370 lines
43 KiB
XML
370 lines
43 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C608910D7534AD7895C4CAD80A7F1181">Morphological and molecular characters reveal the status of Pedesta rubella (Devyatkin, 1996) stat. n. and P. similissima (Devyatkin, 2002) syn. n. (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="956F47B03C8FB543071DE293D92B250F">Li, Meng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5FED90D1716F03CC015CC7CACE2198E6">Monastyrkii, Alexander L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1F5D03BBD7DC151BFF6277F9C0BFF552">Kolesnichenko, Kirill A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="602C04447D7539B50A015835A48ABE6E">Liu, Zihao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="06033B2E0727CAC9DD4691B0B886797A">Xue, Guoxi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AD70E78B63EC5F647AC2D7396B97C32C">Long, Jifeng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2A908920648082A3A8D513BD75D4F703">Tang, Huaxing</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A4B963C2B81F6AE5DEF781CDA6E3E797">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8C08956288B55398265D8F84E5BCAC0A">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="324D5E3F9A77FFF73589F94FA604FE37" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687992" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162267597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3687992" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:324D5E3F9A77FFF73589F94FA604FE37" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/324D5E3F9A77FFF73589F94FA604FE37" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="229" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">
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<subSubSection id="F2FEBCA29A77FFFC3589F94FA5F3F92D" box="[151,679,1709,1737]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A77FFFC3589F94FA5F3F92D" blockId="7.[151,679,1709,1773]" box="[151,679,1709,1737]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">
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<heading id="E11358459A77FFFC3589F94FA5F3F92D" bold="true" box="[151,679,1709,1737]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="8890333B9A77FFFC3589F94FA5F3F92D" bold="true" box="[151,679,1709,1737]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">
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<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A77FFFC3589F94FA507F92C" authority="(Devyatkin, 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[151,595,1709,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similissima">
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<emphasis id="8890333B9A77FFFC3589F94FA62CF92C" bold="true" box="[151,376,1709,1736]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Pedesta similissima</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A77FFFC3499F94FA51FF92C" author="Devyatkin, A. L." box="[391,587,1709,1736]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" pagination="127 - 135" refId="ref5768" refString="Devyatkin, A. L. (2002) Hesperiidae of Vietnam, 11. New taxa of the subfamily Hesperiinae (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Atalanta, 33 (1 / 2), 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="2002">Devyatkin, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="93A38E409A77FFFC3744F94DA5F3F92D" box="[602,679,1711,1737]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2FEBCA29A77FFFC3589F930A7ADF909" box="[151,249,1746,1773]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" type="description">
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<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A77FFFC3589F930A7ADF909" blockId="7.[151,679,1709,1773]" box="[151,249,1746,1773]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">
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(
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<figureCitation id="22DFF3AC9A77FFFC35BEF930A7A5F909" box="[160,241,1746,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1842,1867]" captionTargetBox="[163,1435,982,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1435,982,1817]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 26. Holotype of Pedesta similissima syn. n. a. adult, dorsal side. b. ditto, ventral side. c. label. d. ring and left valva, lateral view. e. tegumen and uncus, dorsal view. f. right valva, outer side. g. aedeagus, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687845/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2FEBCA29A77FFFC3589F8F3A558F8AC" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A77FFFC3589F8F3A329F8CE" blockId="7.[151,1149,1809,1864]" box="[151,1149,1809,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="9AF4C8079A77FFFC3589F8F3A329F8CE" box="[151,1149,1809,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">
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<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A77FFFC3589F8F3A504F8CD" authority="Devyatkin, 2002: 127" authorityName="Devyatkin" authorityPageNumber="127" authorityYear="2002" box="[151,592,1809,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Thoressa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similissima">
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<emphasis id="8890333B9A77FFFC3589F8F3A63FF8CD" box="[151,363,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Thoressa similissima</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="3B45C9389A77FFFC346CF8F3A504F8CD" author="Devyatkin, A. L." box="[370,592,1809,1834]" page="127" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A77FFFC346CF8F3A504F8CD" author="Devyatkin, A. L." box="[370,592,1809,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" pagination="127 - 135" refId="ref5768" refString="Devyatkin, A. L. (2002) Hesperiidae of Vietnam, 11. New taxa of the subfamily Hesperiinae (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Atalanta, 33 (1 / 2), 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="2002">Devyatkin, 2002: 127</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<typeStatus id="655F518B9A77FFFC3745F8F0A5D3F8CE" box="[603,647,1810,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingRegion id="782021CB9A77FFFC37F8F8F3A4EEF8CE" box="[742,954,1809,1834]" country="Vietnam" name="Thanh Hoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Thanh Hoa Province</collectingRegion>
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, northern
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<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A77FFFC313EF8F3A32DF8CE" box="[1056,1145,1809,1834]" name="Vietnam" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A77FFFC3589F8D2A558F8AC" blockId="7.[151,1149,1809,1864]" box="[151,524,1839,1864]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">
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=
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<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A77FFFC35B2F8D2A55CF8AC" authority="(Leech, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[172,520,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submacula">
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<emphasis id="8890333B9A77FFFC35B2F8D2A624F8AC" box="[172,368,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Pedesta submacula</emphasis>
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(Leech, 1890)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F2FEBCA29A77FFFC3589F893A58EF81C" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" type="description">
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<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A77FFFC3589F893A58EF81C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1905,2040]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">
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<emphasis id="8890333B9A77FFFC3589F893A782F86F" bold="true" box="[151,214,1905,1931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Note.</emphasis>
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Re-examination of the
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<typeStatus id="655F518B9A77FFFC34FEF890A544F868" box="[480,528,1906,1932]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">type</typeStatus>
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specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A77FFFC37ADF893A4C5F86F" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[691,913,1905,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similissima">
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<emphasis id="8890333B9A77FFFC37ADF893A4C5F86F" box="[691,913,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Pedesta similissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="22DFF3AC9A77FFFC36BFF893A4A7F86F" box="[929,1011,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1842,1867]" captionTargetBox="[163,1435,982,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1435,982,1817]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 26. Holotype of Pedesta similissima syn. n. a. adult, dorsal side. b. ditto, ventral side. c. label. d. ring and left valva, lateral view. e. tegumen and uncus, dorsal view. f. right valva, outer side. g. aedeagus, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687845/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="22DFF3AC9A77FFFC311EF893A305F86F" box="[1024,1105,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1759,1784]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,535,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,525,1734]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 27. Male genitalia of a paratype [V3] of Pedesta similissima syn. n. a. genital capsule, right side. b. ditto, left side. c. ditto, dorsal view. d. ditto, ventral view. e. gnathos and uncus, ventral view. f. tegumen, oblique dorsal view. g. right valva, inner side. h. ditto, dorsal view. i. ditto, outer side. j. left valva, inner side. k. ditto, dorsal view. l. ditto, outer side. m. aedeagus, lateral view. n. ditto, dorsal view. p. juxta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687847/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
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) shows that both the external and genitalic characters are identical to those of
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<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A77FFFC37A8F874A41FF84B" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[694,843,1941,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submacula">
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<emphasis id="8890333B9A77FFFC37A8F874A41FF84B" box="[694,843,1941,1967]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">P. submacula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="22DFF3AC9A77FFFC3645F877A481F84B" box="[859,981,1941,1967]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–17" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1837,1862]" captionTargetBox="[153,1428,459,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,453,1812]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3–17. Adults of Pedesta rubella stat. n. and P. submaucla. 3–8. P. rubella, from Nonggang NNR of Guangxi. 3–7. male; 8. female. 9–17. P. submaucla. 9, 14. male, from Shaanxi; 10. male, from Chongqing; 11. female, from Chongqing; 12. male, from Guizhou; 13, 15. female, from Guizhou; 16. male, from Guangdong; 17. female, from Guangdong. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687827/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Figs. 9–17</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="22DFF3AC9A77FFFC36FFF877A367F84B" box="[993,1075,1941,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1812,1837]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,859,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,848,1787]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 18. Male genitalia of Pedesta submacula from Chongqing. a. ring, lateral view. b. uncus and gnathos, dorsal view. c. ditto, ventral view. d. right valva, inner side. e. ditto, dorsal view. f. ditto, outer side. g. left valva, inner side. h. ditto, dorsal view. i. ditto, outer side. l. aedeagus, left lateral view. m. ditto, right lateral view. k. ditto, dorsal view. n. juxta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687829/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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), suggesting the two species are conspecific. The analysis of COI gene sequences confirmed this point (
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<figureCitation id="22DFF3AC9A77FFFC36B2F85BA4B9F837" box="[940,1005,1977,2003]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1967,1992]" captionTargetBox="[210,1373,714,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[197,1390,705,1941]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. NJ tree based on Kimura-2-Parameter distances for partial mitochondrial COI sequences from 28 individuals of Pedesta, values at nodes represent the bootstrap support (BP) values." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687823/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A77FFFC311BF85BA39EF837" author="Devyatkin, A. L." box="[1029,1226,1977,2003]" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" pagination="127 - 135" refId="ref5768" refString="Devyatkin, A. L. (2002) Hesperiidae of Vietnam, 11. New taxa of the subfamily Hesperiinae (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). Atalanta, 33 (1 / 2), 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="2002">Devyatkin (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mistook
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A77FFFC302FF858A2C8F837" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[1329,1436,1977,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A77FFFC302FF858A2C8F837" box="[1329,1436,1977,2003]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">P. rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A77FFFC35A1F83CA607F813" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[191,339,2013,2039]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submacula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A77FFFC35A1F83CA607F813" box="[191,339,2013,2039]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="224">P. submacula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and thus resulted in this synonym.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="EE9BBFA19A78FFF33589FC7DA571FC38" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687833" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3687833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="225" startId="8.[151,250,927,952]" targetBox="[174,1413,196,897]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A78FFF33589FC7DA571FC38" blockId="8.[151,1437,927,988]" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF33589FC7DA64DFC5C" bold="true" box="[151,281,927,952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">FIGURE 20</emphasis>
|
||
. Male genital capsule of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A78FFF33709FC42A5E2FC5C" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[535,694,928,952]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF33709FC42A5E2FC5C" box="[535,694,928,952]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">Pedesta rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF337A2FC42A450FC5C" bold="true" box="[700,772,928,952]" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">stat. n.</emphasis>
|
||
from Nonggang NNR of Guangxi. a. dorsal view. b. ventral view. c. left lateral view. d. right lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EE9BBFA19A78FFF33589F879A23BF818" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687835" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3687835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687835/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="225" startId="8.[151,250,1947,1972]" targetBox="[167,1415,1024,1922]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A78FFF33589F879A23BF818" blockId="8.[151,1437,1947,2044]" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF33589F879A64DF850" bold="true" box="[151,281,1947,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">FIGURE 21</emphasis>
|
||
. Male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A78FFF334C5F87EA52EF850" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[475,634,1948,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF334C5F87EA52EF850" box="[475,634,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">Pedesta rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF3379FF87EA59EF850" bold="true" box="[641,714,1948,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">stat. n.</emphasis>
|
||
from norther Vietnam (V1). a. ring, lateral view. b. uncus and gnathos, dorsal view. c.
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF3342FF822A60BF83C" box="[305,351,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view. d. right valva, inner side. e.
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF3360AF822A416F83C" box="[788,834,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view. f.
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF336F8F822A340F83C" box="[998,1044,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
, outer side. g. left valva, inner side. h.
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF33589F806A791F818" box="[151,197,2020,2044]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view. i.
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF33479F806A6C1F818" box="[359,405,2020,2044]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
, outer side. j. aedeagus, right lateral view. k.
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF3367EF806A4DAF818" box="[864,910,2020,2044]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view. l.
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A78FFF33131F806A309F818" box="[1071,1117,2020,2044]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="225">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral view. m. juxta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EE9BBFA19A79FFF23589FA55A646FA10" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687837" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3687837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687837/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" startId="9.[151,250,1463,1488]" targetBox="[151,1413,181,1415]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A79FFF23589FA55A646FA10" blockId="9.[151,1436,1463,1524]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF23589FA55A64DFA34" bold="true" box="[151,281,1463,1488]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">FIGURE 22</emphasis>
|
||
. Female genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A79FFF234ECFA5AA5C6FA34" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[498,658,1464,1488]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF234ECFA5AA5C6FA34" box="[498,658,1464,1488]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">Pedesta rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF23786FA5AA5B5FA34" bold="true" box="[664,737,1464,1488]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">stat. n.</emphasis>
|
||
from Nonggang NNR of Guangxi. a. ventral view. b. lateral view. c. dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F2FEBCA29A79FFF735D9F9C0A604FE37" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="229" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A79FFF235D9F9C0A26CF8F0" blockId="9.[151,1437,1570,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF235D9F9C0A635F9D9" bold="true" box="[199,353,1570,1597]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Based upon the specimens examined, data from literature (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A79FFF2312FF9C0A3A7F9D9" author="Ikeda, K. & Nishimura, M. & Inagaki, H." box="[1073,1267,1570,1597]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" pagination="58 - 66" refId="ref6101" refString="Ikeda, K., Nishimura, M. & Inagaki, H. (2001) Butterflies of Cuc Phuong National Park in northern Vietnam (5). Butterflies, 30, 58 - 66." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Ikeda
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF23169F9C1A3FDF9D8" box="[1143,1193,1570,1596]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A79FFF231E1F9C1A787F985" author="Wang, M. & Tang, D. M." pageId="9" pageNumber="226" refId="ref6572" refString="Wang, M. & Tang, D. M. (2012) Butterflies of Guangxi Maoershan National Nature Reserve. Guangxi Nationalities Publishing House, Nanning, 194 pp." type="book" year="2012">Wang & Tang 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A79FFF235C0F9A4A608F984" author="Chen, Z. J." box="[222,348,1606,1632]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" refId="ref5703" refString="Chen, Z. J. (2016) Guizhou Butterfly. Guizhou Science and Technology Publishing House, Guiyang, 557 pp." type="book" year="2016">Chen 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A79FFF23478F9A4A547F985" author="Zhu, L. X. & Liu, Z. H. & Yu, L. & Ou, Y. Y." box="[358,531,1606,1633]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" refId="ref6672" refString="Zhu, L. X., Liu, Z. H., Yu, L. & Ou, Y. Y. (2017) Butterfly Fauna of Anhui. Press of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 429 pp." type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Zhu
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF23484F9A5A69FF984" box="[410,459,1606,1632]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and results of the present study, a distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A79FFF23167F9A4A205F984" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1145,1361,1606,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submacula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF23167F9A4A205F984" box="[1145,1361,1606,1632]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">Pedesta submacula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A79FFF23096F9A5A7BCF960" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF23096F9A5A7BCF960" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">P. rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is provided (
|
||
<figureCitation id="22DFF3AC9A79FFF23467F988A698F961" box="[377,460,1642,1669]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1893,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,181,1868]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 28. Distribution map of Pedesta submacula and P. rubella stat. n." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687849/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
). It shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A79FFF2376CF989A451F960" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[626,773,1642,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submacula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF2376CF989A451F960" box="[626,773,1642,1668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">P. submacula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely distributed from northwestern Qinling Mountains through the southern mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A79FFF234E5F96CA56AF94C" box="[507,574,1678,1704]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
to central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A79FFF237A7F96CA44FF94C" box="[697,795,1678,1704]" name="Vietnam" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but in southern Guangxi and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A79FFF231C2F96CA26AF94C" box="[1244,1342,1678,1704]" name="Vietnam" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is replaced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A79FFF23414F951A622F928" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[266,374,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF23414F951A622F928" box="[266,374,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">P. rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both species have not been found sympatrically so far. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A79FFF23145F951A3BBF928" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1115,1263,1714,1740]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submacula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF23145F951A3BBF928" box="[1115,1263,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">P. submacula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is separated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A79FFF23589F935A657F914" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[151,259,1750,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF23589F935A657F914" box="[151,259,1750,1776]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">P. rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into two groups, specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A79FFF23767F934A5E8F914" box="[633,700,1750,1776]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A79FFF237EEF934A41BF914" box="[752,847,1750,1776]" name="Vietnam" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
are not distinguishable by stable external or genitalic characters. Therefore, the Vietnamese population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A79FFF237FCF919A422F8F0" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[738,886,1786,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submacula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A79FFF237FCF919A422F8F0" box="[738,886,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">P. submacula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not considered a separate subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A79FFF235D9F8FCA2C1F840" blockId="9.[151,1437,1570,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">
|
||
Geographical gaps between populations of species caused by natural factors are not rare in the butterfly fauna of Indochina. Disjunctions observed differ in their distance and direction. The majority of disjunctions in the Sino- Himalayan ranges has been observed between populations of northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A79FFF236A5F884A34EF864" box="[955,1050,1894,1920]" name="Vietnam" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(e.g. Hoang Lien Son mountains) and northern part of central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A79FFF234CEF868A57BF840" box="[464,559,1930,1956]" name="Vietnam" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(northern Truong Son ridge), and populations of W.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A79FFF23163F868A394F840" box="[1149,1216,1930,1956]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="226">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and E. Himalayas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EE9BBFA19A7AFFF13589FB45A26BFB24" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3687839" box="[151,1343,1191,1216]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687839/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" startId="10.[151,250,1191,1216]" targetBox="[264,1333,183,1162]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A7AFFF13589FB45A26BFB24" blockId="10.[151,1343,1191,1216]" box="[151,1343,1191,1216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7AFFF13589FB45A64DFB24" bold="true" box="[151,281,1191,1216]" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">FIGURE 23</emphasis>
|
||
. Female genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A7AFFF134EEFB4AA5E0FB24" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[496,692,1192,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submacula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7AFFF134EEFB4AA5E0FB24" box="[496,692,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">Pedesta submacula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Chongqing. a. ventral view. b. lateral view. c. dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EE9BBFA19A7AFFF13589F83CA361F812" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687841" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3687841" box="[151,1077,2014,2039]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687841/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="227" startId="10.[151,250,2014,2039]" targetBox="[253,1334,1238,1989]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A7AFFF13589F83CA361F812" blockId="10.[151,1077,2014,2039]" box="[151,1077,2014,2039]" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7AFFF13589F83CA64DF813" bold="true" box="[151,281,2014,2039]" pageId="10" pageNumber="227">FIGURE 24</emphasis>
|
||
. Karst landform in Nonggang NNR of Guangxi. Photographed by Guoxi Xue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A7BFFF035D9FF7BA2C8FEA7" blockId="11.[151,1437,153,323]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">
|
||
During the last two decades, detailed studies of the Vietnamese butterfly fauna have showed disjunctions in representatives of different taxonomical groups, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A7BFFF037D6FF5FA4FBFF33" authority="Moore, 1888" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1888" box="[712,943,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Pazala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF037D6FF5FA442FF33" box="[712,790,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">Pazala</emphasis>
|
||
Moore, 1888
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A7BFFF036A1FF5FA332FF33" author="Hu, S. J. & Cotton, A. M. & Condamine, F. L. & Duan, K. & Wang, R. J. & Hsu, Y. F. & Zhang, X. & Cao, J." box="[959,1126,189,215]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="401 - 446" refId="ref5941" refString="Hu, S. J., Cotton, A. M., Condamine, F. L., Duan, K., Wang, R. J., Hsu, Y. F., Zhang, X. & Cao, J. (2018) Revision of Pazala Moore, 1888: The Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus (Oberthur, 1879) Group, with treatments of known taxa and descriptions of new species and new subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa, 4441 (3), 401 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4441.3.1" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Hu
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF036F5FF5CA349FF33" box="[1003,1053,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A7BFFF0316CFF5FA3FAFF33" author="Hu, S. J. & Condamine, F. L. & Monastyrskii, A. L. & Cotton, A. M." box="[1138,1198,189,215]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="286 - 300" refId="ref5868" refString="Hu, S. J., Condamine, F. L., Monastyrskii, A. L. & Cotton, A. M. (2019) A new species of the Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus Group from Central Vietnam (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa, 4554 (1), 286 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4554.1.10" type="journal article" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF031DCFF5FA21DFF33" box="[1218,1353,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">Devyatkinia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A7BFFF0304CFF5FA6E7FF1F" author="Monastyrskii, A. L. & Uemura, Y." pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="131 - 137" refId="ref6319" refString="Monastyrskii, A. L. & Uemura, Y. (2016) Unique wood nymphs from China and Vietnam: Devyatkinia singularis gen. et spec. nov. Atalanta, 47 (1 / 2), 131 - 137." type="journal article" year="2016">Monastyrskii & Uémura, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A7BFFF034A1FF03A5CBFF1F" authority="Hubner, 1819" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[447,671,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF034A1FF03A6A9FF1F" box="[447,509,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">Lethe</emphasis>
|
||
Hübner, 1819
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE7592D89A7BFFF037B0FF03A4B3FF18" author="Lang, S. Y. & Monastyrskii, A. L." box="[686,999,225,252]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" pagination="453 - 462" refId="ref6139" refString="Lang, S. Y. & Monastyrskii, A. L. (2016) Description of two new species of the Lethe manzorum - group (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) from China. Zootaxa, 4103 (5), 453 - 462. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.5.3" type="journal article" year="2016">Lang & Monastyrskii 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A7BFFF036E5FF03A3A3FF1F" authority="Hubner, 1818" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[1019,1271,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Ypthima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF036E5FF03A302FF1F" box="[1019,1110,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">Ypthima</emphasis>
|
||
Hübner, 1818
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Monastyrskii & Holoway 2013), etc. Sometimes these disjunctions may be filled with the populations of closely related species, showing the characters of vicariance, the existence of refugiums and the speciation processes occurred in this area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EE9BBFA19A7BFFF03589FC45A249FC24" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3687843" box="[151,1309,935,960]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687843/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" startId="11.[151,250,935,960]" targetBox="[151,1435,381,910]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A7BFFF03589FC45A249FC24" blockId="11.[151,1309,935,960]" box="[151,1309,935,960]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF03589FC45A64DFC24" bold="true" box="[151,281,935,960]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">FIGURE 25</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A7BFFF03438FC4AA692FC24" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[294,454,936,960]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF03438FC4AA692FC24" box="[294,454,936,960]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">Pedesta rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF034D2FC4AA541FC24" bold="true" box="[460,533,936,960]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">stat. n.</emphasis>
|
||
in Nonggang NNR of Guangxi. Photographed by Guoxi Xue, April 5, 2019.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EE9BBFA19A7BFFF03589F8D0A3D4F88B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3687845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687845/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" startId="11.[151,250,1842,1867]" targetBox="[163,1435,982,1817]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A7BFFF03589F8D0A3D4F88B" blockId="11.[151,1436,1842,1903]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF03589F8D0A674F8AF" bold="true" box="[151,288,1842,1867]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A7BFFF034B9F8D1A524F8AF" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[423,624,1843,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF034B9F8D1A524F8AF" box="[423,624,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">Pedesta similissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF03768F8D1A5E8F8AF" bold="true" box="[630,700,1843,1867]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="93A38E409A7BFFF03768F8D1A5E8F8AF" box="[630,700,1843,1867]" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a. adult, dorsal side. b.
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7BFFF036B0F8D1A488F8AF" box="[942,988,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="228">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral side. c. label. d. ring and left valva, lateral view. e. tegumen and uncus, dorsal view. f. right valva, outer side. g. aedeagus, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="BA5BEF299A7CFFF735D9FF7BA604FE37" blockId="12.[151,1437,153,467]" pageId="12" pageNumber="229">
|
||
Judging from the modern distribution pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A7CFFF737F7FF7BA496FF57" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[745,962,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submacula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7CFFF737F7FF7BA496FF57" box="[745,962,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="229">Pedesta submacula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="22DFF3AC9A7CFFF736CDFF7BA373FF57" box="[979,1063,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1893,1918]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1435,181,1868]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 28. Distribution map of Pedesta submacula and P. rubella stat. n." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3687849/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="229">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
), it is very possible that the Vietnamese population of this species was separated from the main distribution range in the course of geological and climatic changes, and then, it adapted to new conditions and lost contact with the main populations; this resulted in the formation of a new taxon, viz.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DE494AA9A7CFFF73722FEE4A5FDFEFB" baseAuthorityName="Devyatkin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[572,681,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pedesta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubella">
|
||
<emphasis id="8890333B9A7CFFF73722FEE4A5FDFEFB" box="[572,681,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="229">P. rubella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Such a distribution pattern may suggest that the range of this species was larger in the past, when the corresponding habitats shifted down the slopes during cooler and drier glacial period. During the warmer eras, the species may become isolated when these habitats receded to higher altitudes. Such cycles of habitat changes may have also led to varying degrees of divergence in some groups of butterflies. At present, this scenario presents a suitable explanation for range disjunctions of many separate montane butterfly taxa in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C2F3AFB99A7CFFF735F7FE5BA618FE37" box="[233,332,441,467]" name="Vietnam" pageId="12" pageNumber="229">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |