonomicName id="19E6674B343DC9530A59317C298CEAF4" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
Ohaus, 1905: 320-321 (by monotypy).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D0FD85DD447F1FCD5D4C2A7BCD57ED08" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="027DC6CFEA7337D7E7C438E12A246C4E" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A4989C0F566A69E3E8B507F3E6279F87" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Length from apex of clypeus to apex of pygidium 17.0-20.0 mm (♂) and 19.0-24.0 mm (♀); width at mid-elytra 10.0-12.0 mm (♂) and 11.0-14.0 mm (♀). Color: Dorsal surface tan to ochre (cream or whitish when alive) with or without weak green reflections, ventral surface castaneous with weak metallic green or red reflections; specimens tend to darken with age. Form (Figs 1-8): Elongate oval, widest at mid-elytra, pygidium exposed beyond apices of elytra; apices rounded with one short spine or tubercle near apex (males) or swelling (females). Head: Disc of frons and clypeus in lateral view flat, clypeus with margins and apex weakly reflexed; length of clypeus to frons (ratio) 0.5-0.6: 1.0. Frons and clypeus moderately densely punctate, punctures small to moderate in size. Frontoclypeal suture weakly impressed, incomplete at middle. Eye canthus flattened, not weakly cariniform. Interocular width 2.5-3.8 transverse eye diameters. Clypeus rounded, with apex and lateral margin weakly reflexed, lacking bead; frontal view flat with short tawny setae, length (at middle) about 1/10 length of frons, disc moderately densely punctate, lacking setae. Mandible (Fig. 9) broadly rounded externally with 2 interior, acute teeth; molar region broad; mandibular apex always exposed. Labrum (Fig. 11) with apex emarginate medially, surface moderately densely punctate, punctures moderate in size, setose (setae moderately long and thick, tawny). Maxilla (Fig. 10) with 6 teeth; galea not fused, with moderately long setae. Mentum (Fig. 12) subrectangular in shape, broadest at middle, apex emarginated. Antenna with 10 antennomeres and 3-segmented club; club subequal in length to antennomeres 2-7 combined. Pronotum: Widest at base, apical angles acute, basal angles obtuse. Dorsal surface moderately densely punctate; punctures small and moderate in size. Bead complete anteriorly, laterally, and basally; setose basolaterally (setae moderately long, tawny or white). Scutellum: Parabolic, wider than long; base declivous at elytral base; dorsal surface as in pronotum. Wing (Fig. 14): Dense, thick setae present anterior to RA3+4 to apex; ScA with dense, thick setae near fold and with weak precostal pegs from near fold to base; AA1+2 shorter than AA3+4. Elytra: Surface punctate with weakly impressed striae; finely, densely rugose at apex. Punctures sparse to moderately dense, small to moderate in size, lacking setae. Sutural stria indicated by a row of punctures from base of scutellum to apex. Epipleuron from base to metacoxa with shelf and associated setae; beaded. Apex of elytra (Fig. 17) weakly rounded; elytral callus with well-defined tubercle or spine; sutural apex spiniform. Elytral sutural length about 10 times length of scutellum. Propygidium: Hidden beneath elytra. Pygidium: Subtriangular, about twice as wide as long at middle; finely, densely rugopunctate. Margins beaded with sparse, moderately long setae; setae tawny. Apex rounded. Venter (Figs 2-3): Prosternal process elongate-oval, projecting anteroventrally at about 35° with respect to ventral plane; apex produced to level of protrochanter, rounded; surface posteriorly protuberant in basal 1/4, with setaceous punctures; setae long, dense, tawny. Mesometaventral process produced anteriorly to prosternal process; apex acuminate, rounded; ventral surface weakly recurved toward apex in lateral view, lacking setae apically, with moderately dense setae basally (setae moderately dense, moderately long, tawny). Abdominal ventrites 1-4 subequal in length in male and female, ventrite 5 about 1.5-2 times the length of ventrite 4, ventrite 6 subequal in length to ventrite 4 (male) or 1.3 times length of ventrite 4 (female). Abdominal ventrites 1-4 subequal in length in male and female, ventrite 5 about 1.5-2 times the length of ventrite 4, ventrite 6 subequal in length to ventrite 4 (male) or 1.3 times length of ventrite 4 (female). Last ventrite with widest width to median length in males about 5.5:1 and in females about 4.3:1; surface smooth (male) or rugose (female). Last ventrite (male) subequal in length to ventrite 5, quadrate at subapex, subapical corners not produced, surface moderately densely punctate; region from subapex to apex less sclerotized, surface smooth. Last ventrite (female) subequal to ventrite 4, apex trapezoidal, surface rugose. In lateral view, male ventrites flat, female ventrites weakly convex. Legs: Protibia with 3 external teeth subequally separated in apical half; spur present, subapical; inner base lacking protibial notch. Protarsomere 5 of male a little longer than tarsomeres 1-4 and with well-defined ventromedial emargination (Fig. 15). Modified foreclaw of male 1.5-2 times width of unmodified claw, inner subapical tooth present, small. Foreclaws of female simple, internal claw as wide as outer claw. Unguitractor plate laterally flattened, weakly exposed beyond tarsomere 5; apex with 2 short setae. Protarsomere 2 (male) with or without striated region at ventral apex; lacking in female. Mesofemur with acute process projecting posteriorly on posterior margin (male) (Fig. 16). Mesotibia with sides subparallel, apex weakly divergent or parallel; external edge with 2 weak carinae (female), less pronounced in male; inner apex with 2 spurs; apex with 12-15 spinulae. Meso- and metatarsomere 4 apicomedially with 1 outer spinose seta and 1 inner stout spinose seta (male and female). Meso- and metatarsomere 5 with weak, triangular interomedial tooth or swelling. Outer claw of meso- and metatarsal claws slightly longer than inner claw; outer mesotarsal claw twice as wide as inner claw in males, subequal in width in females; metatarsal claws subequal in width; claws simple. Metatibia with sides subparallel, weakly divergent towards apex; external edge with 1-2 weak carinae (slightly more robust in female); inner apex with 2 spurs; inner apex with 14-26 short, stout spinulae. Metacoxal corner (female) weakly produced or square. Spiculum gastrale (Fig. 13): Weakly Y-shaped (arms ~30 degree angle), lacking associated sclerites and setae. Male genitalia (Figs 22-24): Parameres less than twice length of phallobase. Parameres fused dorsoventrally (not laterally), asymmetrical; diagnostic, species specific (Figs 22a, 23a, 24a). Ventral sclerite of phallobase asymmetrical or symmetrical, elongate (produced to apex of phallobase), apex subquadrate; diagnostic, species specific (Figs 22c, 23c, 24c). Female genitalia: Gonocoxites subtriangular to subquadrate with sparse setae; not diagnostic for species.</paragraph>
<caption id="3530BB726AFC82EEF6DED998BF4A00D8" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<paragraph id="4AAF301CF3FBBA3F74CED9BC8212A0CE" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
Figures 1-6. Dorsal and lateral habitus of
<taxonomicName id="9B8DF0C51031CB0BA778F06D308226F9" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
species. 1-3
<taxonomicName id="D5C9B0CF67AB3B94F05B46901580A654" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral view 4-5
<taxonomicName id="80BDA65E504F93FE4240C08CD2DCD4B3" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
Soula holotype male specimen and female allotype specimen 6
<taxonomicName id="01AE202E84208AC6884C06F691E690B3" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
Ohaus male non-type specimen
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0FAB3796951A83E7DDE2407EFC478A56" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<paragraph id="EB3D60E708D7079BCB59473834E42C77" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
Figures 7-8. Live specimens showing cream coloration of
<taxonomicName id="1ABEFD22E8B9CEFB7F236D9246606CD8" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
species. 7
<taxonomicName id="7A01D6391E08AAC0B83116A9BE2A43E6" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
from
<normalizedToken id="4B44ED2B1FD365EC6D2EF54A49720908" originalValue="Manú">Manu</normalizedToken>
National Park, Madre de Dios, Peru [image courtesy of Rich C. Hoyer] 8
<taxonomicName id="17D631B1DD658747751D1FB6A0F447C2" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. from Payamino Research Station, Orellana, Ecuador [image courtesy of Conrad Gillett].
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="035F6AC8233C284C5DB755C14EE0C05A" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
<paragraph id="2B54300F877B85468C082456CF1AAD4A" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
Figures 9-17. Generic characters for
<taxonomicName id="181FE0D69FB7D60AE45BE0DDB4DCBED7" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
. 9 Left mandible of
<taxonomicName id="6D14C88E81ABC99B3114DB03DDACE003" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view (broadly rounded externally with 2 interior, acute teeth; molar region broad) 10 Maxilla of
<taxonomicName id="E19ED9582A6D3663F34CB3C25A97316F" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
, ventral view (with 6 teeth; galea not fused) 11 Labrum, dorsal view, of
<taxonomicName id="733F959486A2EF79FDA6A90D623E4619" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
(apex emarginate medially) 12 Mentum, ventral view, of
<taxonomicName id="E669D4F2BE3A2A26DFFF871FEB2CD020" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
(subrectangular in shape, broadest at middle, apex emarginated) 13 Spiculum gastrale of
<taxonomicName id="B2A64B9F993CC22BF6E6BC3A1A5D2BFC" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
14 Wing of
<taxonomicName id="CA240B7BB1B3E84D7296D6B884F5433D" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
showing venation and inset showing dense, thick setae associated with ScA and setose region anterior to RA3+415 Protarsomere 5 of
<taxonomicName id="E2EC99961D7AE562F0125BDE8251104B" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
sp. n., male, showing well defined, ventromedial emargination 16 Mesofemur of
<taxonomicName id="14BA22F292F42CE7D761E272F1835E36" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
male, ventral view, showing acute process projecting posteriorly on posterior margin 17 Elytral apex of
<taxonomicName id="DE789B854BA13A13F1F39C1315319F82" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
, lateral view, showing spiniform callus
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E662D283279AF276EC25B85968D4F6F4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="natural history">
<paragraph id="C1046918F0489700E6E1C09AA2120E92" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<pageBreakToken id="2B8187879075814C7A9E09AD54EDFD2E" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" start="start">Natural</pageBreakToken>
history.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="07C9C6E8D4F18918B4EF4CB6925FCD6A" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Biology for species in the genus is not known. Adults likely feed on plant foliage, but no host has been recorded. Because adults are attracted to lights at night, it is likely that feeding occurs at night. Larvae are not described, but likely feed on compost and/or roots.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A28D28E4F3AFAB42A6ECCFE3847B650D" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="01F143BF0AF2D17D035B42C6733A7020" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="817BC74BFDF51D19EEB1AC1FD3478FB7" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
From the Greek,
<normalizedToken id="B844F789D93C38B471DF4C708C93E2B1" originalValue="“mesos”">&quot;mesos&quot;</normalizedToken>
meaning middle or in the middle,
<normalizedToken id="9A6555A30B337E961254280AFB9D4B21" originalValue="“mero”">&quot;mero&quot;</normalizedToken>
meaning femur, and
<normalizedToken id="55FCD9540D57D4B9C55C73C896AAEF7D" originalValue="“odon”">&quot;odon&quot;</normalizedToken>
meaning tooth. The name refers to the spinose process on the posterior margin of the mesofemur in males, a synapomorphy for species in the genus. The gender is neuter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="94535BB61825C5FEF9C289F8E7D5FD4F" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C6BB1B451FCEDEC080498532C07513DD" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Composition and distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="57D127EEC15A8EDBE42359729BF56F7A" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
(Fig. 18). Three species distributed on western (lowland) Amazonia from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. An erroneous record from Brazil (
<bibRefCitation id="04901DD67C0D94175E5CD273F93B94B6" author="Ohaus, F" journalOrPublisher="Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" pagination="283 - 329" title="Beitraege zur Kenntniss der amerikanischen Ruteliden." volume="66" year="1905">Ohaus 1905</bibRefCitation>
) was repeatedly cited by subsequent authors (
<bibRefCitation id="DD2163B579451C055EF4FFB8DF2D508E" author="Blackwelder, RE" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" pagination="189 - 265" title="Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America." volume="185" year="1944">Blackwelder 1944</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3D5E9A1CF74346AEB472FFA824934204" author="Ohaus, F" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum Fasc" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 172" title="Coleoptera lamellicornia, Fam. Scarabaeidae, Subfam. Rutelinae. T. 1: Tribus Rutelini" volume="199 A" year="1934">Ohaus 1934</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="41A8AAA33071E35DF4330309C1093E62" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1952</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="50FB37F4E832388CDC8269E36FEA8116" author="Machatschke, JW" journalOrPublisher="Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 361" title="Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae." volume="66" year="1972">Machatschke 1972</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="95466FC10633E7FCA9751AC42E44D83C" author="Krajcik, M" journalOrPublisher="Plzen" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" title="Animma. X. Supplement 4" volumeTitle="Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae)" year="2008">Krajcik 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="7B067F99E93F3FEA958675685CD43EC8" author="Soula, M" journalOrPublisher="AECFT, Saintry" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" title="Les coleopteres du nouveau monde. Volume 2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Pelidnotina 2. Revision des genres: Parhoplognathus, Chipita n. gen., Heteropelidnota, Homothermon, Hoplopelidnota, Mesomerodon, Mecopelidnota, Patatra n. gen. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Rutelini). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale." year="2008">Soula 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="912A2DA65A9A8A6FFEFC81C88EFA9551" author="Moore, MR" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 349" title="Synopsis of the pelidnotine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini) and annotated catalog of the species and subspecies." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.666.9191" volume="666" year="2017">Moore et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
) (see
<taxonomicName id="623556484AE12BFDEB0D3C8B4FBE6A87" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon spinipenne" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipenne">Mesomerodon spinipenne</taxonomicName>
type material). We record the genus from elevations between 150 to 762 m. A record of the genus occurring at 2800 m (
<bibRefCitation id="34FC53C855EF5EF002AB18007046F3B6" author="Paucar-Cabrera, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 92" title="A catalog and distributional analysis of the Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.948.1.1" volume="948" year="2005">Paucar-Cabrera 2005</bibRefCitation>
) is beyond the limits of the genus, and we consider it erroneous. A locality record of
<taxonomicName id="6D38519215D8676B5D303DABE6B1D7C0" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
from Loja (Ecuador) (Fig. 18 [indicated with question mark]) waits for confirmation through future collecting since a short series of specimens supposedly collected from Loja province (west side of the Andes) seems to be out of the altitudinal and longitudinal reach of the genus. The ranges of two species of
<taxonomicName id="42F1B526BA7A136A4262045283A92037" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
overlap in aseasonal Ecuador in a region known for the highest levels of mammal and plant species diversity (
<bibRefCitation id="6339BDF3A8D31AB25F84BA5B5D1064CE" author="Hoorn, C" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" pagination="927 - 931" title="Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity." url="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194585" volume="330" year="2010">Hoorn et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="8AFB48F00BE6901A73501664B828546F" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Rutelinae">Rutelinae</taxonomicName>
biodiversity in Ecuador is the highest recorded in South America, with 53 genera and 298 species (
<bibRefCitation id="41851405EF72C1455CF2EF72E3112F04" author="Paucar-Cabrera, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 92" title="A catalog and distributional analysis of the Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.948.1.1" volume="948" year="2005">Paucar-Cabrera 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Of these, 92 species of
<taxonomicName id="CD859CC9A121EC62C231193F4CBCF593" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Rutelinae">Rutelinae</taxonomicName>
(or 36%) are endemic to the country (
<bibRefCitation id="B60A4DFDFEAF2E5F08CB70EBC65123B1" author="Paucar-Cabrera, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 92" title="A catalog and distributional analysis of the Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Ecuador." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.948.1.1" volume="948" year="2005">Paucar-Cabrera 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The distribution of the genus is restricted to low elevations alongside the Andes without extending eastward into the Brazilian Amazon.
<taxonomicName id="C0842B6EA02AD16C9BA08284686C2DDD" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
exhibits a distributional gap between
<taxonomicName id="B8EF139C18B03DA6EFD7B2E71F6F6D33" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
and the Ecuadorian species in northern Peru.
</paragraph>
<caption id="089CABB2D98E09E2D06DC5B52FC01D38" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<paragraph id="93413F180649BAF68138FF43A983A62F" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Figure 18. Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="EE5D645A2C3162C44435A492AF032EA8" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
species in South America. Refer to Suppl. material 1 for associated data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DE22C86061F89B4B2B95B72E8D02F026" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="niche modeling">
<paragraph id="1D1DBDE472B7DFEFA0BF641DBD82FFDC" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Niche modeling.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FF8F2A37F1724B988A90E3AA03955350" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Within the Andean corridor, the genus level distribution model is congruent with the specimen-based distribution (Fig. 19 vs. Fig. 18). Therefore, the apparent distributional gap between
<taxonomicName id="67AB4B15DE09DB8EA12017AD863ECE8F" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon spinipenne" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinipenne">Mesomerodon spinipenne</taxonomicName>
and the Ecuadorian species in northern Peru is unlikely a result of a lack of sampling. The distribution model of the Ecuadorian species (Fig. 20) suggests that either
<taxonomicName id="F2D5C912F73FC2F4C621516969955369" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. or
<taxonomicName id="3022A96B39826976BDEBA925B92ECE0F" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
extend into northern Peru. The distribution model for
<taxonomicName id="49D248E75CB1A5E526FF2994CA10D9FB" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 21) shows a continuous distribution in central and southern Peru with a disconnected population in Bolivia (also corroborated with the specimen-based distribution). Specimen-level data do not corroborate the occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="04BBE9C31C558B7B5C45D8EC9C9BE992" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
in western Brazil, northern Colombia, or Venezuela. Collecting may reveal occurrence of the taxon in western Brazil, but we consider it unlikely that the taxon occurs in Colombia or Venezuela because these countries have been well collected.
</paragraph>
<caption id="88CACDB50D38F1F32E749D400B6327ED" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<paragraph id="AE552CED3DA4D1A15515BD4D5462B200" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Figure 19-21. Distributional model for
<taxonomicName id="51D2F4F5FA8B2CD7BD9F6A9CAEF274AC" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
species in South America. 19 all
<taxonomicName id="3AFEE81953463693F11138E7D682F470" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
species 20
<taxonomicName id="9BCEBF015EFA091CB2A5160639003CD8" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
sp. n.,
<taxonomicName id="DD5423018884F7CD257DA7DBCB55939C" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
and unassociated females 21
<taxonomicName id="239A0344C10D6D2B22ABC9870B5C6E44" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
. Refer to Appendix 1 for associated data
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2A6EE69E7B9A2DA0392488DB765160C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="DDA1E6C551FB367FA06B260E9CB0076C" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="80A72396DC336BF66D17DD4DD4AD31E3" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
Species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="0CF36E31B22D0C5F72A96A7CBF5B630D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
are distinguished from other pelidnotine leaf chafers based on the acute, spiniform processes on the apical callus of the elytra in males (Fig. 17; shared with
<taxonomicName id="B2343E8515FD25E13BEF8F4BA7140CFD" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Hoplopelidnota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hoplopelidnota" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hoplopelidnota</taxonomicName>
) and an acute process on the posterior margin of the mesofemur in males (Fig. 16; autapomorphic for the genus). The
<pageBreakToken id="5CF60F81F9F3A987C40E34C4DFE1DE2F" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" start="start">ovate</pageBreakToken>
body form, size, and color are similar to some species of
<taxonomicName id="9783A00F82277029EAEF0EF2ECE17A88" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pelidnota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pelidnota (Pelidnota)" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pelidnota">Pelidnota (Pelidnota)</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="D00E10F9F6B0CABD98758DCA4B0F6CA8" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pelidnota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pelidnota lucida" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucida">Pelidnota lucida</taxonomicName>
Burmeister, 1844), but the form of the mandible clearly separates the two genera (
<taxonomicName id="CA5C363B16D552D6AFFB85E2BBC3878A" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
species possess a rounded mandibular apex [Fig. 9] whereas
<taxonomicName id="F08815BBA8F709927BB5B6E8877F3A95" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pelidnota" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pelidnota" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pelidnota</taxonomicName>
species possess a bidentate, reflexed mandibular apex). Additional characters that assist with diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="CA07B356CBE3F14725AE96E61A90AD03" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
include: external edge of protibia with three teeth; pronotum with bead complete anteriorly, laterally and basally; mesoventrite produced beyond mesometaventral suture (Fig. 3); and male genitalia with highly sclerotized ventral sclerite of the phallobase (Figs 22c, 23c, 24c). See
<bibRefCitation id="E00E6124647F8A0158ECD98DD2C04058" author="Moore, MR" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="16" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 349" title="Synopsis of the pelidnotine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini) and annotated catalog of the species and subspecies." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.666.9191" volume="666" year="2017">Moore et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
for a key to genera of pelidnotine scarabs.
</paragraph>
<caption id="AC6BAA0B36E1DBC3514F0EBCB189D987" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<paragraph id="FFBDDB8BA396DF192FDC4FF07082E4F8" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
Figures 22-24. Form of the male genitalia (dorsal [a], lateral [b], ventral [c] views) in
<taxonomicName id="75C1C6C909F3C6E4CF7F005C946877A3" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
species. 22
<taxonomicName id="8A17727DF98B4719E604D78053A19D82" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 23
<taxonomicName id="7C362A6FE961AB0F3CDEE987103F18E1" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
24
<taxonomicName id="10B340D5C1E073A8E63E62399FF1A2A1" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="F61A7AB76324268B03A12B93C5BB886B" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="key to mesomerodon species">
<paragraph id="84BAFB0F5E058D9DAF1B41F2F24E23E1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
Key to
<taxonomicName id="2013F643AC32C85EF8E171C142910869" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
species
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="21B63B0CBD9BAC4D85BD8A00F5C37758" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<table id="B268E8173B3DA21FB8D5817CB29AF4B3" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<tr id="F8FB9DA6E3A3CE5CC5F767B428DE8D15" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="BADC12FB4047A43DD2DE02E4E68D8883" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="8B3731D295B81D2FFD114D7ED053F92E" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="BE66923486BACD82A139298E910619E3" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td id="40BC0397543A7293EC225B7A0DA93897" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E74C5B14EBD0CBF129849B151004ED7F" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="BAF28F8FD0BC3C9F918C4B13184E7AC2" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td id="569C64BD8870857DCE2B37DF1ED2C5D7" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="B1DF260F739729D2B128FEDE4E9A9B7D" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
(♀) Ohaus
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="93F24F7BB9063FF050AF9C638DB5CAA8" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="6ADFAA7436562E185F220C9DFA4A8FAF" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td id="DF4C434229368F38CA8F8F27EB22BF17" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="2F65E0E54E534A657C2B3312F2BB971D" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
(♀) Soula or
<taxonomicName id="535FC677603B2CEF95DFABDF5DDCC577" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
(♀) Seidel, Jameson, &amp; Stone, sp. n.
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4577B1514279E152930C1B5A38099A7" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="A040C899C6F04F35710B421757E833B4" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">27</td>
<td id="01DCE460B93EF7908DFFBCB101550975" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="CAC9D5AE3337C3D2DCBD2F9F4B1B4BD6" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
(♂) Ohaus
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7B8742DCE5353CC40E980FBAF661764A" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="F9D8351ED472B3F800A635B59FE66B66" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">25-26</td>
<td id="C8406DFFC91CC79585FC9A981250017C" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ECB4F5C47E63D0E14DA855EED3E21751" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="597288F017F99D242DDB024C6950F6E1" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">23b</td>
<td id="65A6D4B4EEF46F77AF99D98B23CA2218" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="0A62DB36A33A44AC23279166C003022D" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
(♂) Soula
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="FDCE5A1D450009F2DF4C5FD2F766DA05" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="DCB9C85B07E5A28638BB743A4B845D8D" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">22b</td>
<td id="FB39930E393A4D15019CBAD65163C24A" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="DA492C243A48C9085C143D627DA9F1DA" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
(♂) Seidel, Jameson, &amp; Stone, sp. n.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="82C0D9AA765BFD90E9349C949B96AC81" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="clave para las especies de mesomerodon">
<paragraph id="D25FC433CAF4AB1F9A60FFEFB622AE13" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
Clave para las especies de
<taxonomicName id="B034A9BAAC2D85F711565C38111BF538" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Mesomerodon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesomerodon" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesomerodon</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE64AE6AD9637892E6A1371FFF812161" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<table id="ED87223481314609FA834E98871E023E" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<tr id="4EA7E5E61F8EF4634B6B98110244A77F" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="C3A75C3C942A7B5FD5BEA506155852FF" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3D8049879AA11BF13BC5C3DD7CEA62FF" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="F7E2FF60015A26F10A22D3134CEFEE4B" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">16</td>
<td id="B6F1773DD20E3AEA02797F4FCB1414E0" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2CCC236C010E8BF956F1EF3C1217BDBB" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="09553DF7A6FE23D5148645B58C30AD4F" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td id="CD3CD6706E1D6AF0F50D5B620D7765A0" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="B9511F931C118BCB121250B8974B8102" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
(♀) Ohaus
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B5B3EA20522CB5AFF38F70AF258E98EF" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="E8059D48FF25EEAECD74E4630DD67DD7" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td id="8910234CDAB24BD4F550EDC589C2C4E2" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="F8E058ED873DBF0026FDE9A41928FDB2" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
(♀) Soula o
<taxonomicName id="B4B68D95B701FD0EDE2DCA2636E6DFA8" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
(♀) Seidel, Jameson, &amp; Stone, sp. n.
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B052DDCF897D5086E65BC17AA3CA0677" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="A9D0BCE9E109108BF501AB74FBE410C3" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">27</td>
<td id="2458DB35E6C1C902684F4076080F8B73" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="B8FD8D006449325B248B820A921B7E31" lsidName="M. spinipenne" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="spinipenne">M. spinipenne</taxonomicName>
(♂) Ohaus
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DCC4A21CBBBFDD37EBFC0495C6DBED7A" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="A9426D603CA7E120805F161CCDB6ADA0" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">25-26</td>
<td id="650DF52E101C8ED4EDF89D3F348E5615" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="41AF64C4A711CE7061CE97295AA42FAF" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="D8F443973BA050371065175F48B483FE" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">23b</td>
<td id="9A52947A1EB7DD1F8E30DEBF57C2D0C4" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="AC9F4CA8FA3D197960BFE2D858DF0E12" lsidName="M. gilletti" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="gilletti">M. gilletti</taxonomicName>
(♂) Soula
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="0ACB6E3568ED48E49017533D206E3302" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<td id="B66D1C65B94CFADFBC97EB8113842F69" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">22b</td>
<td id="27587D00A00A1DB468039DE7BCEB6C5C" colspan="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="90ECAF7B7534C7DEA0AC8AB5A8A9B226" lsidName="M. barclayi" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species" species="barclayi">M. barclayi</taxonomicName>
(♂) Seidel, Jameson, &amp; Stone, sp. n.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>