250 lines
26 KiB
XML
250 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="2E2903E4A807A462025C703C23F18F93" ID-CLB-Dataset="7340" ID-DOI="10.1051/acarologia/20122034" ID-GBIF-Dataset="af1c13af-ed12-4d49-ba0d-eb5e1886de63" ID-ISSN="2107-7207" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4667077" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1617736643322" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Basu, A. K., Basu, M. & Adesiyun, A. A." docDate="2012" docId="03A4A5115C1EF103FC2FFDA1FDEDFDD0" docLanguage="en" docName="Acarologia.52.1.39-50.pdf" docOrigin="Acarologia 52 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/acarologia/20122034" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8E0DCBB23C2CB3FD20935B7794B24F85.3:Acarologia.2010-2017.journal_article" docStyleId="8E0DCBB23C2CB3FD20935B7794B24F85" docStyleName="Acarologia.2010-2017.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FF9DDD695C19F10BFFA3FFFBFFE4FFA5" masterDocTitle="A Review On Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae, Argasidae), Associated Pathogens And Diseases Of Trinidad And Tobago" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1698935995859" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-ND-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="43AEC6CDC19E198076CEEEFB0D915132">
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<mods:title id="C3EF7C5C1918C264267B0F19C7056FDA">A Review On Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae, Argasidae), Associated Pathogens And Diseases Of Trinidad And Tobago</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="69C3A4F2FA585CEB937C6FED27AB653C">Basu, A. K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="740FAB26C1CDC5A6510E08A129B9C8DB">Basu, M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="BAA2C864554F1450A18538367F1A5645">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FC20D3C81E87B4B4CC16C607B935990C">Adesiyun, A. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A4D294CA5AC70ADC7E2D479B874D31BB">Acarologia</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="254C90A52EC54ABF5ABE146A1B2301AD">
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<mods:date id="D11770AF5A36CCBDEF16DEBFA653AAA1">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="245DBC4BC3DAE55E0A0C34A2D5CF8B57">2012-03-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E191D6E84A33BB04852052571067F03C">52</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="B6753D155C0A891568749D4B21A96DEF">http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/acarologia/20122034</mods:url>
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<treatment id="03A4A5115C1EF103FC2FFDA1FDEDFDD0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4694655" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181010848" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4694655" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A4A5115C1EF103FC2FFDA1FDEDFDD0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A4A5115C1EF103FC2FFDA1FDEDFDD0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="C317478C5C1EF10CFC2FFDA1FAA7FDD7" box="[908,1347,602,626]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB214075C1EF10CFC2FFDA1FAA7FDD7" blockId="7.[908,1347,602,626]" box="[908,1347,602,626]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="D0FAA36B5C1EF10CFC2FFDA1FAA7FDD7" bold="true" box="[908,1347,602,626]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFC2FFDA1FAA7FDD7" ID-CoL="78TH5" box="[908,1347,602,626]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFC2FFDA1FAA7FDD7" bold="true" box="[908,1347,602,626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C317478C5C1EF10CFC99FD6DFAB6F839" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB214075C1EF10CFC99FD6DFAB6F839" blockId="7.[826,1429,662,1948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1EF10CFC99FD6DFBCEFD0B" author="Aitken T. H. G. & Omardeen T. A. & Giles C. D." box="[826,1066,662,686]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="153 - 157" refId="ref6075" refString="Aitken T. H. G., Omardeen T. A., Giles C. D. 1958 - The 1958 Cayenne tick outbreak - J. Agric. Soc. Trinidad, 58: 153 - 157." type="journal article" year="1958">
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Aitken
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFC36FD6CFC2AFD0B" box="[917,974,662,686]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
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(1958)
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</bibRefCitation>
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recorded a few specimens of the southern cattle tick
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFBFFFD41FAF8FD74" box="[1116,1308,697,721]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFBFFFD41FB90FD74" box="[1116,1140,698,721]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">R.</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB24FD41FB7BFD74" box="[1159,1183,698,721]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">B.</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB11FD42FAF8FD74" box="[1202,1308,697,721]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">microplus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from cattle and sheep in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1EF10CFBACFD27FB93FD51" box="[1039,1143,732,756]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1EF10CFB31FD27FC48FCB2" author="Williams H. E. & Gonzalez F. O." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="22 - 32" refId="ref9721" refString="Williams H. E., Gonzalez F. O. 1968 - Two tick-borne diseases affecting exotic cattle introduce into Trinidad - Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, 45: 22 - 32." type="journal article" year="1968">Williams and Gonzalez (1968)</bibRefCitation>
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observed that Holstein heifers imported into
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1EF10CFCD0FCD9FC3CFC9F" box="[883,984,802,826]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1EF10CFB84FCD9FB65FC9F" box="[1063,1153,802,826]" name="Canada" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Canada</collectingCountry>
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with the intent to develop a dairy industry were exposed to tick-infested pastures and that these exotic cattle suffered from a febrile disease associated with marked anaemia, occasional haemoglobinuria and sometimes death within two to six weeks after importation and introduction to tick-infested pastures. They also confirmed the detection of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFBF2FBE3FB45FB95" box="[1105,1185,1048,1072]" class="Labyrinthulea" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFBF2FBE3FB45FB95" box="[1105,1185,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Babesia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFABFFBE3FC41FBF6" authorityName="Theiler" authorityYear="1910" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Anaplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="marginale">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFABFFBE3FC41FBF6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Anaplasma marginale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the blood of the infected cattle. This established the presence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFB33FBA4FAB6FBD3" box="[1168,1362,1118,1142]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB33FBA4FB4CFBD3" box="[1168,1192,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">R.</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB1EFBA4FB30FBD3" box="[1213,1236,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">B.</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB4BFBA5FAB6FBD3" box="[1256,1362,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">microplus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ticks in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1EF10CFCFFFB7AFC27FB3C" box="[860,963,1153,1177]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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, as these ticks are vectors of both the pathogens. The presence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFB06FB5EFA8EFB19" box="[1189,1386,1188,1212]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB06FB5EFB5AFB19" box="[1189,1214,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">R.</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB70FB5EFB0FFB19" box="[1235,1259,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">B.</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFAA3FB5FFA8EFB19" box="[1280,1386,1188,1212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">microplus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on cattle in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1EF10CFC04FB3CFBE8FB7A" box="[935,1036,1223,1247]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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was confirmed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1EF10CFAA3FB3CFC67FAA7" author="Aitken T. H. G. & Spence L. & Jonkers A. H. & Downs W. G." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="207 - 215" refId="ref6116" refString="Aitken T. H. G., Spence L., Jonkers A. H., Downs W. G. 1969 - A 10 - year survey of Trinidad arthropods for natural virus infection (1953 - 1963) - J. Med. Ent., 6: 207 - 215." type="journal article" year="1969">
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Aitken
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFAFFFB33FA71FB7A" box="[1372,1429,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
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(1969)
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1EF10CFC32FB11FBAFFAA7" author="Clarkson M. J." box="[913,1099,1258,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refId="ref6482" refString="Clarkson M. J. 1969 - ' Tick-borne diseases of cattle in Trinidad and Tobago' - Report to the Ministry of Overseas Development. London." type="book" year="1969">Clarkson (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1EF10CFB29FB11FAD9FAA7" author="Rawlins S. C." box="[1162,1341,1258,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refId="ref9032" refString="Rawlins S. C. 1977 - Toxicological and biological studies on Jamaican and other Caribbean populations of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (canestrini) (Acarina: Ixodidae) [PhD Thesis] - The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica." type="book" year="1977">Rawlins (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1EF10CFAECFB11FC65FA80" author="Smith M. W." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="90311 - 8" refId="ref9273" refString="Smith M. W. 1973 - The ecology of Amblyomma cajennense a parasite of man and animals in Trinidad - Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 67 (1): 36. doi: 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (73) 90311 - 8" type="journal article" year="1973">Smith (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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studied the distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFB76FAF5FA70FA80" box="[1237,1428,1293,1317]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB76FAF5FB09FA80" box="[1237,1261,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">R.</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFAA3FAF5FAFCFA80" box="[1280,1304,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">B.</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFA89FAF6FA70FA80" box="[1322,1428,1293,1317]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">microplus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1EF10CFCFBFACBFBB5FAED" box="[856,1105,1328,1352]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFBFEFACBFA70FAED" box="[1117,1428,1328,1352]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFBFEFACBFB10FAED" box="[1117,1268,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Rhipicephalus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFAA7FACAFAFFFAED" box="[1284,1307,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">B.</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFA89FACBFA70FAED" box="[1322,1428,1328,1352]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">microplus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was found throughout both islands, except on land newly cleared from forest. Furthermore,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1EF10CFAECFA8DFC65FA17" author="Smith M. W." pageId="7" pageNumber="45" pagination="559 - 567" refId="ref9327" refString="Smith M. W. 1974 - A survey of the distribution of the Ixodid ticks Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) and Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) in Trinidad and Tobago and the possible influence of the survey results on planned livestock development - Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), 51 (4): 559 - 567." type="journal article" year="1974">Smith (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded this tick exploiting ruminants and equines. The prevalence and biology of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFABDFA46FC6CFA5D" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFABDFA46FAD2FA71" box="[1310,1334,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">R.</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFAE4FA46FABBFA71" box="[1351,1375,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">B.</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFAD3FA46FC6CFA5D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">microplus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was investigated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1EF10CFB2EFA1BFAD3FA5D" author="Dindial P." box="[1165,1335,1504,1528]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refId="ref6709" refString="Dindial P. 1977 - Studied on the life cycle and seasonal incidence of Boophilus microplus in Trinidad and Tobago. [MSc Thesis] - The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad." type="book" year="1977">Dindial (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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and he also found the presence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFB2CF9FFFAB6F9BE" box="[1167,1362,1539,1563]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB2CF9FFFB4CF9BE" box="[1167,1192,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">R.</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB1FF9FFFB30F9BE" box="[1212,1236,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">B.</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB4BF9F8FAB6F9BE" box="[1256,1362,1539,1563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">microplus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
ticks all over the country. Spraying dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Gamma Benzene Hexachloride (GBH), chlordane and dieldrin was reported to have helped to control this tick population in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1EF10CFC99F949FC46F96F" box="[826,930,1714,1738]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
. Polar and co-investigators (2005) reported the use of entomopathogenic fungi
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFA8AF92EFC3DF8B5" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anisopliae">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFA8AF92EFC3DF8B5" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Metarhizium anisopliae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
to control
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFBC0F902FAC0F8B5" box="[1123,1316,1784,1808]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFBC0F902FB98F8B5" box="[1123,1148,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">R.</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB2CF902FB43F8B5" box="[1167,1191,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">B.</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB19F903FAC0F8B5" box="[1210,1316,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">microplus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
at Aripo livestock station in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C1EF10CFB8EF8E0FB71F896" box="[1069,1173,1819,1843]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
|
.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C1EF10CFB12F8E0FAA5F896" author="Polar P. A." box="[1201,1345,1819,1843]" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" refId="ref8914" refString="Polar P. A. 2007 - Studied on the use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of ticks on cattle [PhD Thesis] - The University of the West Indies, ST. Augustine, Trinidad." type="book" year="2007">Polar (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
found that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFCD3F8C5FB94F8F3" box="[880,1136,1854,1878]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anisopliae">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFCD3F8C5FB94F8F3" box="[880,1136,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Metarhizium anisopliae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was effective against all development stages of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFBF1F899FAF4F8DC" box="[1106,1296,1889,1914]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFBF1F899FB8EF8DC" box="[1106,1130,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">R.</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFBDEF899FB70F8DC" box="[1149,1172,1890,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">B.</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFB05F89AFAF4F8DC" box="[1190,1296,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">microplus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C1EF10CFAF2F89AFBFCF839" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C1EF10CFAF2F89AFBFCF839" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="45">Rhipicephalus sanguineus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, except larvae of the latter.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C317478C5C11F103FF66FEC3FE38FDE1" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB214075C11F103FF66FEC3FE38FDE1" blockId="8.[159,762,311,629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C11F103FF66FEC3FE63FEEA" ID-CoL="78TH5" box="[197,391,311,335]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FF66FEC3FF39FEEA" box="[197,221,312,335]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">R.</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FF51FEC3FEEDFEEA" box="[242,265,312,335]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">B.</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FEBEFECCFE63FEEA" box="[285,391,311,335]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">microplus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is known to transmit numerous parasites:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C11F103FEE9FEA1FE3EFED7" authorityName="V.Babes" authorityYear="1888" box="[330,474,346,370]" class="Labyrinthulea" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bovis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FEE9FEA1FE3EFED7" box="[330,474,346,370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">Babesia bovis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C11F103FDB5FEA0FD73FED7" baseAuthorityName="Smith & Kilborne" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[534,663,346,370]" class="Labyrinthulea" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="bigemina">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FDB5FEA0FD73FED7" box="[534,663,346,370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">B. bigemina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Bovine babesiosis),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C11F103FE90FE86FDC0FE30" ID-CoL="DFSS" authorityName="Theiler" authorityYear="1910" box="[307,548,381,405]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Anaplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="marginale">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FE90FE86FDC0FE30" box="[307,548,381,405]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">Anaplasma marginale</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(bovine anaplasmosis) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C11F103FE9AFE5BFE30FE1D" authorityName="Mehlhorn & Schein" authorityYear="1998" box="[313,468,416,440]" class="Labyrinthulea" family="Theileriidae" genus="Theileria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="equi">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FE9AFE5BFE30FE1D" box="[313,468,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">Theileria equi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(equine piroplasmosis) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C11F103FF05FE38FDFDFE7E" author="Jongejan F. & Uilenberg G." box="[166,537,451,475]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" pagination="14" refId="ref7626" refString="Jongejan F., Uilenberg G. 2004 - The global importance of ticks - Parasitol., 129: S 3 - S 14." type="journal article" year="2004">Jongejan and Uilenberg 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). A virus, Wad Medani has also been reported to be transmitted by
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C0D6F845C11F103FF69FDF1FE74FD84" ID-CoL="78TH5" box="[202,400,521,545]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus" subGenus="Boophilus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FF69FDF1FF06FD84" box="[202,226,522,545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">R.</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FF5AFDF1FEF4FD84" box="[249,272,522,545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">B.</emphasis>
|
|
)
|
|
<emphasis id="B979C8155C11F103FE85FDF2FE74FD84" box="[294,400,521,545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">microplus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F31A54975C11F103FE60FDF2FDDDFD84" box="[451,569,521,545]" name="Singapore" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
|
and Malayasia (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C69F65C11F103FF04FDD7FE34FDE1" author="Labuda, M. & Nuttall, P. A." box="[167,464,556,580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" pagination="245" refId="ref8139" refString="Labuda, M. and Nuttall, P. A. 2004 - Tick-borne viruses - Parasitology, 129: S 221 - S 245." type="journal article" year="2004">Labuda and Nuttall 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C317478C5C11F103FF66FDA6FDEDFDD0" box="[197,521,605,629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BB214075C11F103FF66FDA6FDEDFDD0" blockId="8.[159,762,311,629]" box="[197,521,605,629]" pageId="8" pageNumber="46">Distribution: Cosmopolitan</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |