489 lines
52 KiB
XML
489 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="E9F89F3849C2F743DDB5940F3E4B255A" ID-DOI="10.24199/j.mmv.2004.61.1" ID-ISSN="1447-2554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10665495" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1708004431046" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="O’Loughlin, P. Mark & Waters, Jonathan M." docDate="2004" docId="185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4" docLanguage="en" docName="MemMusVictoria.61.1.1-40.pdf" docOrigin="Memoirs of Museum Victoria 61 (1)" docSource="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-61-issue-1-2004/pages-1-40/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45.2:MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="5B3B5C052A93BFEEE334AD6097A94E45" docStyleName="MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Parvulastra O'Loughlin 2004, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="E46AFFA5FFBAFFB6FF85E377FFC94846" masterDocTitle="A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1711393779558" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0CD4636B248D9ABF4043F8A06EF54AB0">
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<mods:title id="BBF24744CB8A67D89762F05011B4B30A">A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="63D7477579DEB5DD1F7DD0BAEB4B99AC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4CB4BDADE366670081E1E22BD8ADE931">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="71F060E0EE5BB53F6531CDF451A2CF6F">O’Loughlin, P. Mark</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8B6E87286F433E67CF0D9FEAB87CF134">Honorary Associate, Marine Biology Section, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666 E, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2FF1DDC311DE1D2B9F2BFE4B9187816B" type="email">pmo@bigpond.net.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="AFB76EAAE39DC1F4573C67F42F5071F0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BC7A11883FFDC507627E41AFAA306A8B">Waters, Jonathan M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C6BC95D4FDF42F8D1548587ED98EAB94">Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C24CBF343079FACB577B6E91969625ED" type="email">jonathan.waters@stonebow.otago.ac.nz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2CE2EC61AF52866C94DA0C96CD4C63A1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9D944609130CEDA12F1FE4FD183E256A">Memoirs of Museum Victoria</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="61CCBA4BE947B82C7142EB231DEF210A">
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<mods:date id="EE1CD7E71A62981EAD0D87B331E590ED">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="831732A8BA8098C93C5E5F0FC7560B55">2004-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="80F1CF391DF186904C1630C53DB8A5AF">61</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="E9E81F4751E796FCA2D782675FBE3DD7">https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-61-issue-1-2004/pages-1-40/</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="CBBDF3225AE815C0118BDFD3A8A0C9AB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E8F7BB0D10A117BE6DC4ED0BA3D6BFA0" type="DOI">10.24199/j.mmv.2004.61.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="56D780AF1F19681A8F73C4D286246636" type="ISSN">1447-2554</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AE43AB885B2C7A65ECB83EE90731A48D" type="Zenodo-Dep">10665495</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA0FFACFF0EE657FE214D70" box="[139,488,1312,1334]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFF0EE657FE214D70" blockId="26.[139,488,1312,1334]" box="[139,488,1312,1334]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="CB0D81A7FFA0FFACFF0EE657FE214D70" box="[139,488,1312,1334]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFF0EE657FE4D4D70" ID-CoL="7PQFH" authority="O'Loughlin" authorityName="O'Loughlin" authorityYear="2004" box="[139,388,1312,1334]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFF0EE657FECD4D70" bold="true" box="[139,260,1312,1334]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Parvulastra</emphasis>
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||
O’Loughlin
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B9BD57A2FFA0FFACFE0FE657FE214D70" box="[394,488,1312,1334]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA0FFACFF0EE63AFDA74D25" box="[139,622,1357,1379]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFF0EE63AFDA74D25" blockId="26.[139,622,1357,1379]" box="[139,622,1357,1379]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<figureCitation id="08C12A4EFFA0FFACFF0EE63AFF224D25" box="[139,235,1357,1379]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[139,198,1838,1858]" captionTargetBox="[137,1460,223,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-68@2.[136,1460,223,1709]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of asterinid mtDNA sequences (after Waters et al., 2004). Support for particular reconstructions is indicated by bootstrap values (>50%; in bold) and by decay indices (in italics). MtDNA Clades I–VI are identified on the basis of high bootstrap support. Generic assignments made in this paper appear on the right." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665497/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
(clade V), 2l, 4a–b, 5b, e, 11b, 16a–d
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA0FFACFF0EE60EFD8B4EA9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFF0EE60EFD8B4EA9" blockId="26.[139,780,1401,1775]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFF0EE60EFF384DC9" box="[139,241,1401,1423]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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||
. Rays 5, pentagonal to subpentagonal; noticeable integument; carinal series variably present; abactinal plates broadly notched for papulae, crescentiform more than Ushaped; papulate areas extensive, papulae large or small, a few per space; secondary plates a few per space; abactinal spinelets clustered or spread, not paxilliform; spinelets granuliform or digitiform or thin pointed; lack pedicellariae; superomarginal and inferomarginal plate series predominantly subequal; frequently extensive non-plated actinal area distal to oral plates; actinal interradial plates in oblique series; actinal interradial plates with frequently 2 spines mid-ray to distally, spines digitiform to conical; superambulacral plates present to varying extents, superactinal plates always present.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA0FFACFF0EE472FD944F5D" box="[139,605,1797,1819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="type_taxon">
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||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFF0EE472FD944F5D" blockId="26.[139,605,1797,1819]" box="[139,605,1797,1819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFF0EE472FEDB4F5D" box="[139,274,1797,1819]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA0FFACFF0EE472FF734F5D" box="[139,186,1797,1819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFE9DE472FD904F5D" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[280,601,1797,1819]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exigua">
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||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFE9DE472FE7C4F5D" box="[280,437,1797,1819]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Asterias exigua</emphasis>
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||
Lamarck, 1816
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA0FFACFF0EE458FEEC4F3E" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="taxon_list">
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<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFF0EE458FEEC4F3E" blockId="26.[139,780,1839,1912]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFF0EE458FEDB4F05" box="[139,274,1839,1859]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Other species.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFE9FE458FDD64F05" authority="(Perrier, 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[282,543,1839,1859]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
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||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFE9FE458FE424F05" box="[282,395,1839,1859]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. calcarata</emphasis>
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||
(Perrier, 1869)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFDA9E458FF0A4F18" authority="(H. L. Clark, 1923)" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">
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||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFDA9E458FD464F05" box="[556,655,1839,1859]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. dyscrita</emphasis>
|
||
(H.L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA0FFACFD56E458FF754F18" author="Clark, H. L." pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="221 - 435" refId="ref35206" refString="Clark, H. L. 1923. The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 13 (7) 12: 221 - 435, pls 8 - 23." type="journal article" year="1923">Clark, 1923</bibRefCitation>
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)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFF50E43DFD594F18" authority="(Keough and Dartnall, 1978)" baseAuthorityName="Keough and Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[213,656,1866,1886]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFF50E43DFE964F18" box="[213,351,1866,1886]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. parvivipara</emphasis>
|
||
(Keough and Dartnall, 1978)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFD24E43DFEE84F3E" authority="(Dartnall, 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1969" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFD24E43DFCC24F18" box="[673,779,1866,1886]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. vivipara</emphasis>
|
||
(Dartnall, 1969)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA0FFACFCB4E397FC9B4A72" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCB4E397FB4B4949" blockId="26.[817,1458,224,564]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFCB4E397FA7848B2" box="[817,1457,224,244]" collectionCode="NMV" location="Juan Fernandez" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="NMV F96703" specimenCount="1">
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<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCB4E397FB9248B2" box="[817,1115,224,244]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Material examined.
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||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFC6DE397FB9E48B2" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1000,1111,224,244]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calcarata">P. calcarata</taxonomicName>
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.
|
||
</emphasis>
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<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFBE5E397FB2448B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFBE5E397FB2448B2" box="[1120,1261,224,244]" name="Juan Fernandez" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Juan Fernandez</location>
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I.,
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<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFA8EE397FA4248B2" box="[1291,1419,224,244]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">NMV F96703</specimenCode>
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(
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);
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(
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);
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFC21E38CFBD94949" box="[932,1040,251,271]" collectionCode="F" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="F97445" specimenCount="1">
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(
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<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFC7DE38CFBCB4949" box="[1016,1026,251,271]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">1</specimenCount>
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);
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</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFB93E38CFB4B4949" box="[1046,1154,251,271]" collectionCode="F" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="F97449" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFB93E38CFB924949" box="[1046,1115,251,271]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">F97449</specimenCode>
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(
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<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFBEEE38CFBBC4949" box="[1131,1141,251,271]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">1</specimenCount>
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).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCC9E261FB924902" blockId="26.[817,1458,224,564]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFCC9E261FA8E496F" box="[844,1351,277,298]" collectionCode="TM" country="South Africa" location="False Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="TM H800" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCC9E261FC71496C" box="[844,952,278,298]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFCC9E261FC7D496C" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[844,948,278,298]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">P. dyscrita</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA0FFACFC47E262FBF4496F" box="[962,1085,277,297]" name="South Africa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFBC9E262FB65496F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFBC9E262FB65496F" box="[1100,1196,277,297]" country="South Africa" name="False Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">False Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFB3EE262FAD2496F" box="[1211,1307,277,297]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">TM H800</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFAAAE262FAF0496F" box="[1327,1337,277,297]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">1</specimenCount>
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);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFAD7E262FA78496F" box="[1362,1457,277,297]" collectionCode="H" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="H854" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFAD7E262FA4C496F" box="[1362,1413,277,297]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">H854</specimenCode>
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(
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);
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|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFCB4E247FB924902" box="[817,1115,304,324]" collectionCode="NMV" location="Jeffrey's Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="NMV F98059" specimenCount="3">
|
||
<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFCB4E247FC634902" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFCB4E247FC634902" box="[817,938,304,324]" name="Jeffrey's Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Jeffrey’s Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFC31E247FBFD4902" box="[948,1076,304,324]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">NMV F98059</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFBC7E247FB874902" box="[1090,1102,304,324]" count="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">3</specimenCount>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCC9E23CFC9449A2" blockId="26.[817,1458,224,564]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFCC9E23CFBB8493F" collectionCode="TM" country="South Africa" location="False Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="TM H508" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="neotype">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFCC9E23CFB584919" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[844,1169,331,351]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCC9E23CFC2E4919" box="[844,999,331,351]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Patiriella exigua</emphasis>
|
||
(Lamarck, 1816)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="4F418869FFA0FFACFB18E23CFB234919" box="[1181,1258,331,351]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F46B4B3AFFA0FFACFA99E23CFA6E4919" author="Dartnall, A. J." box="[1308,1447,331,351]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="39 - 49" refId="ref35394" refString="Dartnall, A. J. 1971. Australian sea stars of the genus Patiriella (Asteroidea, Asterinidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 96 (1): 39 - 49, fig. 1, pls 3 - 4." type="journal article" year="1971">Dartnall, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA0FFACFCB4E212FC6E493F" box="[817,935,357,377]" name="South Africa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFC35E212FBC2493F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFC35E212FBC2493F" box="[944,1035,357,377]" country="South Africa" name="False Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">False Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFB91E212FBB8493F" box="[1044,1137,357,377]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">TM H508</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFBFFE212FC6B49D2" collectionCode="NMV" country="Australia" county="Cape Town" location="Cape Town" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="NMV F98062" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Victoria">
|
||
Other material.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="79244E47FFA0FFACFA8CE212FABA493F" box="[1289,1395,357,377]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cape Town</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFAF9E212FCBE49D2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">NMV F98062</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFC0DE2F7FC5F49D2" box="[904,918,384,404]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">4</specimenCount>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFC29E2F7FBB849D2" box="[940,1137,384,404]" collectionCode="NMV" country="Australia" county="Town" location="Durban" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="F98061" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Victoria">
|
||
<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFC29E2F7FC3B49D2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFC29E2F7FC3B49D2" box="[940,1010,384,404]" country="Australia" county="Town" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" name="Durban" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Victoria">Durban</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFB84E2F7FB8F49D2" box="[1025,1094,384,404]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">F98061</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFBDDE2F7FBAF49D2" box="[1112,1126,384,404]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">4</specimenCount>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFBF9E2F7FABE49D2" box="[1148,1399,384,404]" collectionCode="NMV" country="Australia" county="Town" location="Jeffrey's Bay" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="F97450" specimenCount="5" stateProvince="Victoria">
|
||
<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFBF9E2F7FB3049D2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFBF9E2F7FB3049D2" box="[1148,1273,384,404]" country="Australia" county="Town" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" name="Jeffrey's Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Victoria">Jeffrey’s Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFA82E2F7FA8449D2" box="[1287,1357,384,404]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">F97450</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFADAE2F7FAA549D2" box="[1375,1388,384,404]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">5</specimenCount>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFA07E2F7FC3949E9" collectionCode="NMV" country="Australia" county="Town" location="Saint Helena" municipality="Saint Helena" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="F98060" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Victoria">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7021ACB1FFA0FFACFA07E2F7FCBA49E9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Saint Helena</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFC04E2ECFC0F49E9" box="[897,966,411,431]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">F98060</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFC52E2ECFC2C49E9" box="[983,997,411,431]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">4</specimenCount>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFC7CE2ECFB3149E9" box="[1017,1272,411,431]" collectionCode="NMV" country="Australia" county="Town" location="Amsterdam" municipality="Amsterdam" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="F98063" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Victoria">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7021ACB1FFA0FFACFC7CE2ECFBAA49E9" box="[1017,1123,411,431]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Amsterdam</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
I.,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFB0DE2ECFB0749E9" box="[1160,1230,411,431]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">F98063</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFB5AE2ECFB2549E9" box="[1247,1260,411,431]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">2</specimenCount>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFA85E2ECFBD2498F" collectionCode="NMV" country="Australia" county="Town" location="Apollo Bay" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="F97054" specimenCount="6" stateProvince="Victoria">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA0FFACFA85E2ECFA9C49E9" box="[1280,1365,411,431]" name="Australia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="523EF829FFA0FFACFAE7E2ECFA6449E9" box="[1378,1453,411,431]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFCB4E2C2FC57498F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFCB4E2C2FC57498F" box="[817,926,437,457]" country="Australia" county="Town" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" name="Apollo Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Victoria">Apollo Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFC2EE2C2FC38498F" box="[939,1009,437,457]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">F97054</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFB87E2C2FBC6498F" box="[1026,1039,437,457]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">6</specimenCount>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFBA1E2C2FB23498F" box="[1060,1258,437,457]" collectionCode="NMV" country="Australia" county="Town" location="Gabo" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="F73079" specimenCount="9" stateProvince="Victoria">
|
||
<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFBA1E2C2FB9C498F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFBA1E2C2FB9C498F" box="[1060,1109,437,457]" country="Australia" county="Town" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" name="Gabo" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Victoria">Gabo</location>
|
||
I.,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFBFEE2C2FB09498F" box="[1147,1216,437,457]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">F73079</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFB54E2C2FB17498F" box="[1233,1246,437,457]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">9</specimenCount>
|
||
);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFB76E2C2FC9049A2" collectionCode="NMV" country="Australia" county="Town" location="Port Arthur" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="F97451" specimenCount="12" stateProvince="Victoria">
|
||
<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFB76E2C2FA96498F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFB76E2C2FA96498F" box="[1267,1375,437,457]" country="Australia" county="Town" municipality="Jeffrey's Bay" name="Port Arthur" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Victoria">Port Arthur</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFAE9E2C2FA78498F" box="[1388,1457,437,457]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">F97451</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFCBCE2A7FC9B49A2" box="[825,850,464,484]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">12</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCC9E29CFA8849B9" blockId="26.[817,1458,224,564]" box="[844,1345,491,511]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFCC9E29CFA8849B9" box="[844,1345,491,511]" collectionCode="NMV" country="Australia" location="Tasmania" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="NMV F77984" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Tasmania">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCC9E29CFC7C49B9" box="[844,949,491,511]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFCC9E29CFC7949B9" baseAuthorityName="Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[844,944,491,511]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vivipara">P. vivipara</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA0FFACFC3DE29CFBC449B9" box="[952,1037,491,511]" name="Australia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, SE
|
||
<collectingRegion id="523EF829FFA0FFACFBBDE29CFB5849B9" box="[1080,1169,491,511]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFB1FE29CFAD349B9" box="[1178,1306,491,511]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">NMV F77984</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFAADE29CFAFD49B9" box="[1320,1332,491,511]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">3</specimenCount>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCC9E171FC9B4A72" blockId="26.[817,1458,224,564]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="20923C96FFA0FFACFCC9E171FC9B4A72" collectionCode="NMV" location="Eyre Peninsula" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="NMV F97720" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="South Australia">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCC9E171FC134A5C" box="[844,986,518,538]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFCC9E171FC1F4A5C" baseAuthorityName="Keough and Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[844,982,518,538]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvivipara">P. parvivipara</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="523EF829FFA0FFACFC60E172FBB34A5F" box="[997,1146,517,537]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">South Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="95256010FFA0FFACFB0FE172FAD24A5F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:185387DDFFA0FFADFF0EE657FF0C4BA4:95256010FFA0FFACFB0FE172FAD24A5F" box="[1162,1307,517,537]" name="Eyre Peninsula" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="South Australia">Eyre Peninsula</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="C05C9EB0FFA0FFACFAAEE172FA784A5F" box="[1323,1457,517,537]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">NMV F97720</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFCBCE157FC8C4A72" box="[825,837,544,564]" count="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">3</specimenCount>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA0FFACFCB4E13CFBDB4F55" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCB4E13CFC424B68" blockId="26.[817,1457,587,1812]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCB4E13CFB7B4A27" box="[817,1202,587,609]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Description with species variations.</emphasis>
|
||
Rays predominantly 5; interradial margin straight to slightly incurved, form pentagonal to subpentagonal; noticeable integument; flat actinally, low convex abactinally, size small (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFBFDE1D4FB034AFF" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1144,1226,675,697]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFBFDE1D4FB034AFF" box="[1144,1226,675,697]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">dyscrita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
up to R =
|
||
<quantity id="57029B2EFFA0FFACFAC7E1D4FA474AFF" box="[1346,1422,675,697]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
) to very small (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFC36E1B7FBE34A90" baseAuthorityName="Keough and Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[947,1066,704,726]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFC36E1B7FBE34A90" box="[947,1066,704,726]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">parvivipara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
up to R =
|
||
<quantity id="57029B2EFFA0FFACFB2EE1B7FB274A90" box="[1195,1262,704,726]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
); lacking pedicellariae; 2 smallest viviparous (
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFBDDE1A9FAEC4AB2" box="[1112,1317,734,756]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFBDDE1A9FB1B4AB2" baseAuthorityName="Keough and Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1112,1234,734,756]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvivipara">parvivipara</taxonomicName>
|
||
, vivipar
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a); none fissiparous; gonopores abactinal (
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFBF4E18CFAE34B57" box="[1137,1322,763,785]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFBF4E18CFB1D4B57" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1137,1236,763,785]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calcarata">calcarata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dyscrit
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a) or actinal (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFCBFE06FFCB44B68" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[826,893,792,814]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCBFE06FFCB44B68" box="[826,893,792,814]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">exigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCD4E042FC584DD0" blockId="26.[817,1457,587,1812]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Abactinal surface appearance granular, upper ray plates with regular carinal series except proximally
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFB5AE024FCBD4BC0" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFB63E024FA834B2F" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1254,1354,851,873]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calcarata">calcarata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFADCE024FA644B2F" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1369,1453,851,873]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">dyscrita</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFCB4E007FCBD4BC0" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[817,884,880,902]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exigua">exigua</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), or irregular (
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFB95E007FB234BC0" box="[1040,1258,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFB95E007FB434BC0" baseAuthorityName="Keough and Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1040,1162,880,902]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvivipara">parvivipara</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFB13E007FB234BC0" baseAuthorityName="Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1174,1258,880,902]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vivipara">vivipara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); plates in longitudinal series; plates broadly notched for papulae, crescentiform more than U-shaped; papulate areas extensive, non-papulate interradial areas not extensive, papular spaces large, a few papulae and secondary plates per space; papulae large (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFAEDE091FA624BBA" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1384,1451,998,1020]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFAEDE091FA624BBA" box="[1384,1451,998,1020]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">exigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFCB4E774FC614C5F" baseAuthorityName="Keough and Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[817,936,1027,1049]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCB4E774FC614C5F" box="[817,936,1027,1049]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">parvivipara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFC33E774FBC34C5F" baseAuthorityName="Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[950,1034,1027,1049]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFC33E774FBC34C5F" box="[950,1034,1027,1049]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">vivipara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or small (
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFBFEE774FAF24C5F" box="[1147,1339,1027,1049]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFBFEE774FB174C5F" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1147,1246,1027,1049]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calcarata">calcarata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFB6CE774FAF24C5F" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1257,1339,1027,1049]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">dyscrita</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); disc variably bordered by series of 5 large radial and 5 small interradial plates; abactinal plates with raised spinelet-bearing elevations (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFCBFE72CFC524C37" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[826,923,1115,1137]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCBFE72CFC524C37" box="[826,923,1115,1137]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or not; abactinal spinelets in splayed clusters (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFA0FE72CFCBA4CC8" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1869" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFA0FE72CFCBA4CC8" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or fairly close cover over plates; spinelets both digitiform on primary plates and pointed on secondary and distal interradial plates (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFC7CE7C4FB934C8F" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1017,1114,1203,1225]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calcarata">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFC7CE7C4FB934C8F" box="[1017,1114,1203,1225]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">calcarata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or granuliform globose (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFA02E7C4FCA84CA0" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFA02E7C4FCA84CA0" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">dyscrita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or short columnar (
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFBE7E7A7FA684CA0" box="[1122,1441,1232,1254]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFBE7E7A7FB614CA0" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1122,1192,1232,1254]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exigua">exigua</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFB38E7A7FAF04CA0" baseAuthorityName="Keough and Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1213,1337,1232,1254]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvivipara">parvivipara</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFAC9E7A7FA684CA0" baseAuthorityName="Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1356,1441,1232,1254]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vivipara">vivipara</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); glassy convexities and reticulations variably evident on denuded plates; superomarginal and inferomarginal series of predominantly subequal plates; typically widely projecting inferomarginal plates define margin, with proximal abactinal-type spinelets, distal fringe of thinner and longer spinelets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCD4E6EAFAF74D97" blockId="26.[817,1457,587,1812]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Actinal interradial plates in oblique series; actinal proximal areas of non-plated body wall frequently extensive.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCD4E6AFFB794ED8" blockId="26.[817,1457,587,1812]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Actinal spines per plate: oral 2 tall, 3–5 short sometimes grouped separately with distalmost frequently longest; suboral 1–2, thick; furrow 2 short, thin; subambulacral 1 tall, thick; adradial actinal spines present (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFB0BE547FB294E00" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1166,1248,1584,1606]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFB0BE547FB294E00" box="[1166,1248,1584,1606]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">dyscrita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or few (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFAD1E547FA614E00" baseAuthorityName="Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[1364,1448,1584,1606]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFAD1E547FA614E00" box="[1364,1448,1584,1606]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">vivipara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or absent
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFC26E539FBAD4E22" box="[931,1124,1614,1636]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFC2EE539FBC64E22" baseAuthorityName="Perrier" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[939,1039,1614,1636]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="calcarata">calcarata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFBA4E539FBAD4E22" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1057,1124,1614,1636]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exigua">exigua</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); actinal interradial frequently 2 midray to distally; actinal interradial spines digitiform (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFCBFE5FFFC454ED8" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[826,908,1672,1694]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCBFE5FFFC454ED8" box="[826,908,1672,1694]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">dyscrita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or pointed or short conical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCD4E5D2FBDB4F55" blockId="26.[817,1457,587,1812]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Superambulacral plates present as series (in large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFAD4E5D1FA6A4EFA" baseAuthorityName="H. L. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1361,1443,1702,1724]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFAD4E5D1FA6A4EFA" box="[1361,1443,1702,1724]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">dyscrita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or rare single, or distal only plates; superactinal plates present as single or multiple-plate series (neither seen in the pedomorphic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA0FFACFC09E589FBCA4F52" baseAuthorityName="Keough and Dartnall" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[908,1027,1790,1812]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvivipara">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFC09E589FBCA4F52" box="[908,1027,1790,1812]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">parvivipara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA0FFACFCB4E45DFC4C4F3C" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA0FFACFCB4E45DFC4C4F3C" blockId="26.[817,1457,1833,1914]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA0FFACFCB4E45DFC664F06" box="[817,943,1834,1856]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Southern Pacific Ocean, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E8ED765BFFA0FFACFACEE45EFA644F79" box="[1355,1453,1833,1855]" name="Australia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southern Indian Ocean, southern Africa, SE Atlantic Ocean;
|
||
<quantity id="57029B2EFFA0FFACFCB4E413FC4B4F3C" box="[817,898,1892,1914]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="5.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="0.0">
|
||
0–
|
||
<specimenCount id="86FCFD42FFA0FFACFCC9E413FC4B4F3C" box="[844,898,1892,1914]" count="10" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">10 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA1FFADFF06E397FF3C4977" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA1FFADFF06E397FF3C4977" blockId="27.[131,771,224,305]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFF06E397FF2648B0" box="[131,239,224,246]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. From the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFE23E397FE3648B0" box="[422,511,224,246]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">parvulus</emphasis>
|
||
(very small) and
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFD38E397FCCA48B0" box="[701,771,224,246]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">astrum</emphasis>
|
||
(star), referring to the small to very small species of the genus (feminine).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D8E06540FFA1FFADFF06E230FF0C4BA4" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA1FFADFF06E230FE454A01" blockId="27.[131,772,327,994]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFF06E230FF15491B" box="[131,220,327,349]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. Four species previously included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA1FFADFDDDE230FD7E491B" authorityName=", Domantay and Acosta" authorityYear="1970" box="[600,695,327,349]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFDDDE230FD7E491B" box="[600,695,327,349]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Patiriella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belong to a monophyletic clade V in Waters et al.’s (2004) analysis. They share a consistent morphology characterised by: subpentagonal form; longitudinal series of abactinal plates on rays; oblique series of actinal plates; granuliform and digitiform spinelets; a few papulae per space; and superambulacral and superactinal plates. The clade warrants generic rank.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA1FFADFD28E280FF1C4A6C" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="dyscrita">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFD28E280FF1C4A6C" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Asterina dyscrita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares these morphological characters and is assigned to the genus on this basis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="904536CBFFA1FFADFF26E138FF0C4BA4" blockId="27.[131,772,327,994]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA1FFADFEDAE138FE1F4A23" box="[351,470,591,613]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Parvulastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFEDAE138FE1F4A23" box="[351,470,591,613]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Parvulastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA1FFADFDF3E138FCCA4A23" box="[630,771,591,613]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Cryptasterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFDF3E138FCCA4A23" box="[630,771,591,613]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cryptasterina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA1FFADFF36E11BFEDB4AC4" authorityName=", Domantay and Acosta" authorityYear="1970" box="[179,274,620,642]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFF36E11BFEDB4AC4" box="[179,274,620,642]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Patiriella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Waters et al.’s cladogram suggests that these three genera are not closely related on molecular grounds. Either the similar morphological characters have remained stable while divergence has occurred in characters not considered, or there is strong morphological convergence among the three unrelated genera, or the molecular data are unreliable at levels more basal than inter-species. Nevertheless, the genera can be differentiated by morphological characters.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA1FFADFF06E020FED94B2B" box="[131,272,855,877]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Cryptasterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFF06E020FED94B2B" box="[131,272,855,877]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cryptasterina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is differentiated by predominantly single papulae per space, elongate superomarginal plates, narrowly projecting inferomarginal plates, and single mid-actinal spines. The characters which differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="57FA4D48FFA1FFADFE46E0D8FDEB4B83" authorityName=", Domantay and Acosta" authorityYear="1970" box="[451,546,943,965]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A28EEAD9FFA1FFADFE46E0D8FDEB4B83" box="[451,546,943,965]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Patiriella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are listed under that genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |