treatments-xml/data/1D/19/30/1D19302545D3561DA39129F7BCCDF460.xml

<document ID-CLB-Dataset="8881" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483" ID-GBIF-Dataset="05293484-bc29-4abc-99f1-d9de8f1e2e58" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2615-37-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="522C40D3F51C56C0976EBF128299DE6B" ID-ZooBank="7E59B89900ED46CE85052E510D985C95" ModsDocID="1314-2615-37-1" checkinTime="1610662607199" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hoch, Hannelore, Sendra, Alberto, Montagud, Sergio, Teruel, Santiago &amp; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes" docDate="2021" docId="1D19302545D3561DA39129F7BCCDF460" docLanguage="en" docName="SubterBiol 37: 1-26" docOrigin="Subterranean Biology 37" docPubDate="2021-01-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483" docTitle="Valenciolenda fadaforesta Hoch &amp; Sendra 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="571CB15C-1A95-40F9-AB0C-FD438C342218" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="522C40D3F51C56C0976EBF128299DE6B" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="522C40D3F51C56C0976EBF128299DE6B" masterDocTitle="First record of a cavernicolous Kinnaridae from the Old World (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Kinnaridae, Adolendini) provides testimony of an ancient fauna" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732844658212" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="CF4078F187B68A80FAAB49FC19575A68">First record of a cavernicolous Kinnaridae from the Old World (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Kinnaridae, Adolendini) provides testimony of an ancient fauna</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AEAF74CCF653C02C836F23861B4F9AB4">Hoch, Hannelore</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6E8BFE80444D9CF6440350BEB9292C3C">Museum fuer Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Humboldt-University, Invalidenstr. 43, D- 10115 Berlin, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="63462FF0B4ED8E1CEDE0E1FAC4F63552" type="email">hannelore.hoch@mfn-berlin.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="C031D40BB8B222192DD87F18E26535FC">Sendra, Alberto</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="665B94742C28E28D51E73C625049213A">Colecciones Entomologicas Torres-Sala; Servei de Patrimoni Historic, Ajuntament de Valencia, Valencia, Spain &amp; AEPS. Asociacion para el Estudio del Patrimonio Subterranea, Valencia, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="61804F7F4A10F220F584647674810979">Montagud, Sergio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="55924C92D2C7FA91D103D0096703FEFC">Museu de la Universitat de Valencia d'Historia Natural. C / Dr. Molinar, 50, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C6A8CC1A361F72EA3B88375B9EB5D9F0">Teruel, Santiago</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0E41EDEE619DD8375072DFE267E36C34">AEPS. Asociacion para el Estudio del Patrimonio Subterranea, Valencia, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FC2CF4E29061D91EDF4470049DE6FA33">Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FED1554F9A46C6D51664B8F1FBFF0DF0">Centro de Estudos em Biologia Subterranea, Setor de Zoologia Geral - Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras Lavras, Campus Universitario, Caixa Postal 3037, Minas Gerais, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="4701F6054146DBD457773F99C57D1017">Subterranean Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="226429EAE9C75E89BC2F5A276ECEF3C7">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="38DB412D612DA5A09C47B91ABAEEE91A">37</mods:number>
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<subSection id="335046CA072A49F247CA1AA0E2BBAB2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="results">
<treatment id="1D19302545D3561DA39129F7BCCDF460" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176584119" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:571CB15C-1A95-40F9-AB0C-FD438C342218" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1D19302545D3561DA39129F7BCCDF460" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_order="Hemiptera">
<subSubSection id="8F308FD056A44333343FFAED231DAA16" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5EBA91521826B383A74906BC5859ACBD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2FC1C6BCE4D3BC8414D6C2CCD8B64C3C" ID-CoL="9F2NJ" LSID="http://zoobank.org/571CB15C-1A95-40F9-AB0C-FD438C342218" authority="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta" status="sp. nov.">Valenciolenda fadaforesta Hoch &amp; Sendra</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CE88D9A1463ADF717EF33F3F7F0387F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="6E5C88E2844880C574C6BD590AB1286C" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., habitus, dorsal view a adult male, dorsal view b nymph (IV. instar) from ' Murcielagos' cave (Vilamarxant, Valencia) (photos by: Sergio Montagud Alario) c morphological analogy in the troglobitic Solonaima baylissa Hoch &amp; Howarth, 1989 (Cixiidae) from Australia: habitus, adult male, dorsal view. Body length 4.5 mm (photo by H. Reimer, Marburg, used with permission)." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496080" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="262ECDB7E804F88C61ACBC20E031E5E9" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov. a head and thorax, dorsal view b head, ventral view c same, left lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496081" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="2F52F1137493B534B02DE83213E3883F" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov. Right tegmen, male. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: ScP + R + M + Cu, subcosta posterior + radius + media + cubitus; scc, subcostal cell; ScP + RA, subcosta posterior + radius anterior; RP, radius posterior; PCu, cubitus posterior; A 1, first anal vein; A 2, second anal vein; CuA, cubitus anterior; PCu + A 1, cubitus posterior + first anal vein; CuP, cubitus posterior; MP, media posterior; C 1 - C 5, nodal cells." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496082" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A6C383220880D116F6C56C81716AE9F9" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov. Male genitalia in situ, left lateral view; paratype. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496083" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="90493C5008618BCCE86ADC7B638DC367" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov. Male genitalia a genital segment, caudal view b anal segment, dorsal view c left genital style, left lateral view d same, ventral view e aedeagus, left latero-dorsal view f same, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496084" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="3669BE0D434A6271AC2127F9AAE605BE" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov. Female genitalia a left lateral view b same ventral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496085" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="427D8DE16652FA0D2191D983F44F9C9E" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov. V. instar nymph, habitus (distribution of sensory pits reconstructed from SEM); Cova de Murcielagos, 24. vi. 2017, A. Sendra leg." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496086" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="4765B38DE5D867D0ABAB91ECC55408CF" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., V. instar nymph (SEM) a head and pronotum, dorsal view b head, ventral view c left antenna, dorsal view d head (partim) with antenna, left lateral aspect; arrow indicates the former position of the compound eye e tip of left antenna, as in Fig. 8 e, enlarged f overview of body, right lateral view, arrow indicates meracanthus g meracanthus, as in Fig. 8 f, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496087" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="80AAF938BC5F82E255ED6E4502182B0A" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., V. instar nymph (SEM) a tip of rostrum with sensilla, ventral aspect b metatarsus, ventral view c abdominal segments VI-IX (arrow - see explanation in text). Abbreviations: mx, md, mandible, maxillae; SF-D, dorsal sensory field; SF-V, ventral sensory field." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496088" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="371FEAEFC00ED3DE8BCCC7A88571C21B" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Root habitat in ' Raices'cave (Millares, Valencia) a overview main room b roots along cracks in the cave ceiling c roots dangling from the ceiling d Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., adult, on cave floor in ' Murcielagos'cave (photos a-c by Teresa Molina Jimenez and Ricardo Gimenez Mezquita, used with permission of UEE Fotogrup; photo d by Sergio Montagud Alario)." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496090" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 11d</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="933E58F49941664B2549865EE12C93B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="A4D54EA795B438A43ECC146761BAF3CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0EC82602AD2E47C22DAFD55EDDBC6220" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Habitus (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="14F89DEC0DBB3AB6E62FEC3AAF2A42A6" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., habitus, dorsal view a adult male, dorsal view b nymph (IV. instar) from ' Murcielagos' cave (Vilamarxant, Valencia) (photos by: Sergio Montagud Alario) c morphological analogy in the troglobitic Solonaima baylissa Hoch &amp; Howarth, 1989 (Cixiidae) from Australia: habitus, adult male, dorsal view. Body length 4.5 mm (photo by H. Reimer, Marburg, used with permission)." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496080" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1a</figureCitation>
). Strongly troglomorphic species, predominantly whitish colouration, compound eyes and ocelli absent, body dorsoventrally compressed, tegmina short and wide, in repose very shallowly tectiform, almost flat, caudally reaching or slightly surpassing tip of abdomen, laterally surpassing external body margin with about half of their width, together creating a nearly circular shape; with a light blue wax fringe - which in life is quite eye-catching - accompanying costal vein; hind wings vestigial.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C1909FE96EE2846D529B0182711048B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="764AAFEA3C5368A66EFEAED0C21409FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8571D7326208B21377A22ED2594B5258" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5DAA39A624D90FB71C10F324300A3D1C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6AD96AFAFBEDFFCD738FCBA260B9CE0F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Body length</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Measurements refer to distance between anterior margin of head to tip of abdomen (= caudal margin of genital styles in males, and tip of anal segment in the female).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D920780D098E6D363345D179FD9BF2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="F2060AA6638B718240F3BF75E1BB7D75" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Males.</emphasis>
2.8 (in a specimen with contracted abdominal segments) - 3.8 mm (in the holotype which displays fully extended abdominal segments) (n = 4). Females. 4.1 mm (n = 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E4DDB55D760A8CCC2663DDFD4A1DAC4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="47770CBC89EB2F2AB1255D495442CF62" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="DBDD604D76E9F6DB71E48069E0F3C1C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colouration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Head, thorax and abdominal segments largely unpigmented, whitish except lateral carinae of frons and rostrum, legs and genitalia in both sexes (genital segment, genital styles, gonocoxae VIII) which are light yellowish. Distal spines on hind tibiae, 1st and 2nd metatarsal joints sordid brown. Tegmina translucent, unpigmented, veins whitish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B886ABDD57D560CD26BABA4371DE2F84" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Configuration, shape and proportions of head and thorax as described for the genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE9BE54696171C621842A291AF133EE2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D549BAE7EDD550461C7549BEBD62B3FD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="2385CEEA51058CF9E572BC4B4B3E01B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Male genitalia</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Genital segment bilaterally symmetrical, in lateral aspect short, narrow in dorsal half, gradually widening caudoventrally; ventrally ca. 3.2 
<normalizedToken id="D5B25CAD594339325A7B27A144347D54" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than dorsally. Anterior margin of genital segment smooth, devoid of median apodemes. Genital segment in caudal aspect highly ovate, lateral margins in ventral portion more or less parallel, slightly diverging in dorsal third, dorsally gently arched medially, without conspicuous transverse bridge; caudal margin of genital segment ventrally smooth. Anal segment bilaterally symmetrical, short, stout, caudally on each side with a short, apically rounded, arm-like process directed laterocaudally. Paraproct short, stout, mushroom-shaped; epiproct broadly disc-shaped, laterally wider than paraproct, caudally not exceeding paraproct. Genital styles bilaterally symmetrical, slender at base, apically considerably enlarged; enlarged portion medially deeply concave, bearing 3 apically rounded processes: one arising from ventral margin, directed mediodorsally, the others arising from dorsal margin and directed dorsally and laterodorsally, respectively. Genital styles densely covered with strong setae; setae predominantly on dorsal processes. Connective straight, and narrow. Aedeagus bilaterally symmetrical, short, stout, tubular, ventrally narrow and slightly compressed, distally widening and with ventral margin of strongly sclerotized part produced into a median tip which in repose is pointing ventrocaudally. Periandrium without any spinose or lobate processes; near base laterally on each side with a short, wing-like process, which is connected to the genital segment; apically with a wide membranous portion exposed caudally. Phallotreme not visible. Proximal apodeme of aedeagus (&quot;tectiform structure&quot; 
<emphasis id="F493E137339BC9D77D9EDFC47B1CB20A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6942F262EAED35B7B9B9D5A89D112E28" author="Bourgoin, T" editor="Najt, J" journalOrPublisher="4. Memoires du Musee national d'Histoire naturelle, 171, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="197 - 249" refId="B7" refString="Bourgoin, T, 1997. The Meenoplidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) of New Caledonia, with a revision of the genus Eponisia Matsumura, 1914, and new morphological data on forewing venation and wax plate areas. In: Najt, J, Matile, L, Eds., Zoologia Neocaledonica, Vol. 4. Memoires du Musee national d'Histoire naturelle, 171, Paris: 197 - 249" title="The Meenoplidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) of New Caledonia, with a revision of the genus Eponisia Matsumura, 1914, and new morphological data on forewing venation and wax plate areas." volumeTitle="Zoologia Neocaledonica, Vol." year="1997">Bourgoin (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, term coined for 
<taxonomicName id="0F39B01433A6F46D14DE7AE366A102A5" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Meenoplidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Meenoplidae</taxonomicName>
) shorter than periandrium, with dorsal and ventral margins almost parallel, proximal margin truncate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2780223600471ABB9681766EB32D0038" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5127B2AC2852FA2C0FCB4C8252D35727" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Females</emphasis>
with abdominal tergites VI-VIII bearing wax fields. Genitalia with sternite VII in ventral view trapezoidal, with lateral margins diverging caudally, caudal margin smooth, straight; gonocoxae VIII wide at base, distally bilobate with dorsal lobe larger than ventral one, lobes medially converging, both lobes apically with setae; tergite IX in dorsal aspect short, expanding ventrally and forming a continuous sclerotized bridge surrounding the anal segment. Anal segment (segment X) tubular, in dorsal aspect with lateral margins more or less parallel; anal style (segment XI) with paraproct prominent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B1C6567E1EFA1E0D0B32061923968644" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A3ECA9AC2C7D6CFD6DE69569AA5B9243" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Immatures</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation id="B35B96C1B7108BE0A02C1C0446D47C1D" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., habitus, dorsal view a adult male, dorsal view b nymph (IV. instar) from ' Murcielagos' cave (Vilamarxant, Valencia) (photos by: Sergio Montagud Alario) c morphological analogy in the troglobitic Solonaima baylissa Hoch &amp; Howarth, 1989 (Cixiidae) from Australia: habitus, adult male, dorsal view. Body length 4.5 mm (photo by H. Reimer, Marburg, used with permission)." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496080" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1b</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="A3B530C4CD933F9BFD53190E6B10BBC5" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov. V. instar nymph, habitus (distribution of sensory pits reconstructed from SEM); Cova de Murcielagos, 24. vi. 2017, A. Sendra leg." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496086" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</figureCitation>
- 
<figureCitation id="8C8EFBC700AA8F4621DA1A1F261DB39B" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., V. instar nymph (SEM) a tip of rostrum with sensilla, ventral aspect b metatarsus, ventral view c abdominal segments VI-IX (arrow - see explanation in text). Abbreviations: mx, md, mandible, maxillae; SF-D, dorsal sensory field; SF-V, ventral sensory field." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496088" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D5554B218C8BA6898F9A9A89FDD9744" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. instar nymph. Body length 2.5 mm (specimen with contracted abdomen) - 3.1, resp. 3.2 mm. (specimens with extended abdomen) (n = 3).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A2F33F66B1123705A5F4EFFCF19724D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="5827006C202FD3A348EC3E69FBFCBBA9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Habitus. 
<emphasis id="60D78DBC615FC97E2A0585F97897CFF3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Body</emphasis>
</emphasis>
ca. 1.7 
<normalizedToken id="F311EB1E770F2D79C3C9B28CAA4E66F7" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than maximally wide; maximum width at lateroposterior margins of forewing pads. Vertex short, compound eyes absent; rostrum elongate, well surpassing hind coxae, with ca. half its total length; frons, thoracic nota and abdominal tergites IV-VIII with numerous sensory pits.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3EEA669B2C6D1F592B6B96DE7A7CCDCC" doi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496086" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="70001051E16D0396C91A8DC189E17752" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="8BCED6037A39B3FE43DEFE86313F3FB3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="55F77DDCC7B9A3BF258F70FE01189584" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="CD1CE00E01323DF07DCE58CE1D1C58D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. V. instar nymph, habitus (distribution of sensory pits reconstructed from SEM); Cova de Murcielagos, 24.vi.2017, A. Sendra leg.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C593FB1FAC442F40376C1AC951BE2CA6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="762DBF6B826BF28C250620CEDBFE352F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="ECAC72AECA490AD20DBF8C2F2B96E54F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colouration</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Vertex, frons, thoracic and abdominal nota as well as distal parts of legs (tibiae, tarsi) light yellowish; head laterally, thorax ventrally as well as proximal parts of legs (coxae, femora) and abdomen ventrally white. Carinae of head and lateral carinae of pronotum yellowish brown; distal teeth of metatibia and metatarsomeres dark brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="293B73BBDCC30A06D6BC31C0618D1170" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="19B9F3BC6459C40C45541F0179BAF481" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="0143C5DA409656F03D04F4EA4554A7DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Vertex short, ca. 4 
<normalizedToken id="3675D608EA9D1D70F57F2E2E3E9BB616" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
wider than medially long, medially divided by a narrow longitudinal membraneous furrow, separated from frons by a distinct ridged transverse carina which medially slightly arches anteriorly. Frons smooth, without median carina, but with submedian carinae present, arising from frontoclypeal suture, parallel to lateral carinae of frons, converging towards apex and uniting into a short common stem which connects to anterior margin of vertex. Lateral as well submedian carinae of frons and their common stem distinctly ridged; frontoclypeal suture nearly straight, only slightly arching towards frons. Frons ca. 1.2 
<normalizedToken id="EB429281CECC6C78E7C4958C9AAEED17" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as maximally wide (widest at level of antennae), apically straight; frons ca. 2.4 
<normalizedToken id="6D7773BCC829F3C0F057111057EFC869" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than post- and anteclypeus together. Frons between lateral and submedian carinae with two parallel rows of sensory pits, in upper portion with complementary sensory pits between the two rows. Setae of pits directed towards adjacent carinae and those of complementary pits directed towards lateral carina. Post- and anteclypeus smooth, without median carina. Tip of rostrum with dorsal and ventral sensory fields convex, as described by 
<bibRefCitation id="38165757B5F61A19D9D4B98003D71EAA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-012-0174-z" author="Brozek, J" journalOrPublisher="Zoomorphology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 65" refId="B11" refString="Brozek, J, Bourgoin, T, 2013. Morphology and distribution of the external labial sensilla in Fulgoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera). Zoomorphology 132 (1): 33 - 65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-012-0174-z" title="Morphology and distribution of the external labial sensilla in Fulgoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-012-0174-z" volume="132" year="2013">Brozek and Bourgoin (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, covered with numerous sensilla; type, number, and arrangement of sensilla very similar to those of the 
<taxonomicName id="50B95958A75C548BFACBBB96CEFA33F2" authorityName="Muir" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kinnaridae</taxonomicName>
species studied by 
<bibRefCitation id="DB5AC7D121752AF58E4B7474979C5C3B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-012-0174-z" author="Brozek, J" journalOrPublisher="Zoomorphology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 65" refId="B11" refString="Brozek, J, Bourgoin, T, 2013. Morphology and distribution of the external labial sensilla in Fulgoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera). Zoomorphology 132 (1): 33 - 65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-012-0174-z" title="Morphology and distribution of the external labial sensilla in Fulgoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-012-0174-z" volume="132" year="2013">Brozek and Bourgoin (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="46718DE18D4A7CB7DF4B77E41C76C21B" authorityName="Fennah" authorityYear="1980" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Southia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Southia capnorhina" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capnorhina">
<emphasis id="682D9BAD528825F5865C6D44D6C6633A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Southia capnorhina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fennah, 1980, 
<taxonomicName id="2586A47CA5B21096A9957A3E9597618A" authorityName="Fennah" authorityYear="1945" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Atopocixius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atopocixius major" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="BD2B999302AB2CC685FCC322C2C70A94" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Atopocixius major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fennah, 1945, and 
<taxonomicName id="A9ED7AFDCB648538F42653D6A044FABB" baseAuthorityName="Synave" baseAuthorityYear="1958" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Nesomicrixia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nesomicrixia insularis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insularis">
<emphasis id="0455995EE5A40BC64A8C3D1F2716A0BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nesomicrixia insularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Synave, 1958. Compound eyes absent, their former position recognizable as a slightly vaulted area dorsally of antennae. Antennae with scape short and ring-like, pedicel nearly cylindrical, ca. 1.5 
<normalizedToken id="8BC72E8CD62710D3087DD073D0986EBB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than wide; arista ca. 3.6 
<normalizedToken id="83AF38876B326AC2DEA415D1A7059EFA" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than pedicel.
</paragraph>
<caption id="97BDB068DE35E6052091301F79AFCB81" doi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496087" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph id="C805421BEF721E172BC6B602E386245E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="D53F9BB7DBAE345C5646BC35650C045D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CB052D115E5CCDEEAEB2CB3FD3745EA" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="1E1DEEC3E2368693C44002B13A3C7950" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., V. instar nymph (SEM) 
<emphasis id="9E15510A7692353D33ED7752E76CC2A4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
head and pronotum, dorsal view 
<emphasis id="DAF624C112B5904A5370E8A1285027DC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
head, ventral view 
<emphasis id="CF3FA0005EC89C649F0B9CADD2D68B6C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
left antenna, dorsal view 
<emphasis id="4E6EDD344C0FC63E4BF9324FB3AA26E5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
head (partim) with antenna, left lateral aspect; arrow indicates the former position of the compound eye 
<emphasis id="4913E69E6A3914C7EACAD36480044CC0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
tip of left antenna, as in Fig. 
<figureCitation id="D6A676A83AA4E1B078A77723B6BC1FE6" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., V. instar nymph (SEM) a head and pronotum, dorsal view b head, ventral view c left antenna, dorsal view d head (partim) with antenna, left lateral aspect; arrow indicates the former position of the compound eye e tip of left antenna, as in Fig. 8 e, enlarged f overview of body, right lateral view, arrow indicates meracanthus g meracanthus, as in Fig. 8 f, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496087" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8e</figureCitation>
, enlarged 
<emphasis id="614E46B2D77C1061CECE26D3EC3714DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">f</emphasis>
overview of body, right lateral view, arrow indicates meracanthus 
<emphasis id="D2E17AC068224ADABA1EF983F646A710" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g</emphasis>
meracanthus, as in Fig. 
<figureCitation id="81AE46D6ED6BA3E597E7ADAB521DC8CF" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., V. instar nymph (SEM) a head and pronotum, dorsal view b head, ventral view c left antenna, dorsal view d head (partim) with antenna, left lateral aspect; arrow indicates the former position of the compound eye e tip of left antenna, as in Fig. 8 e, enlarged f overview of body, right lateral view, arrow indicates meracanthus g meracanthus, as in Fig. 8 f, enlarged." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496087" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8f</figureCitation>
, enlarged.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="22CD0102E98F9E96106A01D86BE2F91E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="3712715C48E703036AA72FB324909662" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="3ED95770B9D218A8007037281027F971" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Pronotum short, in dorsal aspect medially ca. 2 
<normalizedToken id="81713C31B75D5A24CFAD9B28CA3AB9CB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as vertex, and ca. 2 
<normalizedToken id="CA446BA7BE0EAE41C8BEF1F97B7673F0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as maximum width of head; lateral carinae of pronotum nearly straight, strongly diverging posteriorly; &quot;additional carina&quot; of pronotum (
<emphasis id="8048CAE45360D6F18CE5F9696B5F20B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="52BE534F038E5CC76AC47E09B5603737" author="Yang, C-T" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 189" refId="B51" refString="Yang, C-T, Yeh, W-B, 1994. Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations 8: 1 - 189" title="Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha)." volume="8" year="1994">Yang and Yeh 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 3, fig. 1H), dividing anterior portion of pronotum into a smaller median, and a larger lateral area. Pronotum dorsally on each side with two rows of sensory pits: one, consisting of 5 larger sensory pits, parallel to posterior, resp. median margin, the other, consisting of 8 smaller sensory pits, adjacent to lateral carina; anterior portion of pronotum in larger, lateral area with a row of 9-11 sensory pits adjacent to lateral carina; smaller, median area devoid of sensory pits. Mesonotum medially ca. 2 
<normalizedToken id="35A48DAE93C458F085BCDA75218A03A2" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than pronotum, with posterior margin laterally more or less angularly curved; forewing pads well developed, ca. 2 
<normalizedToken id="0FC8A7EC607D9F0743221CE2126784CF" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than mesonotum medially, posteriorly slightly surpassing caudal margin of hind wing pads; lateral carinae of mesonotum (separating the nota from the wing pad) distinctly ridged, slightly diverging posteriorly, attaining hind margin of mesonotum; mesonotum with a short, but distinct furrow on anterior portion of forewing pad; forewing pad with two distinct longitudinal carinae. Mesonotum with numerous sensory pits arranged on each side as follows: medially of lateral carina - a row of 6 larger sensory pits parallel to carina and 2 smaller sensory pits closer to midline, on forewing pad, between median furrow and lateral carina in anterior part of mesonotum - a group of 6 sensory pits, and three rows of sensory pits between longitudinal carinae, along exterior carina and parallel to lateral margin, respectively. Metanotum medially about as long as mesonotum, hind margin nearly straight, laterally only slightly, expanding caudally; lateral carinae of metanotum (separating the nota from the hind wing pad) distinctly ridged, straight, slightly converging posteriorly, reaching hind margin of metanotum. Hind wings pads inconspicuous, vestigial, their posterior margin shorter than posterior margin of forewing pads, covered by forewing pad. Metanotum on each side with ca. 15 small sensory pits, seemingly irregularly arranged across notum, and on hind wing pad with a group of 3 larger sensory pits adjacent to lateral carina. Legs. Hind trochanter as in most other 
<taxonomicName id="B190518DBF4188375B361E892F311021" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraOrder="Fulgoromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Fulgoromorpha</taxonomicName>
families (except 
<taxonomicName id="81D7F5D42725D4C0CF5DAC79E17BEEEF" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Tettigometridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigometridae</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="16A4BE0E2CE54B2FBCA88D9AED8D7B3F" author="Asche, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B3" refString="Asche, M, 1988. Preliminary thoughts on the phylogeny of Fulgoromorpha (HomopteraAuchenorrhyncha). In: Proceedings of the 6thAuchenorrhyncha Meeting, Turin, Italy, 7-11 Sept. 1987, 47-53." title="Preliminary thoughts on the phylogeny of Fulgoromorpha (HomopteraAuchenorrhyncha). In: Proceedings of the 6 thAuchenorrhyncha Meeting, Turin, Italy, 7 - 11 Sept. 1987, 47 - 53." year="1988">Asche 1988</bibRefCitation>
) medially with cog-wheel-like opposing ledges, the &quot;coupling apparatus&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="B332111E40028132A9FC263A789CBE27" author="Emeljanov, AF" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Muenchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B15" refString="Emeljanov, AF, 1979. The problem of family distinction between the Fulgoridae and Dictyopharidae (HomopteraAuchenorrhyncha). Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, vol. 82: Phylogeny and Systematics of Insects: 3-22. [in Russian]" title="The problem of family distinction between the Fulgoridae and Dictyopharidae (HomopteraAuchenorrhyncha). Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, vol. 82: Phylogeny and Systematics of Insects: 3 - 22. [in Russian]" year="1979">Emeljanov 1979</bibRefCitation>
) which facilitate synchronization of the hind legs during jumping (
<bibRefCitation id="23B4058DB5778477274A1E78DFA8D7AA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240284" author="Burrows, M" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1254 - 1256" refId="B12" refString="Burrows, M, Sutton, GP, 2013. Interacting gears synchronise propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect. Science 341: 1254 - 1256, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240284" title="Interacting gears synchronise propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect." url="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240284" volume="341" year="2013">Burrows and Sutton 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Metacoxae with meracanthus present, inconspicuous, surface with fine tubercles. Metatibiae laterally unarmed, distally with 7-8 (bilaterally and individually variable) slender teeth, arranged in a slightly concave row. Metabasitarsus distally with 5, 2nd metatarsomere with 4 small teeth. Metabasitarsus slightly shorter than 2nd and 3rd metatarsomeres together. Pretarsus with short, slender claws, not longer than arolium.
</paragraph>
<caption id="735308661EA634B55BA1B5E0CF3A4356" doi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496088" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph id="DDE0EF444BDE5D08C35725AC26422600" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="2D8E6CB78238C0CD75B641CB078E34FE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C06E503E9B6786ACAF96BE7D007BE3D7" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="6C5F2CD78B9A6C57AA75A0E0F91A428E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., V. instar nymph (SEM) 
<emphasis id="014BF6576B35619344DED032407BF5C6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
tip of rostrum with sensilla, ventral aspect 
<emphasis id="929361522DA4BFEC74CA714A0928AE3F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
metatarsus, ventral view 
<emphasis id="73F7C274F35EAF658F918420E45E94B7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
abdominal segments VI-IX (arrow - see explanation in text). Abbreviations: mx, md, mandible, maxillae; SF-D, dorsal sensory field; SF-V, ventral sensory field.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F7ED7BE94B24AF730005C8E880700152" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Abdomen as in other 
<taxonomicName id="09A95097332C8922BE241E10A46A11E9" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraOrder="Fulgoromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Fulgoromorpha</taxonomicName>
9-segmented (except for 
<taxonomicName id="00437A7E31920CEFEA621C29636E4470" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Tettigometridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigometridae</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="3E33C3043D79298FBBF2146410EFEEF4" author="Yang, C-T" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 189" refId="B51" refString="Yang, C-T, Yeh, W-B, 1994. Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations 8: 1 - 189" title="Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha)." volume="8" year="1994">Yang and Yeh 1994</bibRefCitation>
), ovoid, in cross section roundish; first two abdominal segments narrow, thus creating a distinct separation between thorax and abdomen. Abdomen medially about as long as head and thorax together. Abdominal tergites medially smooth, without any crest or carina; tergites I-II short, their hind margins straight; tergites I-III devoid of sensory pits; tergites III-VI with hind margin medially incised. Tergites IV-VIII with numerous sensory pits, on each side arranged as follows: IV - a row of 6 sensory pits laterally, parallel to hind margin; V - a row of 6 sensory pits laterally, parallel to hind margin, and a group of 3 sensory pits laterally, near anterior margin; VI - a row of 4 sensory pits parallel to hind margin, and a group of 3-4 sensory pits laterally, closer to anterior margin; VII - an irregular row of 4 large sensory pits accompanying hind and lateral margin of tergite, and 4 small sensory pits laterally, closer to anterior margin; VIII - in dorsal half with one small sensory pit laterally near caudal margin, and 4 (3 + 1) large sensory pits lateroventrally. Abdominal tergite IX (pertaining to the 
<emphasis id="5A3C68D154FD13C907185F5077BA900F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">anlage</emphasis>
of the genital segment) in dorsal view short, narrow, in caudal view bent ventrally in a horseshoe shape, with ventral margin broadly rounded, on each side with 1 sensory pit in dorsal half near caudal margin and a group of at least 3 sensory pits near lateroventral margin. 
<emphasis id="14662B080613ED6CB343F7C97FF677E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anlagen</emphasis>
of abdominal segments X and XI small, triangular, tapering caudally, devoid of sensory pits. All nymphs examined display the same configuration of the pregenital abdomen and genital structures (segment IX). Abdominal tergites VI-VIII are devoid of wax-pore plates. The 
<emphasis id="7DAC3D684D39E34208A2C76F3B48E826" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">anlagen</emphasis>
of the genitalia on the IX segment, however, are difficult to interpret. The dorsal unpaired process is likely the 
<emphasis id="A5F24BF3B207CDCC4167D182D5F95A32" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">anlage</emphasis>
of the anal style (segment XI). This structure is framed laterally and ventrally by narrow, elongated lobes (it is not recognizable whether or not they are fused medially), which may or may not be homologues to what has been termed &quot;anal combs&quot; in the other 
<taxonomicName id="E8DCAEE6CF2998F78C519A907536773A" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraOrder="Fulgoromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Fulgoromorpha</taxonomicName>
families, except 
<taxonomicName id="17E12EF64B183975AB104925ACB57CA6" authorityName="Germar" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Tettigometridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigometridae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FE6045E9935BCA097D12059F2CC79FE5" author="Yang, C-T" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 189" refId="B51" refString="Yang, C-T, Yeh, W-B, 1994. Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations 8: 1 - 189" title="Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha)." volume="8" year="1994">Yang and Yeh 1994</bibRefCitation>
). The two short conical processes located medially at the level of the posterioventral corner of tergite IX could be interpreted as 
<emphasis id="424EE1C7A5AC79D2CCEFBAD6DBE88C1E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">anlagen</emphasis>
of either the genital styles (of the male), or of the gonocoxae VIII (of the female). The high degree of reduction of the ovipositor in adults within the 
<taxonomicName id="B48976DABFBC75C8B6668909FDCE8E00" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Meenoplidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Meenoplidae</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName id="A051BDFB0A405367CF00700599A6FFF4" authorityName="Muir" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kinnaridae</taxonomicName>
clade apparently impedes unambiguous identification of the sex of the nymphs as already observed by 
<bibRefCitation id="8FD07A06A23B84CD7B31112827607326" author="Wilson, MR" editor="Knight, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 134" refId="B48" refString="Wilson, MR, 1983. The nymphal stages of some Auchenorrhyncha associated with rice in South East Asia. In: Knight, WJ, Pant, NC, Robertson, TS, Wilson, MR, Eds., Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Importance. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London: 121 - 134" title="The nymphal stages of some Auchenorrhyncha associated with rice in South East Asia." volumeTitle="Proceedings of the 1 st International Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Importance." year="1983">Wilson (1983)</bibRefCitation>
for the meenoplid 
<taxonomicName id="79E3D1D0B2BFA9727999EDC94B851CD6" baseAuthorityName="Lethierry" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Meenoplidae" genus="Nisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nisia nervosa" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nervosa">
<emphasis id="562E06BAC55FF81CB872FDB6260A86EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nisia nervosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(&quot;In 
<taxonomicName id="DBFE66F48A18B7972CD959D4F64A59BF" baseAuthorityName="Lethierry" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Meenoplidae" genus="Nisia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nisia nervosa" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nervosa">
<emphasis id="9724753C74B8EBD28C590E0555230A99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nisia nervosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it was not possible to find obvious differences in nymphs which separate the sexes&quot;: Wilson, 1983: 123).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2E679A9B8CF84D10AD8BD812793FCF7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="8A49D70A88FB8060A4E5B15366CC46D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54ADFF8C89B8B4BDFC8119ED62B6147B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Hitherto, no information on nymphal morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="D4482E01734FAAF1CAE8881A851AC204" authorityName="Muir" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kinnaridae</taxonomicName>
has been available - they are not covered in the seminal works on Fulgoromorphan nymphal morphology, 
<bibRefCitation id="D5300212B5A42E871AB5C8155C877151" author="Yang, C-T" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 189" refId="B51" refString="Yang, C-T, Yeh, W-B, 1994. Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations 8: 1 - 189" title="Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha)." volume="8" year="1994">Yang and Yeh (1994)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="9CA582D178A9D9382687EEEA45A56E05" author="Emeljanov, AF" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystematica Rossica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="101 - 121" refId="B17" refString="Emeljanov, AF, 2001. Larval characters and their ontogenetic development in Fulgoroidea (Homoptera, Cicadina). Zoosystematica Rossica 9: 101 - 121" title="Larval characters and their ontogenetic development in Fulgoroidea (Homoptera, Cicadina)." volume="9" year="2001">Emeljanov (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, apparently due to lack of material. Thus, the description of 
<taxonomicName id="C4B920C95ADF9D2D8B2F2D9C1100591E" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="35173CD3726B85B6C54AAE1AB25970E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nymphs represents the first example of a kinnarid nymph. As such, it shares several characters with other 
<taxonomicName id="D413F5962CD295368D4325AAEF5FE51C" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraOrder="Fulgoromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Fulgoromorpha</taxonomicName>
taxa which are not explicitly mentioned above. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="F9B19546748B2C30C29E5D30F0460D9D" author="Yang, C-T" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 189" refId="B51" refString="Yang, C-T, Yeh, W-B, 1994. Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Chinese Journal of Entomology, Special Publiations 8: 1 - 189" title="Nymphs of Fulgoroidea (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha)." volume="8" year="1994">Yang and Yeh (1994)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="1ADB31D9B4D1617875D4135B1A07ED21" author="Emeljanov, AF" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystematica Rossica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="101 - 121" refId="B17" refString="Emeljanov, AF, 2001. Larval characters and their ontogenetic development in Fulgoroidea (Homoptera, Cicadina). Zoosystematica Rossica 9: 101 - 121" title="Larval characters and their ontogenetic development in Fulgoroidea (Homoptera, Cicadina)." volume="9" year="2001">Emeljanov (2001)</bibRefCitation>
these include: ocelli absent, second antennal segment with sensory organs, thoracic nota separated along median line by membraneous area, with numerous sensory pits on tergal parts of head, thorax and abdominal tergites III-VIII (for morphology of sensory pits, their disposition and orientation see 
<bibRefCitation id="7BD9621E629D33E0FE122B7318ABED43" author="Liebenberg, K" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Beitraege" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="441 - 446" refId="B37" refString="Liebenberg, K, 1956. Die Borstengruben - ein wenig bekanntes larvales Haarsinnesorgan von Calligypona pellucida F. (Homoptera Cicadina). Zoologische Beitraege 2: 441 - 446" title="Die Borstengruben - ein wenig bekanntes larvales Haarsinnesorgan von Calligypona pellucida F. (Homoptera Cicadina)." volume="2" year="1956">Liebenberg 1956</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="3FA5F3BF63FDC98ADFA11C66179B1434" author="Emeljanov, AF" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystematica Rossica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="101 - 121" refId="B17" refString="Emeljanov, AF, 2001. Larval characters and their ontogenetic development in Fulgoroidea (Homoptera, Cicadina). Zoosystematica Rossica 9: 101 - 121" title="Larval characters and their ontogenetic development in Fulgoroidea (Homoptera, Cicadina)." volume="9" year="2001">Emeljanov 2001</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="5468FF8A1FE061B662C1E9D5F818EB6A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2012.06.001" author="Braeunig, P" journalOrPublisher="Arthropod Structure and Development" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="443 - 458" refId="B10" refString="Braeunig, P, Krumpholz, K, Baumgartner, W, 2012. Sensory pits - Enigmatic sense organs of the nymphs of the planthopper Issus coleoptratus (Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha). Arthropod Structure and Development 41: 443 - 458, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2012.06.001" title="Sensory pits - Enigmatic sense organs of the nymphs of the planthopper Issus coleoptratus (Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2012.06.001" volume="41" year="2012">
<normalizedToken id="FC4BB93FE36C5F02C0EB5B177545539C" originalValue="Bräunig">Braeunig</normalizedToken>
et al. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
), Pro- and mesotarsi with 2 joints, metatarsi with 3 joints.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D79FB92D1EA3D3684F2C384C3683CE3A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="molecular data">
<paragraph id="35515960CE2CB1F4D67E5EFE1AD1FD93" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Molecular data.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2AD861596E2968FE94B0A001A877119C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A blast search in GenBank and BOLD data bases for most similar COI sequence data revealed that 
<taxonomicName id="A0C6A3564A0CEBC40D62099753860A9C" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="9D0ACC71626081C489122A1E4F350610" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows 15% divergence to all other 
<taxonomicName id="F18408A0F485F3106F9EDFD3834AB275" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Auchenorrhyncha">Auchenorrhyncha</taxonomicName>
. A molecular phylogeny of 
<taxonomicName id="A0AC8F1B2C08FCC05ADF920832B52150" authorityName="Muir" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Kinnaridae</taxonomicName>
, however, did not seem feasible due to insufficient taxon sampling: all other kinnarid taxa represented in Genbank and BOLD are from the New World (USA, Honduras, Mexico, Costa Rica).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E9C531A041EDEFECD2432AADF809B8D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="65B4F33EF89138AEAB29CEB1F3AB6E77" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="65B14AFAC4DCD620437A57D4FD0488F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The species name is a combination of the Valencian word for 
<normalizedToken id="4A1CED47106E7D6336AA09A1FFF19922" originalValue="„fairy“">&quot;fairy&quot;</normalizedToken>
(fada) and forest, thus meaning &quot;fairy of the forest&quot;. The gender is feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="038C119370AA30C6814FFC1A37B5B365" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="CCC9C7268E7AAE542A58ABBA03E1ABE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1424017717243717E589747C6DDDA409" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="6CBFCEE1CAB5185924503EBDE2C46FA3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type-locality</emphasis>
: Spain, Valencia, Vilamarxant, 
<normalizedToken id="BE7165D20EA596B36D010F66A9C698FA" originalValue="‚Murcielagos‘">'Murcielagos'</normalizedToken>
cave, 
<geoCoordinate id="479E2AB6A775C750B19C792E83CB9851" degrees="39.537095" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="39.537094">39.537095</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="3CF97012BB9227026A3D3CC2660F9218" degrees="0.624732" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-0.624732">-0.624732</geoCoordinate>
, 5th April 2016, L. Beltran and A. Sendra leg.; in coll. 
<emphasis id="12A8A54FB068F909075701BCF1BAC10E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">MfN</emphasis>
(Museum 
<normalizedToken id="E216E59935698F75B1C3AFFB07598670" originalValue="für">fuer</normalizedToken>
Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="39DD1B803FF0B14705397ED8CFAA88F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="DE4C88CEE855D040C13EA1D5384E207C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Type-specimen: 
<emphasis id="03145258CA616C2A36751316FFBB1CD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
</emphasis>
male, preserved in 96% ETOH, polyethylene vial. Original label: &quot;Spain, 
<normalizedToken id="FCB5D178CAB3574C7C08A176C2943D1D" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
, Vilamarxant, 
<normalizedToken id="BD91E933F95F0404D9FF89A25929B3D5" originalValue="‚Murcielagos‘">'Murcielagos'</normalizedToken>
cave, (30SYJ0410579181 (UTM/MGRS Datum EUR50), 5th April 2016, L. Beltran and A. Sendra leg.&quot;; printed label (red): &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="476E724E574793038C2D3B5CF24E1D53" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="B398A7E7DF69B99804851E8C67B0A9AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hoch &amp; Sendra, holotype male&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C3FC16A918BDF375DBA3F57CB2C8ED22" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="DF9E74407A568160770099941FA410ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="23E23ED250FE17201F7E477E4093AC68" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratypes</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
1 male, same data as holotype. 1 male, 1 female, same locality as holotype, 30th April 2017, S. Teruel and A. Sendra leg; 1 male, same locality as holotype, 24.VI. 2017. 1 male, Spain, 
<normalizedToken id="ACE864D024FA5AFE2DA375A4080D8494" originalValue="Castelló">Castello</normalizedToken>
, 'Coves de Sant 
<normalizedToken id="2CC2F8B817060D94D773B6C6D477919B" originalValue="Josep´cave">Josep'cave</normalizedToken>
, 4th June 2016, S. Teruel leg.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B4F8B3CCDFBD11C4A095D66C07ACC46" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Paratypes in coll. 
<emphasis id="DD6E5A7E984CB009148F02B977B04429" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">NAT</emphasis>
(Museu de 
<normalizedToken id="041BC14F3B87C9313BF315B9BECE15FF" originalValue="Cièncias">Ciencias</normalizedToken>
Naturals de Barcelona, Spain), 
<emphasis id="97B2289EC182771477E47CAB602792DB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">MUVHN</emphasis>
(Museu de la Universitat de 
<normalizedToken id="749315DF0772132E4BA143C1290BD6BF" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="48383A3333A1F55292A281BA5C03C4AA" originalValue="d´Història">d'Historia</normalizedToken>
Natural, Burjassot, 
<normalizedToken id="51104E81CCC97DB901FC359240EAF99F" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
, Spain) and 
<emphasis id="EEA28A4F5D60DE2F59BB78840816DDF0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ES</emphasis>
(
<normalizedToken id="49AC9287C599763D7352E66AB9597AED" originalValue="Laboratório">Laboratorio</normalizedToken>
de Ecologia 
<normalizedToken id="8EDB89E432B304F47D89E36D1FB6416B" originalValue="Subterránea">Subterranea</normalizedToken>
/ISLA: 
<normalizedToken id="40D5133770DF78298337FD019BF75CC8" originalValue="Coleção">Colecao</normalizedToken>
de Invertebrados 
<normalizedToken id="196371BC6710B84557124A39BDFA83B0" originalValue="Subterráneos">Subterraneos</normalizedToken>
da UFLA - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brazil).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7E0601068EEF2114E043CB51F40A581" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="D4C87BC4E6C55BC3D1F52BB0487574EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Additional material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A4BB741A37C4F1CBEE8686074DE8C1E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
1 nymph, V. instar, same data as holotype. 4 nymphs, V. instar, same locality as holotype, 24.VI. 2017; 
<emphasis id="1D5EC723C071653B7B36E36434695EF3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">MfN</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F64F5C02DCB21548AD4A6C3D6EB063C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3D2BE990FCB0142E3AF378689F3F3052" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution, ecology and behaviour.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F5DFC65486FE30751CFCD8EFEC883DE7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="DDB8090BB2D27205B10EDA6270C2D35F" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="A2922C43C56265F1E4F9BDCBE857C3E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been studied in two caves (
<normalizedToken id="ABC6BF7AEF10DA906DC08EA2FBEF26C8" originalValue="‚Murciélagos‘">'Murcielagos'</normalizedToken>
cave and 'Coves de Sant 
<normalizedToken id="C60D738D66B2FA4529028C83F215B17B" originalValue="Josep‘">Josep'</normalizedToken>
caves) in two karstic areas of Triassic dolomite separated by 45 kilometers and located in the eastern reliefs of the Iberian Mountain Range, from eleven to twenty-seven kilometers inland from the Mediterranean coast (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="CBF5E31EDB483C13196204F9BC3CB1A1" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Distribution map of Valenciolenda fadaforesta gen. nov., sp. nov. Localities: 1 ' Raices' cave, Millares, Valencia 2 ' Murcielagos'cave (type locality), ' Pedrizas' cave, ' Llentiscle' cave and ' Sima del Perot, cave in Vilamarxant, Valencia 3 ' Cavall' cave, Lliria, Valencia 4 ' Soterranya' cave, Serra, Valencia 5 ' Sima Pla dels Llomes', Serra, Valencia 6 ' Coves de Sant Josep' caves, la Vall d'Uixo, Castello. Dark blue areas mark karst regions. (map modified after Ayala et al. 1986)" figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496089" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10</figureCitation>
). 'Cueva de los 
<normalizedToken id="D0BE618A0B48805E5986C480147581E9" originalValue="Murcielagos‘">Murcielagos'</normalizedToken>
was excavated in a dolomitic outcrop on a small isolated mountain of the Rodanes Municipal Park, in Vilamarxant (
<normalizedToken id="29EB1C60961381D75B2C7F9E8605601F" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="1B1A9D32A1ACF62BBEA727B8765651D4" author="Sendra, A" journalOrPublisher="Generalitat Valenciana, Federacio d'Espeleologia de la Comunitat Valenciana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B42" refString="Sendra, A, Ballester, A, Alcocer, A, Aura, E, Azkarraga, JM, Castello, AJ, Fernandez, J, Garay, P, Herrero-Borgonon, JJ, Monsalve, MA, Pascual, JL, Ponce, JI, Sanchis, A, Sarrion, I, Sendra, C, Teruel, S, Tiffagom, M, Vila, S, 2015. Les Rodanes, un paraje de cuevas y simas. Vilamarxant, Valencia. Generalitat Valenciana, Federacio d'Espeleologia de la Comunitat Valenciana" title="Les Rodanes, un paraje de cuevas y simas. Vilamarxant, Valencia." year="2015">Sendra et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) and represents the best known and most abundant population of 
<taxonomicName id="5C2FE4366F9CA8AEFE3ED6AB8D9971E7" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="124C1314F5F00225878091AFF362D5F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the other three caves from the same small karst rocky outcrop nymphs presumably belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="D4A61D526C894560D376D01C84ECDA5B" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="2E1BADCD5B94D4E61C937DDEC4188C1C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been observed. These are the caves of 'Pedrizas, 
<normalizedToken id="6DE11BD7B998FC3053FC7F2A225C04D6" originalValue="Llentiscle‘">Llentiscle'</normalizedToken>
and Sima del 
<normalizedToken id="20A9A930D011E3F7B017336580C0AC99" originalValue="Perot‘">Perot'</normalizedToken>
that occupy an area of less than one square kilometer in the Rodanes (
<bibRefCitation id="BA2DE08E667B21E5DE9A2ED67A012606" author="Sendra, A" journalOrPublisher="Generalitat Valenciana, Federacio d'Espeleologia de la Comunitat Valenciana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B42" refString="Sendra, A, Ballester, A, Alcocer, A, Aura, E, Azkarraga, JM, Castello, AJ, Fernandez, J, Garay, P, Herrero-Borgonon, JJ, Monsalve, MA, Pascual, JL, Ponce, JI, Sanchis, A, Sarrion, I, Sendra, C, Teruel, S, Tiffagom, M, Vila, S, 2015. Les Rodanes, un paraje de cuevas y simas. Vilamarxant, Valencia. Generalitat Valenciana, Federacio d'Espeleologia de la Comunitat Valenciana" title="Les Rodanes, un paraje de cuevas y simas. Vilamarxant, Valencia." year="2015">Sendra et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The other cave studied is the well-known tourist subterranean river cave 'Coves de Sant 
<normalizedToken id="D27EB221B77D4D8FE67E8F9A78CEADF0" originalValue="Josep‘">Josep'</normalizedToken>
, which descends three thousands meters with explored galleries under the surface of the western slopes of the karstic region of 'Serra 
<normalizedToken id="5F637042E7C404DB26B9B0590849CF43" originalValue="Espadà‘">Espada'</normalizedToken>
Mountains, in Vall 
<normalizedToken id="E7A4F086EFB62E6678202F2956E77096" originalValue="d’Uixó">d'Uixo</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken id="D13218DA56F08C4182272E95CE0D28D9" originalValue="Castelló">Castello</normalizedToken>
) (Garay, 2003, 
<bibRefCitation id="8760721C55375FEBBA2F069AE9D4FAAA" author="Sendra, A" journalOrPublisher="Berig" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="62 - 72" refId="B43" refString="Sendra, A, Escrig, J, Teruel, S, Urios, G, Beltran, MD, 2017. El barquero de Les Coves de Sant Josep de la Vall d'Uixo: descubriendo el ecosistema subterraneo. Berig 17: 62 - 72" title="El barquero de Les Coves de Sant Josep de la Vall d'Uixo: descubriendo el ecosistema subterraneo." volume="17" year="2017">Sendra et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, specimens presumably belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="DEED48D2E7692D9DB2D71D8A756B98D4" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="D7E7C547269BEEBC9A97D1CF4993A54B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have also been observed and also photographed in four other caves located geographically not far from the studied caves. They are the caves of 
<normalizedToken id="6A34B414D7917B8F7F1E7E3F511B4DFF" originalValue="‚Soterranya‘">'Soterranya'</normalizedToken>
, a tectonic cave with over one kilometer of narrow passages and 'Sima 
<normalizedToken id="ED3281DBBE5C8D2C3A64E5B4878FA200" originalValue="Plà">Pla</normalizedToken>
dels 
<normalizedToken id="B988EE5F261FC9639648735BA036C906" originalValue="Llomes‘">Llomes'</normalizedToken>
a chasm 42 meters deep, both caves located in a large karstic area within 'Calderona Natural 
<normalizedToken id="3AD41F4FFFA089DBE366A20D54AD2F1C" originalValue="Park‘">Park'</normalizedToken>
in Serra, 
<normalizedToken id="2EB5E7D43DD3F121E657D95EC43B8039" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
. The third one is the small 'Cova del Cavall&quot; cave, isolated in a limited karstic area called 
<normalizedToken id="CA862C0E641FC487CB174688C652C598" originalValue="‚Buitreras‘">'Buitreras'</normalizedToken>
hill in 
<normalizedToken id="1DB5143D757CA168F0319122FE9393C0" originalValue="Llíria">Lliria</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken id="E296C2954BD15AA01EB259A79A4EBEA6" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
. The fourth cave colonized is &quot;Cueva de las Raices&quot;, the southernmost locality, an epithelial cave situated in a large karstic area in the Caroig Platform in Millares, 
<normalizedToken id="FC36B13B3777948A055AEC27E509D836" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
. In summary, the presumed range of distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="66881053B00B689336B9B12291890052" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="1862513A6815FAAD389DE8F0E6356776" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to occupy the large karstic dolomitic and limestone outcrops in the eastern reliefs of the Iberian Mountain Range, under the Mediterranean climate in the thermo-mediterranean zone characterized by scarce precipitation at low altitudes, below 570 m.asl in the case of the highest located cave, Sima 
<normalizedToken id="96D0F2C0922F642227D48C63A3ADD545" originalValue="Plà">Pla</normalizedToken>
dels Llomes&quot;.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9E082957FE5B1B8961EB6D7920C9C8E9" doi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496089" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
<paragraph id="ECC7AF98695E74FBC3CF0F8FAC0C67FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="3D48104ADC053AE9BA0C4F5029AAD0BF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 10.</emphasis>
Distribution map of 
<taxonomicName id="8773B48AEF86FCDDCAF780E57B9E5A62" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="9B5576BCDED75C178FEC0FB836360BB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov., sp. nov. Localities: 
<emphasis id="038752527C2C1ABAD6530CA43AA78939" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</emphasis>
<normalizedToken id="71C1C0668506A703BAEE414DB4210F93" originalValue="‚Raíces‘">'Raices'</normalizedToken>
cave, Millares, 
<normalizedToken id="0EFF06D1A500A6C5D94F9D6612CCC5CF" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
<emphasis id="2FC223FCD1B8C49CCE5703E886994557" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</emphasis>
<normalizedToken id="F1C4132F7E32830A76748A1E32495DE6" originalValue="‚Murciélagos´cave">'Murcielagos'cave</normalizedToken>
(type locality), 
<normalizedToken id="4545CB7C7F9643747F588F5CBDE6557C" originalValue="‚Pedrizas‘">'Pedrizas'</normalizedToken>
cave, ' 
<normalizedToken id="BCE6C963E7CA6161AF902047C4C9FBC0" originalValue="Llentiscle‘">Llentiscle'</normalizedToken>
cave and 'Sima del Perot, cave in Vilamarxant, 
<normalizedToken id="473242BC83619CDC5BA9118501F9B29A" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
<emphasis id="D6B14B5B688BBA61F51584C3BD2E38CF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3</emphasis>
<normalizedToken id="AD3CA725959EBCAB74277936123B28AD" originalValue="‚Cavall‘">'Cavall'</normalizedToken>
cave, Lliria, 
<normalizedToken id="1B1B5133A056D2FE2289A648939F0BB8" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
<emphasis id="9471F7B49CE24C60509F92BC85E62AB2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</emphasis>
<normalizedToken id="291BF6F7327F1B8FD9E69E6723D22F45" originalValue="‚Soterranya‘">'Soterranya'</normalizedToken>
cave, Serra, 
<normalizedToken id="46894060253702575CD7B1AC8697619C" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
<emphasis id="026DE8CF6BDE56EF815F7355FE3BB35D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</emphasis>
'Sima 
<normalizedToken id="666DBAE9894EF8E8A77B7D9CB29EE64C" originalValue="Plà">Pla</normalizedToken>
dels 
<normalizedToken id="D6487D0AF94454B8C9B3D83E7C3ACD77" originalValue="Llomes‘">Llomes'</normalizedToken>
, Serra, 
<normalizedToken id="BA79BB4271A8A85651158BAC3492F885" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
<emphasis id="90981E6493D2C126ACDA2231BA0AD97C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</emphasis>
'Coves de Sant 
<normalizedToken id="E99B7113CFE2396A4F6770CC33BF686D" originalValue="Josep‘">Josep'</normalizedToken>
caves, la Vall 
<normalizedToken id="09D6DF56A0D856844047EE68B2495AF2" originalValue="d’Uixó">d'Uixo</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken id="0C208C429FD837D1A1AE4CE7DF4794CE" originalValue="Castelló">Castello</normalizedToken>
. Dark blue areas mark karst regions. (map modified after 
<bibRefCitation id="58AD41E0C3FBB5FA84814659A6272546" author="Ayala, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B4" refString="Ayala, FJ, Rodriguez, JM, Prieto, C, Duran, JJ, Del Val Melus, J, Rubio, J, 1986. Memoria del Mapa del Karst de Espana. Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana. Madrid." title="Memoria del Mapa del Karst de Espana. Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana. Madrid." year="1986">Ayala et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="32476A81C86D4C6E11F9069E6D8E19D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="13ED167F56010AA0EE3477DFCD9D090A" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="9DDF1A06A05A5C02F578FD9BD6F250DC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
displays a configuration of external characters which are certainly troglomorphic traits, such as the absence of compound eyes and ocelli, and reduced body pigmentation as well as tegmina and wings. The species is known exclusively from caves, and it can be assumed that it is restricted to subterranean environments. According to the ecological classification concepts proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="D0F8D74EBCD64608797D811D161A6B79" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930801995762" author="Sket, B" journalOrPublisher="Berig" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B44" refString="Sket, B, 2008. Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals? Journal of Natural History 42(21-22): 1549-1563. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930801995762" title="Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals? Journal of Natural History 42 (21 - 22): 1549 - 1563." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930801995762" year="2008">Sket (2008)</bibRefCitation>
and more recently, by 
<bibRefCitation id="CB54D01A9959EDF56A149C7577D06086" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98852-8_4" author="Howarth, FG" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Howarth, FG, Moldovan, OT, 2018. The ecological classification of cave animals and their adaptations. In: Moldovan OT, Kovacs L, Halse S (Eds) Cave Ecology, Ecological Studies 235, Springer Nature Switzerland, 41-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98852-8_4" title="The ecological classification of cave animals and their adaptations. In: Moldovan OT, Kovacs L, Halse S (Eds) Cave Ecology, Ecological Studies 235, Springer Nature Switzerland, 41 - 67." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98852-8_4" year="2018">Howarth and Moldovan (2018)</bibRefCitation>
it is regarded as a troglobiont. Specimens were found from the twilight to the deep zone, from a few meters up to twenty meters below the surface, however, always in humid conditions. In two of the cited caves, 
<taxonomicName id="BBFBDED9C58ACE9CB269AED188DE7DC6" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="D53B19BF0DD4DFA73123664399799C57" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been observed as a single male specimen probably coming from the ceiling of the gallery ('Sant 
<normalizedToken id="D0979EA4A11D6F2044F79F5DD09C89D6" originalValue="Josep‘">Josep'</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken id="98C02F4ED1F9BE1507796DDF6AEFADF7" originalValue="‚Plà">'Pla</normalizedToken>
dels 
<normalizedToken id="D05B8549A952521B1F67796B400E8A54" originalValue="Llomes‘">Llomes'</normalizedToken>
caves) and in the 
<normalizedToken id="EE4E9C948F9527B037AA04A7B1833B48" originalValue="‚Soterranya‘">'Soterranya'</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken id="68D80A796C440545876B4F6FB86DAC82" originalValue="‚Cavall‘">'Cavall'</normalizedToken>
caves a few nymphs have been seen near to roots although juveniles were more abundant in 
<normalizedToken id="359D0093A77D01E910F73C898000CF07" originalValue="`Raíces´cave">'Raices'cave</normalizedToken>
. The only cave that has allowed ecological and behavioral observations was 
<normalizedToken id="AE88314AD6E965AE4BF0EA1236BC734B" originalValue="‚Murciélagos‘">'Murcielagos'</normalizedToken>
cave. Uniquely to this cave, nymphs are abundant throughout the year but male and female adults are very scarce, one or two adults were seen on four of the twelve biospeleological visits into the cave. In 
<normalizedToken id="B34FF2CE7BE91D93854427C1BFBE8C54" originalValue="‚Murciélagos‘">'Murcielagos'</normalizedToken>
cave, 
<taxonomicName id="3BF15BC74FF0E430D76C71727F33F846" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="3BED7273D248F0FBEC503EFC313E1909" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found after the entrance zone, very scarce in the twilight zone and more abundant in the deep humid spots of the deep zone of the cave, but only where roots are present at least nearby. This deep zone is characterized by high humidity with slight variation of 1.8 °C in temperature from 16.5-16.6 °C during February to May up to 18.1-18.3 °C during September to November (
<bibRefCitation id="6C0D2B7E16F279089CF5B2B78C19677A" author="Sendra, A" journalOrPublisher="Generalitat Valenciana, Federacio d'Espeleologia de la Comunitat Valenciana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B42" refString="Sendra, A, Ballester, A, Alcocer, A, Aura, E, Azkarraga, JM, Castello, AJ, Fernandez, J, Garay, P, Herrero-Borgonon, JJ, Monsalve, MA, Pascual, JL, Ponce, JI, Sanchis, A, Sarrion, I, Sendra, C, Teruel, S, Tiffagom, M, Vila, S, 2015. Les Rodanes, un paraje de cuevas y simas. Vilamarxant, Valencia. Generalitat Valenciana, Federacio d'Espeleologia de la Comunitat Valenciana" title="Les Rodanes, un paraje de cuevas y simas. Vilamarxant, Valencia." year="2015">Sendra et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). In some spots, numerous nymphs wander around on the surface, where extremely rarely adults are seen. Roots are represented by a few short sections hanging from the ceiling or the walls. In a few places, these roots produce a small pile, elevated from the soil surface three to five centimeters due to water dripping from the ceiling. Although no analysis has been made to identify the plant species to which the roots pertain, pine (
<taxonomicName id="9526425D809D066A7CDDD462E76B4A87" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus halepensis" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="species" species="halepensis">
<emphasis id="C713E4D21FDB9AD15FB8EE044F661429" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pinus halepensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), carob (
<taxonomicName id="7C2E9564CA46BB4E07737233B3BFB381" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Ceratonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ceratonia siliqua" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="siliqua">
<emphasis id="0B8A3C96F7F930F744FC81D4DC5A99EC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ceratonia siliqua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or mastic trees (
<taxonomicName id="946289ACCB1CD9C3F031252CA0DA4180" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Pistacia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pistacia lentiscus" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lentiscus">
<emphasis id="8E69C88464767F5587FC8AEE44AD97D8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pistacia lentiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are likely candidates, being abundant outside the cave entrance. In 'Cueva de las 
<normalizedToken id="3D277BBCF6EBB772416ED619F86FC598" originalValue="Raíces‘">Raices'</normalizedToken>
juveniles can be seen in a few hanging roots from the ceiling, but they are not abundant (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="4BB5B125C312C7E887390A7F126FD037" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Root habitat in ' Raices'cave (Millares, Valencia) a overview main room b roots along cracks in the cave ceiling c roots dangling from the ceiling d Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., adult, on cave floor in ' Murcielagos'cave (photos a-c by Teresa Molina Jimenez and Ricardo Gimenez Mezquita, used with permission of UEE Fotogrup; photo d by Sergio Montagud Alario)." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496090" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11a-c</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="12DEC653A23369320C08AE8758180048" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="F37E6C4A59728E6286EA9D4336657DD3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also occupies a different habitat in other spots in the cave in the interstitial spaces of the fragmented or excavated rock where roots are present too although very scarce. We assume that 
<taxonomicName id="59BA059F046F14FEEC8FB2C2522E7F22" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="11856B66EFD783CE754C20ACEC2EB7EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could live among the cracks and crevices of the mesocavernous rock system, that could be considered as an epikarst of the karst wherever sufficient food resources (roots) are available.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B60F8F5D4B4C94AF41A8004F9A0E9A54" doi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496090" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
<paragraph id="FA0C0EBCC87864077ACCCA83612209E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="4A21F3AD3FF04E7BD4B00F4E35C12091" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 11.</emphasis>
Root habitat in 
<normalizedToken id="7458BD43C28B5406A04D03A6CF192131" originalValue="`Raices´cave">'Raices'cave</normalizedToken>
(Millares, 
<normalizedToken id="2D22FAE447599F2055BBCE26BEE96C77" originalValue="València">Valencia</normalizedToken>
) 
<emphasis id="3F893C45733696A6659FF8BB831320FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a</emphasis>
overview main room 
<emphasis id="EA87191BAD726AB9658DC26E97487DC6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">b</emphasis>
roots along cracks in the cave ceiling 
<emphasis id="5F3715DBB81BBBE8861D120362E9C762" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">c</emphasis>
roots dangling from the ceiling 
<emphasis id="C5B1E97526C2956357696767A43BE576" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DD8E52EAFE328891C84CED38B4B8D42F" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="C339CBCD57419D4D8B17C7E94EC632DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., adult, on cave floor in 
<normalizedToken id="0734C8037994F3E72353C66768B55470" originalValue="`Murciélagos´cave">'Murcielagos'cave</normalizedToken>
(photos 
<emphasis id="5520500D239D48FD8ACB2BC7A27E2D73" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">a-c</emphasis>
by Teresa Molina 
<normalizedToken id="8FC8FA13EE1109A318B8A1F5A583A5C9" originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
and Ricardo 
<normalizedToken id="D6958A434E22686A503D26FE8B59EEBE" originalValue="Giménez">Gimenez</normalizedToken>
Mezquita, used with permission of UEE Fotogrup; photo 
<emphasis id="8329BDAA69CC978FED4B967CC9976B9F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
by Sergio Montagud Alario).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="94FD463C0E0395808B7AA939FC127A11" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Although there is no information on the mating behaviour of any kinnarid species, 
<taxonomicName id="B3CF217F61B907F369AAC2538F494D21" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="9B8F4EE75229546EBF5F3F016D45A128" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may utilize the same communication system to locate potential mating partners, as has been documented for other (epigean and cavernicolous) planthoppers, i.e., surface-borne vibrations (Hoch and Howarth 1993, 
<bibRefCitation id="F5F96C2AE1FD616C79362D780C2D7A1A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039337" author="Hoch, H" editor="Drosopoulos, S" journalOrPublisher="CRC-Taylor &amp; Francis, Boca Raton, London, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="187 - 197" refId="B30" refString="Hoch, H, Wessel, A, 2006. Communication by substrate-borne vibrations in cave planthoppers (Auchenorrhyncha: Homoptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). In: Drosopoulos, S, Claridge, MF, Eds., Insect sounds and communication: physiology, behaviour, ecology and evolution. CRC-Taylor &amp; Francis, Boca Raton, London, New York: 187 - 197, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039337" title="Communication by substrate-borne vibrations in cave planthoppers (Auchenorrhyncha: Homoptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039337" volumeTitle="Insect sounds and communication: physiology, behaviour, ecology and evolution." year="2006">Hoch and Wessel 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E10E3983F150B7361509F95AEBBEA1A9" author="Hoch, H" journalOrPublisher="Acta Musei Moraviae Scientiae biologicae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="155 - 162" refId="B31" refString="Hoch, H, Muehlethaler, R, Wessel, A, 2013. Acoustic communication in the subtroglophile planthopper Trigonocranus emmeae Fieber, 1876 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae: Oecleini). Acta Musei Moraviae Scientiae biologicae 98 (2): 155 - 162" title="Acoustic communication in the subtroglophile planthopper Trigonocranus emmeae Fieber, 1876 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae: Oecleini)." volume="98" year="2013">Hoch et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="FE335D8F2D3A307D991D5D97735840F4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9531-3" author="Soulier-Perkins, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Behavior" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="704 - 721" refId="B45" refString="Soulier-Perkins, A, Ouvrard, D, Hoch, H, Bourgoin, T, 2015. Singing in Namoroka Caves, First record in situ for a cave dwelling insect: Typhlobrixia namorokensis (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 28 (6): 704 - 721, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9531-3" title="Singing in Namoroka Caves, First record in situ for a cave dwelling insect: Typhlobrixia namorokensis (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9531-3" volume="28" year="2015">Soulier-Perkins et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) which have been shown to carry effectively over several meters via living plant material such as roots (Hoch and Howarth 1993).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="18ACD0625AE61DDE0122B47A364031D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
An amazing similarity in behaviour has been observed in 
<taxonomicName id="29ED9AA2B886F9A7A14B78DBABBA8459" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="EB4E48ECD886639537DDCAAE8EB2A96E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and an obligate cave species of the family 
<taxonomicName id="5699CB14CB5639FC088687D19666047C" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1839" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cixiidae</taxonomicName>
from Australia: 
<taxonomicName id="C9D1744CD7279C44953255DE1E82F6C9" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Howarth" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Cixiidae" genus="Solonaima" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solonaima baylissa" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baylissa">
<emphasis id="B6B2F717DDCE33122312F17DFCD4C266" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solonaima baylissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hoch &amp; Howarth, 1989, from Bayliss Cave, a lava tube of Undara lava flow, Queensland (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="825DFF2200515060F6217F3771344765" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Valenciolenda fadaforesta sp. nov., habitus, dorsal view a adult male, dorsal view b nymph (IV. instar) from ' Murcielagos' cave (Vilamarxant, Valencia) (photos by: Sergio Montagud Alario) c morphological analogy in the troglobitic Solonaima baylissa Hoch &amp; Howarth, 1989 (Cixiidae) from Australia: habitus, adult male, dorsal view. Body length 4.5 mm (photo by H. Reimer, Marburg, used with permission)." figureDoi="10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496080" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1c</figureCitation>
), which also displays a similar degree of tegmina reduction as well as the prominent blueish-white wax fringe along the costal vein (
<bibRefCitation id="76F2E0BF1F84D0C97D384A3DFC80BFFF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1989.tb00291.x" author="Hoch, H" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 402" refId="B29" refString="Hoch, H, Howarth, FG, 1989. Six new cavernicolous cixiid planthoppers in the genus Solonaima from Australia (Homoptera Fulgoroidea). Systematic Entomology 14: 377 - 402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1989.tb00291.x" title="Six new cavernicolous cixiid planthoppers in the genus Solonaima from Australia (Homoptera Fulgoroidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1989.tb00291.x" volume="14" year="1989">Hoch and Howarth 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Both species hold their tegmina nearly flat over the abdomen and - when disturbed - exercise escape jumps with the tegmina resembling tiny parachutes obviously slowing down the jumping individual (personal observation). This behavior - observed in two totally unrelated species, on two continents - is an excellent example of convergent evolution. Its context has not been studied yet, but it is conceivable that in an environment where roots may be few and far between, escape from approaching predators, such as spiders; the 
<normalizedToken id="C2AC7EB7D88488D4C99B40173B008A94" originalValue="„parachuting“">&quot;parachuting&quot;</normalizedToken>
could be a means to avoid predaters as well as ensuring the jumping planthopper is not catapulted too far from its host root. Adults and nymphs have been observed in 
<normalizedToken id="885428942084E2E98A61D7495F7749E0" originalValue="‚Murciélagos‘">'Murcielagos'</normalizedToken>
cave jumping several centimeters to avoid predetors, such as 
<taxonomicName id="2A9FA08E775FA931F1261912BCAD1C06" class="Arachnida" family="Dysderidae" genus="Dysdera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dysdera" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="391129908080AD55FC8FFB4CA33F8F1E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dysdera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spiders and the carabid beetles (
<taxonomicName id="D08EFC0BD0F62C66F67C7B1F4C8BED33" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1784" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Laemostenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Laemostenus terricola" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="terricola">
<emphasis id="EB2AA095420A255C14AB01C04D9B24AA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Laemostenus terricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Herbst, 1784) or 
<taxonomicName id="A530A53F34A0BA968B5ABF17354B90E9" baseAuthorityName="Nicolai" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Porotachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porotachys bisulcatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bisulcatus">
<emphasis id="B943EA06E6FB0D881FBD240EDA11BD9B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Porotachys bisulcatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Nicolai, 1822)) with 
<taxonomicName id="8FFA04769424BEDE1801534DB5EF0A16" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="03E4DABAC4F2DD7820B22AFDBF439127" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6A192A8D097AAF8743133F6D87EE7FD6" author="Sendra, A" journalOrPublisher="Generalitat Valenciana, Federacio d'Espeleologia de la Comunitat Valenciana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B42" refString="Sendra, A, Ballester, A, Alcocer, A, Aura, E, Azkarraga, JM, Castello, AJ, Fernandez, J, Garay, P, Herrero-Borgonon, JJ, Monsalve, MA, Pascual, JL, Ponce, JI, Sanchis, A, Sarrion, I, Sendra, C, Teruel, S, Tiffagom, M, Vila, S, 2015. Les Rodanes, un paraje de cuevas y simas. Vilamarxant, Valencia. Generalitat Valenciana, Federacio d'Espeleologia de la Comunitat Valenciana" title="Les Rodanes, un paraje de cuevas y simas. Vilamarxant, Valencia." year="2015">Sendra et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, the tegmen morphology (strong costal vein, covered with waxy exudation, and tegmina exceeding lateral body margins) may aid to avoid predation too.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A7B08452D8762702EDC51085B1A231B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Another striking behavior has been observed in the nymphs and adults of 
<taxonomicName id="1DF9D56C552F8217BADC2B365396C60B" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="A1D73A979F0FA2458E17F74BB233D40A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. When they wander around and also when they remain in the same spot, a quick lateral movement of the abdomen has been observed. Such movement is usually followed by a change in the walking direction which is consistent with that of the lateral abdominal deflection. It could be interpreted as a signal to change the direction of movements, perhaps in response to yet unidentified stimuli.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7A68C6CF79E4F9F2CDCA1BB81F1CA717" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="conservation status">
<paragraph id="FE59A279E94ECAB8C689C60F73D70E7C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D9A0399415B0DACEF66BFBF3A5D646F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In order to settle the conservation status of this remarkable endemic genus, two interesting aspects might be considered. Firstly, conservation of the general habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="F07AA840DF6E83EA7A24D35D7D2C379B" authorityName="Hoch &amp; Sendra" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Kinnaridae" genus="Valenciolenda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Valenciolenda fadaforesta" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="C96C5991AEEF5163A235C9E08E7A0F86" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valenciolenda fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All caves in the Valencian Community are protected by law (11/94 Law of Natural Protected Spaces and Legal decree 65/2006, of 12th May) devoted to caves with special protection for 150 notable caves, among them there are all the cavities of the 
<normalizedToken id="F823AA5E85A4E084B701E212E5175F0F" originalValue="‘Pedrizas’">'Pedrizas'</normalizedToken>
in the Rodanes karstic area, 
<normalizedToken id="5EEAE8680F681FC40AA5DA28739BF2D9" originalValue="‘Soterranya’">'Soterranya'</normalizedToken>
and 'Sant 
<normalizedToken id="2C557B2602A30F0B7A586FE7BCB3A6D4" originalValue="Josep’">Josep'</normalizedToken>
caves inhabited by 
<taxonomicName id="A7EADF25576DEE7F10A5E33109E07F43" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="4BE5DFC9547F9CBE9F21E7A6524402DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Also, the Rodanes caves are within a natural protected park including the Turia Natural Park. Secondly, 
<taxonomicName id="C244C1B36B248DA7612DCE93EEF8176F" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="5CB8AD1525B9C9FD1EF1718A53B51ED0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, according to the IUCN Red Data Book categories ought to be regarded as 
<emphasis id="081A9EA7064077D6572428B9459B939D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vulnerable</emphasis>
, or even 
<emphasis id="82D2D0615178FE0728A36DAC5630BB68" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">endangered</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="530CAEEE70C6DC8E5A7D84F003DFAC66" author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Elsevier Academic Press" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/IUCN_Red_List" refId="B36" refString="IUCN, 2019. International Union for the Conservation of Nature. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/IUCN_Red_List" title="International Union for the Conservation of Nature." url="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/IUCN_Red_List" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
), based on its small distribution, specialized habitat and presumed small population size. If the criteria given in 
<normalizedToken id="9E9EBE9A48D639C1BEF3BADB08CFCBEA" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
et al. (2004) are applied, which are more suitable for arthropod taxa, it can be considered as a 'highly vulnerable 
<normalizedToken id="AA59836E94F58FDF83632CF1F5579BD5" originalValue="taxon’">taxon'</normalizedToken>
according to its degree of endemicity, small distribution area, rarity and threat to its habitat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="647A29DAEC8481F2F5797CBEB1752312" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
There are real threats to the sustained occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="BFA4D325B004B90F489D5CCDE1F9CB92" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="4289340A9332CF22DA47935C18D3A6B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Most notably, the species shows a low population density: in almost all caves where it has been reported, only one or a few specimens have been observed. Only the 
<normalizedToken id="9385C9C37C8FB27F6410EAE7BC590B2B" originalValue="‘Murcielagos’">'Murcielagos'</normalizedToken>
cave contains a stable population all year round, but even this population apparently diminished during the extended 2013-2016 drought which affected the flora, with a particular impact on the pine trees, 
<taxonomicName id="9F99BFBAF1391A011C0FC4D90B38519B" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus halepensis" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="species" species="halepensis">
<emphasis id="579A372178007FB9E960E2B984C46AB0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pinus halepensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This drought period also impacted the roots that appear inside the cave. Fortunately, after the end of the drought period at the end of 2017 there was an apparent recuperation of 
<taxonomicName id="256AE8DCAF73540D68F2FC9DE3F705B0" lsidName="V. fadaforesta" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fadaforesta">
<emphasis id="85C18D2F384E8E40C257925654D95842" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. fadaforesta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of the 
<normalizedToken id="09ECA2C0F1F2324394E2D40FE258829A" originalValue="‘Murcielagos’">'Murcielagos'</normalizedToken>
cave.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>