330 lines
34 KiB
XML
330 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.269.4255" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8da4cab7-5b32-4671-bc4e-bed695d3ec4d" ID-PMC="PMC3592268" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-269-51" ID-PubMed="23653525" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-269-51" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 269" ModsDocTitle="New continental record and new species of Austromerope (Mecoptera, Meropeidae) from Brazil" checkinTime="1451247667537" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Kawada, Ricardo & Rafael, Jose Albertino" docDate="2013" docId="1DB8F2DAB21393223735A3DB534E2509" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 269: 51-65" docOrigin="ZooKeys 269" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.269.4255" docTitle="Austromerope brasiliensis Machado, Kawada & Rafael, 2013, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="FFA6FC148B49DD0FED56FFE0A875FFE2" masterDocTitle="New continental record and new species of Austromerope (Mecoptera, Meropeidae) from Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="54" updateTime="1668155362496" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>New continental record and new species of Austromerope (Mecoptera, Meropeidae) from Brazil</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Machado, Renato Jose Pires</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kawada, Ricardo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rafael, Jose Albertino</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>269</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>51</mods:start>
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<mods:end>65</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.269.4255</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.269.4255</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-269-51</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152040719" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:452F3F6F-BE98-4352-82AC-AE2681DE7D0F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1DB8F2DAB21393223735A3DB534E2509" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:452F3F6F-BE98-4352-82AC-AE2681DE7D0F" class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="54" start="start">Austromerope</pageBreakToken>
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brasiliensis
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="54">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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Holotype, BRAZIL:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
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Santo: Domingos Martins: Pico Eldorado,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-20.37422">20°22'27.19"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-40.659264">40°39'33.35"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 05-12.vii.2003, Malaise trap, R. Kawada col. - 1 male (UFES). Condition is good, but with left antennae broken and apex of right hind leg missing.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">This species is characterized by the semi-elliptical wings with many crossveins (Fig. 2b), the large genital forceps (Fig. 1), and by the truncate expansion of the apex of the basal segment of the forceps (Fig. 3d).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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(male holotype). Body length: 20 mm; wing length: 13.8 mm. Head: Eyes black, encircling antennae and almost touching each other dorsally (Fig. 4a); cuticle between and around eyes dark-brown (Fig. 4a). Ocelli absent. Frons, clypeus, labrum, and gena brown. Mandible dark-brown, palps pale (Fig. 4a). Antennae pale, scape broader than pedicel, which has the same width as basal flagellomeres in frontal view; 47 flagellomeres (each wider than long), the basal and apical ones thinner in lateral view (Fig. 3e). Head and body completely covered by small pale setae. Thorax: Pronotum brown, except for 2 black lines, 1 medial longitudinal, the other transverse, sub-apical (Fig. 4b); anterior border pale and folded dorsally. Pronotum as wide as head. Meso- and metanotum dark brown, both broader than pronotum, metanotum with anterolateral region serrated and modified into stridulatory organ (Fig. 4b). Thoracic pleura brown to dark brown. Legs: All pale and of same length (Fig. 2a). Tibia with 2 apical spurs. Tarsi 5 segmented. Pretarsal claws with small teeth (Fig. 3f). Wings: (Fig. 2) Semi-elliptical, membrane fuscous but hyaline around crossveins, slightly darker in inferior area of the wing. Membrane under first branch of M (until the 1st fork) hyaline in hind wing. Veins pale. Costal vein with many transverse rows of small, pale setae. Sc with many branches parallel to C. Rs and M divided into 11 and 9 branches respectively in the forewing, and 12 and 11 in the hind wing. Cu2 ending close to Cu1 in apical half of forewing. Cu2 bifurcated in hindwing. Jugal lobe modified into stridulatory organ in forewing. Abdomen: Segments I-IV slightly darker than others (Fig. 3a) and with sparse pillosity medially. Segments V-IX brown with denser pillosity medially (Fig. 4c) [glabrous in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope tuber" order="Mecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuber">Merope tuber</taxonomicName>
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, Fig. 8c]. Tergite I longitudinaly divided medially. Tergite IX with posterior margin truncated and longer than tergite VIII (Fig. 3b). Terminalia: Anal dorsal plate curving down in lateral view, apex truncated with acute projection medially in dorsal view (Fig. 3b). Cercus small, rounded, with small pale setae (Fig. 3b). Genital forceps pale, long, slightly longer than abdomen (Fig. 1). Basal segments of forceps subparallel, with proximal region covered by long pale setae and with inner margin expanded (Fig. 3b); distal extremity with small truncate expansion on inner margin (Fig. 3d). Apical segment curved, with apex truncate (Fig. 3d). Basal segment broader and more than 2x longer than apical segment (Fig. 3c).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="54">The specific epithet was named for the country where the specimen was collected.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="55" start="start">Discussion</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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<bibRefCitation author="Killington, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 4" title="A new genus and species of Meropeidae (Mecoptera) from Australia." volume="69" year="1933">Killington (1933)</bibRefCitation>
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described the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austromerope</taxonomicName>
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from Australia and pointed out several characters that differentiated it from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Merope</taxonomicName>
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, including: prothorax as wide as head (Figs 4b, 8a); pretarsal claws with small teeth (Fig. 3f); apical spine on the basal segment of the forceps (Fig. 5a); jugal lobe of forewing narrow and elongate (Fig. 5b); Rs with 5 or 6 bifurcations (Figs 2b, 5b); M with 2 bifurcations; the great number of crossveins; and costal crossveins parallel to C (Figs 2b, 5b). The new species described here shares all of these defining characters with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope poultoni" order="Mecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poultoni">Austromerope poultoni</taxonomicName>
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(except the apical spine on the basal segment of the forceps, which is just a truncated expansion in the Brazilian species). In addition, the new species and the Australian one have some other characters in common, such as: the color pattern of the wings and body; antennal flagellomeres wider than long (Fig. 3e); tergite IX longer than tergite VIII (Fig. 3b); the shape of the basal segment of the forceps (subparallel); and the size of the basal segment of the forceps, which is more than 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than the apical segment (Fig. 3c)
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="56" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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almost 1.5 longer in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope tuber" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuber">Merope tuber</taxonomicName>
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, Figs 7a, 8b). Because of all these shared characteristics we have decided to include the Brazilian species in the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austromerope</taxonomicName>
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and not in a new genus, despite the disjunct distribution.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Austromerope brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
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can be separated from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope poultoni" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poultoni">Austromerope poultoni</taxonomicName>
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by Cu1 not connected with M in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Austromerope brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 2b), but connected with M by a short distance basally in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope poultoni" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poultoni">Austromerope poultoni</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5b); by the truncated apical margin of abdominal tergite IX (Fig. 3b), which is rounded in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope poultoni" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poultoni">Austromerope poultoni</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Killington, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 4" title="A new genus and species of Meropeidae (Mecoptera) from Australia." volume="69" year="1933">Killington 1933</bibRefCitation>
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; Fig. 5); by the truncated apical expansion of the basal segment of the forceps (Fig. 3d), which has a strong apical spine in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope poultoni" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poultoni">Austromerope poultoni</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5a); and by the truncated apex of the apical segment of the forceps (Fig. 3d), which is pointed in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope poultoni" order="Mecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poultoni">Austromerope poultoni</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5a).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="family distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="57" start="start">Family</pageBreakToken>
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distribution.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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This is the first record of
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<taxonomicName family="Meropeidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="family">Meropeidae</taxonomicName>
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in the Neotropical region, and together with
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<taxonomicName family="Bittacidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="family">Bittacidae</taxonomicName>
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, it is one of the only two families of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mecoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecoptera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mecoptera</taxonomicName>
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existing in Brazil (
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<bibRefCitation author="Machado, RJP" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="27 - 38" title="Neotropical Mecoptera (Insecta): New generic synonymies, new combinations, key to families and genera, and checklist of species." volume="2148" year="2009">Machado et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). The
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<normalizedToken originalValue="family’s">family's</normalizedToken>
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disjunct distribution was discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Byers, GW" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="511 - 516" title="Zoogeography of the Meropeidae (Mecoptera)." volume="46" year="1973">Byers (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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, who compared it to the distribution of the other mecopteran families. He noted that the North American fauna seemed to be more closely related to the Eurasian fauna, with some families such as
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<taxonomicName family="Boreidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="family">Boreidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName family="Panorpodidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="family">Panorpodidae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName family="Panorpidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="family">Panorpidae</taxonomicName>
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, occurring only in these areas. He further commented that the Australian fauna, in turn, was basically endemic except for 1 family,
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<taxonomicName family="Nannochoristidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="family">Nannochoristidae</taxonomicName>
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, which also occurred in
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="58" start="start">South</pageBreakToken>
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America. Consequently,
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<bibRefCitation author="Byers, GW" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="511 - 516" title="Zoogeography of the Meropeidae (Mecoptera)." volume="46" year="1973">Byers (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested that South America was probably the connection between the North American species and the Australian one. Furthermore, he also wondered, in case his hypothesis was true, if there might be another
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<taxonomicName family="Meropeidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" rank="family">Meropeidae</taxonomicName>
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species waiting to be discovered in South American forests. The discovery
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="59" start="start">presented</pageBreakToken>
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here therefore confirms
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<bibRefCitation author="Byers, GW" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="511 - 516" title="Zoogeography of the Meropeidae (Mecoptera)." volume="46" year="1973">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Byers’">Byers'</normalizedToken>
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(1973)
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</bibRefCitation>
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hypothesis, but likely for a different reason. The subsequent description of the fossil species
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Boreomerope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boreomerope antiqua" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiqua">Boreomerope antiqua</taxonomicName>
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Novokschonov, 1995 suggests that another distribution hypothesis needs to be considered.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="8" pageNumber="59">
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<bibRefCitation author="Novokschonov, V" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="149 - 152" title="Der alteste vertreter der Meropeidae (Mecoptera, Insecta)." volume="69" year="1995">Novokschonov (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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discussed the relationships among the 3
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<taxonomicName family="Meropeidae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" rank="family">Meropeidae</taxonomicName>
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genera, and highlighted the difficulty to decide which 2 are sister species. Furthermore, he mentioned different characteristics that can be used to approximate any genus, such as Cu1 connected to M for a short distance and Sc branching pattern of Sc, which are shared between
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austromerope</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Boreomerope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boreomerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Boreomerope</taxonomicName>
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; the low number of Rs and M branches indicating a closer relationship between
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Merope</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Boreomerope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boreomerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Boreomerope</taxonomicName>
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; and the short length of Cu2, shared by
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Merope</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austromerope</taxonomicName>
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. The discovery of the new
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austromerope</taxonomicName>
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species from Brazil helps rectify some of these inconsistencies indicated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Novokschonov, V" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologische Zeitschrift" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="149 - 152" title="Der alteste vertreter der Meropeidae (Mecoptera, Insecta)." volume="69" year="1995">Novokschonov (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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. The character used to join
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Merope</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austromerope</taxonomicName>
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, the short length of Cu2, is not useful since it is much longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Austromerope brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in any other species. The features suggesting a relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austromerope</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Boreomerope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boreomerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Boreomerope</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also problematic; the connection between Cu1 and M does not occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Austromerope brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the number, length, and shape of the Sc branches, actually appear more similar between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope tuber" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuber">Merope tuber</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Boreomerope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boreomerope antiqua" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiqua">Boreomerope antiqua</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the other hand, the large number of branches of Rs and M in both species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austromerope</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests that it is probably a constant feature within the genus, and consequently the low number in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Merope</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Boreomerope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boreomerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Boreomerope</taxonomicName>
|
||
sug
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="60" start="start">gests</pageBreakToken>
|
||
these 2 genera are closely related. Moreover, the small number of crossveins and the broad area between Sc and R1 may suggest a closer relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Merope</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Boreomerope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boreomerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Boreomerope</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If the hypothesis of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Merope</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Boreomerope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boreomerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Boreomerope</taxonomicName>
|
||
is true, it is notable that the species from the same hemisphere are closely related to each other. Therefore, we deduce that after the breakup of Pangea the family was divided into 2 main branches, 1 in the southern hemisphere, represented now by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope" order="Mecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austromerope</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 1 in the northern hemisphere, currently represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope tuber" order="Mecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuber">Merope tuber</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Boreomerope" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boreomerope antiqua" order="Mecoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiqua">Boreomerope antiqua</taxonomicName>
|
||
is from the Middle Jurassic, a period when the continents had already split. It would therefore belong to the northern branch. The widespread distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Meropeidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" rank="family">Meropeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
corroborates the fact that the family arose when all continents were connected. In fact, the current global distribution of the mecopteran family
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Bittacidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" rank="family">Bittacidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Penny 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as well as the presence of some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mecoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecoptera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mecoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
fossils from the Permiam period (290-248 MYA), also when all the continents were united (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="60">Grimaldi and Engel 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), further corroborate this hypothesis. The similarities between the 3 extant species of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Meropeidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" rank="family">Meropeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest that despite the early bifurcation and the current distribution of the family, the evolution of the group was very conservative, as mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Byers, GW" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="511 - 516" title="Zoogeography of the Meropeidae (Mecoptera)." volume="46" year="1973">Byers (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="61" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="61" start="start">Conservation</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
The most intensely studied and explored area for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mecoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecoptera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mecoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Brazil is the Southeast region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Machado, RJP" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" pagination="604 - 607" title="Mecoptera (Insecta) do estado do Maranhao: chave para a identificacao das especies e descricao da femea de Bittacus latreillei (Collucci & Amorim)." url="10.1590/S0085-56262010000400011" volume="54" year="2010">Machado et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Austromerope brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected. However, despite all previous collecting efforts in this area the species had never been recorded before. The specimen was collected in a private ranch near a forest fragment surrounded by farms in the Atlantic Forest biome, one of the most threatened in Brazil. The discovery of this new relict species is an important signal to reinforce the conservation of this biome. Certainly there are many more mecopterans species yet to be discovered in these forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Figure 1.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Austromerope brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Figure 2.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Austromerope brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A lateral view B Left forewing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Austromerope brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A Abdomen dorsal view B Abdomen tip, dorsal view C Terminalia, dorsal view D Terminalia tip, dorsal view E Antennae, lateral view F Pretarsal claw.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope brasiliensis" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">Austromerope brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A Head, frontal view B Thorax, dorsal view C Abdomen tip, ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Figure 5.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Austromerope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austromerope poultoni" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poultoni">Austromerope poultoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Ventral view B Forewing. Abbreviations: A Anal Cu Cubitus h humeral jl jugal lobe M media R Radial Rs Radial sector Sc Subcosta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope tuber" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuber">Merope tuber</taxonomicName>
|
||
lateral view..
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Figure 7.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope tuber" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuber">Merope tuber</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. Dorsal view B Antennae, lateral view C Abdomen tip, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Figure 8.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope tuber" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuber">Merope tuber</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A Thorax, dorsal view B Terminalia, dorsal view C Abdomen tip, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Figure 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Meropeidae" genus="Merope" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Merope tuber" order="Mecoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tuber">Merope tuber</taxonomicName>
|
||
, forewing. Abbreviations: A Anal Cu Cubitus h humeral jl jugal lobe M media R Radial Rs Radial sector Sc S
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |