247 lines
32 KiB
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247 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.104.1272" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2f0bc3be-ccd5-478b-a194-37796cf9bd8e" ID-PMC="PMC3119325" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-104-77" ID-PubMed="21852918" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-104-77" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 104" ModsDocTitle="Two new species of Pterostichus Bonelli subgenus Pseudoferonina Ball (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichini) from the mountains of central Idaho, U.S.A." checkinTime="1451250319407" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bergdahl, James C. & Kavanaugh, David H." docDate="2011" docId="9037A758767A95F90E2C8B7153B71328" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 104: 77-96" docOrigin="ZooKeys 104" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.104.1272" docTitle="Pterostichus (Pseudoferonina) lolo Bergdahl, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="85" masterDocId="7061CE564230FFEAFFB1EC6DD82EA72D" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Pterostichus Bonelli subgenus Pseudoferonina Ball (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichini) from the mountains of central Idaho, U. S. A." masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="77" pageNumber="83" updateTime="1668150572374" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two new species of Pterostichus Bonelli subgenus Pseudoferonina Ball (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichini) from the mountains of central Idaho, U. S. A.</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bergdahl, James C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kavanaugh, David H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>104</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>77</mods:start>
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<mods:end>96</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.104.1272</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.104.1272</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-104-77</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152029627" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:50D61144-E2F2-40FB-9A04-FFB9E348C458" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9037A758767A95F90E2C8B7153B71328" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="83" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:50D61144-E2F2-40FB-9A04-FFB9E348C458" authority="Bergdahl" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus (Pseudoferonina) lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo" subGenus="Pseudoferonina">Pterostichus (Pseudoferonina) lolo Bergdahl</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="6" pageNumber="83">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 23B4B, 4D57
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="83" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">U.S.A, Idaho, Clearwater County, Cottonwood Creek near the confluence of Orogrande Creek and the North Fork of the Clearwater River, ca. 870 m (2860 ft) elevation, 46.5528°; -115.5522°.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="83" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
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Holotype, a male, deposited in CAS, labeled: "USA: IDAHO, Clearwater Co.; Cottonwood Creek @ USFS Rd 250; Orogrande Ck. Rd.; NF Clearwater R. watershed; elev. ~870 m (2860 ft); 12.5 MI. ESE Headquarters, 3.5 MI. SW of Bungalow;
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="46.552776">46°33'10"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-115.55222">115°33'08"W</geoCoordinate>
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; T38N, R7E, S34; 17 July 2009; #73-2009; J. C. Bergdahl, coll."/ "HOLOTYPE
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
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Bergdahl designated 2011" [red label]. Paratypes: A total of 22 paratypes from same locale as the holotype (7 males and 5 females from 17 July 2010; 2 males and 9 females from 03 July 2010) deposited in CAS, CMNH, CNC, JCB, OSU, UICM and WSU.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
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Figure 7. Photographs of habitat for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus (Pseudoferonina) lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo" subGenus="Pseudoferonina">Pterostichus (Pseudoferonina) lolo</taxonomicName>
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Bergdahl, sp. n. Cottonwood Creek, near Bungalow, Clearwater County, Idaho, 3 July 2010. Photograph by J. C. Bergdahl.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="83" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
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The specific epithet, lolo, is a noun in apposition, and refers to the Lolo Trail, an ancient hunting and trade route developed by the Nez Perce tribe to cross the Bitterroot Mountains from their homelands on the Clearwater River near Kamiah, Idaho, to the buffalo herds of Montana. The beginning of this trail in its western foothills starts in the upper Lolo River watershed, near the type locality of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
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. The Lolo Trail is also the route the Lewis and Clark Expedition took over the Bitterroot Mountains heading west in September 1805 and east in June 1806.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="6" pageNumber="83">
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A
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pterostichus</taxonomicName>
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with the characteristics of members of subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudoferonina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoferonina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoferonina</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation author="Ball, GE" journalOrPublisher="Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" pagination="475 - 501" title="Two new subgenera of Ptersotichus Bonelli from western United States, with notes on characteristics and relationships of the subgenera Paraferonia Casey and Feronina Casey (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." volume="36" year="1965">Ball 1965</bibRefCitation>
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; and
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<bibRefCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="83">Bousquet 1999</bibRefCitation>
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); males easily distinguished from those of all other species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudoferonina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoferonina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoferonina</taxonomicName>
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by the shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus, especially the form of the mid-shaft sinuation and associated convexity (Figs 4B and 4D), which is markedly and abruptly convex, nearly tuberculate (in lateral view), and
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="84" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
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shape of the apical lamella (apex), which is broader in ventral view than in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus shulli" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shulli">Pterostichus shulli</taxonomicName>
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males (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" pagination="510 - 521" title="Description of new or poorly known species of Gastrosticta Casey, 1918, and Paraferonina [sic] Ball, 1965 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichus Bonellli, 1810)." volume="100" year="1992">Bousquet 1992</bibRefCitation>
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, Fig. 16) and narrower in lateral view than in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus spathifer" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spathifer">Pterostichus spathifer</taxonomicName>
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males (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Bousquet, Y" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" pagination="510 - 521" title="Description of new or poorly known species of Gastrosticta Casey, 1918, and Paraferonina [sic] Ball, 1965 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichus Bonellli, 1810)." volume="100" year="1992">Bousquet 1992</bibRefCitation>
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, Fig. 15).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Size medium-large for subgenus, ABL males = 9.5-10.5 mm, females = 9.0-10.3 mm. Body form average for subgenus (Fig. 2).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Color. Dorsal surface black and shiny, pronotal lateral beads piceous, antennae and palpi rufous or rufopiceus, femora piceous except distally rufopiceous, tibiae and tarsi rufopiceus or rufous.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Microsculpture. Head with faintly impressed isodiametric meshes on frons; pronotum with moderately impressed transverse meshes on most of disc, meshes more isodiametric posteriorly; elytra with moderately impressed transverse meshes and very slight iridescence. Pronotum.Fig. 3B. Almost as long as wide, widest point approximately at anterior one-third, lateral margins slightly sinuate in posterior half, almost parallel before hind angles, hind angles slightly obtuse to subrectangular, lateral margins (in lateral view) bent ventrally near hind angles, basal one-quarter of pronotum finely but distinctly punctate. Anterior and posterior transverse impressions faintly or not at all impressed, median longitudinal impression distinctly impressed, nearly extended to anterior and posterior margins in most specimens examined. Lateral margins finely beaded, posterior margin without margination, anterior margin minutely beaded in lateral thirds, without margination in medial one-third. Basolateral fovea deep and broadly linear, slightly convergent toward midline anteriorly, finely but distinctly punctate, areas between basal fovea and lateral margins convex, subcarinate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Elytra. Intervals nearly flat, striae entire, moderately impressed, not or only very faintly punctulate. Legs. Male mesotibiae slightly curved apically. Abdomen. Last visible sternite of male with broad, shallow medial indentation, anterior margin of depression slightly carinate, sternite without protuberances; last visible sternite of males with single pair of anal setae, female with two pairs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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Male genitalia. Median lobe of aedeagus as in Figs 4B and 4D. Apical one-third of median lobe (in ventral view) with lightly sclerotized oblique band extended longitudinally next to slight ridge (Fig. 4Da); shaft of median lobe (in ventral view) markedly swollen submedially on left, with shaft abruptly tapered from swelling to the apical lamella, ventral margin distinctly sinuate subapically (in lateral view) with markedly abrupt, subtuberculate convexity basad of sinuation (Fig. 4Db); apical lamella average in length for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudoferonina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoferonina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoferonina</taxonomicName>
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species in Idaho, apex evenly rounded, very slightly swollen in ventral view (Fig. 4Da), narrow and very slightly reflexed ventrally at tip in lateral view (Fig. 4Db). Right paramere as illustrated by Bousquet (1992, Figs 15b and 16b) for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus spathifer" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spathifer">Pterostichus spathifer</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion shulli" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shulli">Bembidion shulli</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="geographic distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Geographic distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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Currently,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
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is known only from the type locality on Cottonwood Creek (at 870 m), which is a small, low-order tributary of Orogrande Creek, which is itself a tributary of the North Fork of the Clearwater River. In turn, the Clearwater is a tributary of the Snake River, which is a major tributary of the Columbia River. To what extent the range of this species is narrowly restricted to this area is not known. Despite sampling many other creeks in this area over the past decade, JCB has been unable to document any other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
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populations.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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The type locality is in the Clearwater Mountains and Breaks section of the Northern Rockies eco-region (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Nesser et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). This area has mountains of moderate relief with rounded landform, and steep breaklands. Elevations range between ca. 610 and 2070 m (2000 and 6800 ft.). The climate is generally cool, with a significant maritime influence. Summers are warm and dry, winters cool and moist. The soils are mantled by a thick layer of Quaternary volcanic ash and colluvium, underlain by Tertiary granitic rocks of the Idaho Batholith and Precambrian gneiss and schists (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="84">McGrath et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). Annual precipitation is ca. 889- 2032 mm, with 40-50% falling as snow. Snow packs at higher elevations can become very deep and linger late into spring. Rain-on-snow events are common below 1370 m (4500 ft.); January min/max temperatures: -8.3/0.6°C; July min/max temperatures are 7.2/27.2°C.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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These mountains have been largely unglaciated and support a highly dissected stream network of ancient narrow valleys and canyons. Drainage density (length of stream/area) is high. The natural vegetation is primarily a very species-rich mosaic of mesic conifer forest, including exceptional conifer species diversity (grand fir, Douglas fir, western red cedar, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, white pine, western larch, subalpine fir, Englemann spruce and yew). Ponderosa pine/Douglas fir and cedar/hemlock/pine forests occur at lower elevations, and spruce/fir or mountain hemlock forests at higher elevations. Some of the forest types in this area are the best examples of inland temperate rainforest in the Rocky Mountain region (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bergdahl, JC" journalOrPublisher="Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" title="Ecology, biogeography and conservation of inland temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest of North America: a comprehensive, international perspective. Proceedings of a Conference on British Columbia's Inland Rainforest - Conservation and Community, 21 - 23 May 2008" url="http://web.unbc.ca/~wetbelt/2008-conference-Bergdahl-Ecology-and-Biogeography.html" year="2008">Bergdahl 2008</bibRefCitation>
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), including western red cedar trees estimated to be more than 3000 years old (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Smith and Fischer 1997</bibRefCitation>
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). The flora of this region has many unique coastal disjunct species and the area is often referred to as the Clearwater Refugium (Brunsfeld et al. 2001,
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<bibRefCitation author="Carstens, BC" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="87" pagination="1639 - 1652" title="Investigating the evolutionary history of the Pacific Northwest mesic forest ecosystem: hypothesis testing within a comparative phylogeographic framework." url="10.1554/04-661.1" volume="59" year="2005">Carstens et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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, Brunsfeld and Sullivan 2006).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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Like all other species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudoferonina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoferonina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoferonina</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
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appears to be a habitat specialist, primarily on the wet margins of small, low (0-2) order forest streams descending hillsides in mountainous country. These habitats are often isolated in headwater basins, or on breaks and canyon walls at lower elevations. These beetles are not aquatic, but they are strict hygrophiles. Surface-active adults are usually found within two meters of wet stream channels, primarily within one meter of the strandline and especially right at the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="water’s">water's</normalizedToken>
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edge. When disturbed during warm weather, they will often run into the water and crawl down into the gravel or float away.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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Other carabid species collected by JCB at or in the vicinity of the Cottonwood Creek locality include:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scaphinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphinotus (Pseudonomaretus) regularis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regularis" subGenus="Pseudonomaretus">Scaphinotus (Pseudonomaretus) regularis</taxonomicName>
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(LeConte),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scaphinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphinotus (Pseudonomaretus) relictus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="relictus" subGenus="Pseudonomaretus">Scaphinotus (Pseudonomaretus) relictus</taxonomicName>
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(Horn),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Scaphinotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scaphinotus (Pseudonomaretus) merkelli" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="merkelli" subGenus="Pseudonomaretus">Scaphinotus (Pseudonomaretus) merkelli</taxonomicName>
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(Horn),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Zacotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zacotus matthewsii" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="matthewsii">Zacotus matthewsii</taxonomicName>
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LeConte,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Trechus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trechus coloradense" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coloradense">Trechus coloradense</taxonomicName>
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Schaeffer,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion kuprianovi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuprianovi">Bembidion kuprianovi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion iridescens" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iridescens">Bembidion iridescens</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Bembidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembidion breve" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="breve">Bembidion breve</taxonomicName>
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(Motschulsky),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus (Hypherpes) ecarinatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ecarinatus" subGenus="Hypherpes">Pterostichus (Hypherpes) ecarinatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hatch,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus (Leptoferonia) idahoae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="idahoae" subGenus="Leptoferonia">Pterostichus (Leptoferonia) idahoae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Csiki,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus (Leptoferonia) beyeri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beyeri" subGenus="Leptoferonia">Pterostichus (Leptoferonia) beyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
Van Dyke,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus (Pseudoferonina) shulli" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shulli" subGenus="Pseudoferonina">Pterostichus (Pseudoferonina) shulli</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hatch) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus (Pseudoferonina) vexatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexatus" subGenus="Pseudoferonina">Pterostichus (Pseudoferonina) vexatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bousquet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="phenology and larval ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Phenology and larval ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
|
||
are probably active from the first warm days of spring after snowmelt to the first days of hard frosts in October. A single pair of adults was observed in copulo, on 17 July 2009 [JCB].
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and all other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudoferonina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoferonina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoferonina</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, are probably "spring breeders" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Bousquet 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)-that is, they breed early in the active season, larval development takes place in late spring-
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="85" start="start">summer</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, new adults emerge from pupal chambers in late summer-early fall, and individuals overwinter primarily as immature adults. Males collected in fall are usually immature, suggesting they may die after a single breeding season. These beetles probably vacate streambeds and floodplains in the fall so as to escape winter or spring freshets of high water. Flash floods from thunderstorms during the active season may be a major cause of mortality. The ecology of the larvae is poorly known because they are rarely seen on the surface. The extent to which larvae and adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudoferonina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoferonina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoferonina</taxonomicName>
|
||
utilize the subterranean hyporheic zone may be substantial. As mentioned above, adults do not hesitate to crawl down into saturated streambed gravels to escape capture. The highest density of adults is often found along small creeks and reaches that have recently experienced small debris slides with rocks embedded in substantial amounts of wet organic mud. Presumably these muddy microhabitats also support the highest larval density and survival.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="85" type="dispersal power">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Dispersal power.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="85">
|
||
All known individuals are brachypterous (flightless) and restricted to the margins of a small, isolated, forested stream, so dispersal power of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults is expected to be extremely low. Like
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus shulli" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shulli">Pterostichus shulli,</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus spathifer" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spathifer">Pterostichus spathifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus bousqueti" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bousqueti">Pterostichus bousqueti</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., the geographic range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 5) appears to be highly restricted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="85" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="85">
|
||
Based on the form of the median lobe of the male aedeagus, members of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be most closely related to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus shulli" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shulli">Pterostichus shulli</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus spathifer" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spathifer">Pterostichus spathifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (i.e., the shulli species-group). It is perhaps significant that both of these species, along with the more distantly related
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus vexatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexatus">Pterostichus vexatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occur in areas near the single known locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The North Fork Clearwater River basin has the highest diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pseudoferonina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoferonina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoferonina</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="85">Property ownership in the vicinity of type locality is primarily the U.S. Forest Service (Clearwater National Forest). Potlatch Corporation, Bennett Tree Farms, Inc. and the State of Idaho also have significant property ownership in this region. The primary land use impacts in this area are timber harvesting, roads, mining and off-road vehicle use. There is a large, poorly managed campground on U.S. Forest Service property along both sides of Cottonwood Creek at the type locality, with substantial off-road vehicle impacts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="85">
|
||
Because
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterostichus lolo" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lolo">Pterostichus lolo</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from only one, easily identifiable locality, we hope that collectors will exercise restraint when sampling at this site, and instead focus on discovering new sites for this species in the immediate vicinity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |