191 lines
22 KiB
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191 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6FA13E2DD849DF73A44767D1545F6A02">Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3788DE486F9C229A902BDCECBED5DB28">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B264FF9942F377817EF44667768058F4">Snyder, Bruce A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6DBA79DB67DD0807A675E4512F8ACC55">Szlavecz, Katalin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="DBAC40D26B39D70FC3ED90925B6D05DF">4179</mods:number>
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<treatment id="4A3787AD5449A57DFF3C00C947E4FB96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671385" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124560884" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671385" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3787AD5449A57DFF3C00C947E4FB96" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A3787AD5449A57DFF3C00C947E4FB96" lastPageNumber="513" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305449A57DFF3C00C94540FF25" box="[151,606,188,214]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5449A57DFF3C00C94540FF25" blockId="18.[151,606,188,247]" box="[151,606,188,214]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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<heading id="996981D75449A57DFF3C00C94540FF25" bold="true" box="[151,606,188,214]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFF3C00C94540FF25" bold="true" box="[151,606,188,214]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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8.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFF1F00C94540FF25" authority="Beddard, 1892" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1892" box="[180,606,188,214]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFF1F00C94693FF25" bold="true" box="[180,397,188,214]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Amynthas morrisi</emphasis>
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(Beddard, 1892)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305449A57DFF3C00AB4654FF04" box="[151,330,222,247]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5449A57DFF3C00AB4654FF04" blockId="18.[151,606,188,247]" box="[151,330,222,247]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E5449A57DFF3500AB461BFF04" box="[158,261,222,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,376,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1515]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Color photographs of live individuals of (A) Amynthas agrestis, (B) Amynthas corticis, (C) Amynthas gracilis, (D) Amynthas hupeiensis, (E) Amynthas minimus, (F) Amynthas morrisi, (G) Amynthas tokioensis, (H) Metaphire californica, (I) Metaphire hilgendorfi, (J) Metaphire posthuma, (K) Pithemera bicincta, and (L) Polypheretima elongata, showing interspecific variations in colorations and body shapes. Specimens are from US (A, B, D, G, I) and Taiwan (C, E, F, H, J, K, L). Photo credit: Chih-Han Chang (A, B, D, E, G, H, I) and Wen-Jay Chih (C, F, J, K, L). The photographs of A. minimus and M. californica have been previously presented in Chang et al. (2009 a)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272529/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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F, 14)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305449A57DFF3C0153449AFE2D" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5449A57DFF3C01534526FECF" blockId="18.[151,1437,294,408]" box="[151,568,294,317]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955449A57DFF3C01534526FECF" box="[151,568,294,317]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFF3C0153452AFECF" authority="Beddard, 1892a: 166" authorityName="Beddard" authorityPageNumber="166" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,564,294,317]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFF3C01534649FECE" box="[151,343,294,317]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Perichaeta morrisi</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5449A57DFEF60153452AFECF" author="Beddard" box="[349,564,294,316]" page="166" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" year="1892">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFEF60153451FFECF" author="Beddard" box="[349,513,294,316]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Beddard, F. E. (1892 a) On some species of the genus Perichaeta (sensu stricto). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1892, 153 - 172." type="proceedings paper" year="1892" yearSuffix="a">Beddard, 1892a</bibRefCitation>
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: 166
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5449A57DFF3C013046C2FE6B" blockId="18.[151,1437,294,408]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955449A57DFF3C013046C2FE6B" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFF3C0130464EFEA8" box="[151,336,325,347]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFF3C0130464EFEA8" box="[151,336,325,347]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Pheretima morrisi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5449A57DFEC10130450CFEA8" author="Gates" box="[362,530,325,347]" page="361" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" year="1937">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFEC1013046FEFEA8" author="Gates" box="[362,480,325,347]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Gates, G. E. (1937) The genus Pheretima in North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 339 - 373." type="journal article" year="1937">Gates 1937</bibRefCitation>
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: 361
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 1954: 238; 1958: 31; 1963: 14; 1968: 253; 1982: 60.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFF3C01114652FE89" box="[151,332,356,378]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFF3C01114652FE89" box="[151,332,356,378]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Amynthas morrisi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5449A57DFECE01114575FE89" author="Sims" box="[357,619,356,378]" page="236" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFECE01114527FE89" author="Sims" box="[357,569,356,378]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 236
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5449A57DFDDF0111445DFE89" author="Reynolds" box="[628,835,356,378]" page="127" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFDDF0111440EFE89" author="Reynolds" box="[628,784,356,378]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (1978) The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta). IV. Megascolecidae, with notes on distribution, biology and a key to the species in the state. Megadrilogica, 3, 117 - 130." type="journal article" year="1978">Reynolds 1978</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 127
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 2010: 148; 2011: 276.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5449A57DFB9A01114246FE89" author="Reynolds" box="[1073,1368,356,378]" page="88" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" year="2004">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFB9A0111422CFE89" author="Reynolds" box="[1073,1330,356,378]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 88
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 2008: 180.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5449A57DFF5201F746C6FE6B" author="Blakemore" box="[249,472,386,408]" page="131" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" year="2014">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFF5201F746B8FE6B" author="Blakemore" box="[249,422,386,408]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2014) Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest), 45, 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">Blakemore 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 131
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5449A57DFF3C01B0449AFE2D" blockId="18.[151,1437,453,1125]" box="[151,900,453,478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFF3C01B04629FE2E" bold="true" box="[151,311,453,477]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Data sources.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFE9601B346D7FE2D" author="Gates" box="[317,457,454,478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Gates, G. E. (1937) The genus Pheretima in North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 339 - 373." type="journal article" year="1937">Gates (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFE7F01B04511FE2D" author="Gates" box="[468,527,453,478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Gates, G. E. (1968) On a new anthropochorous species of earthworm genus Pheretima (Megascolecidae Oligochaeta). Journal of Natural History, 2, 253 - 261. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936800770911" type="journal article" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFDB101B3454BFE2D" author="Gates" box="[538,597,454,478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms - Introduction to systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 5 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFDF401B34585FE2D" author="Gates" box="[607,667,454,478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFD1B01B0449EFE2D" author="Blakemore" box="[688,896,453,478]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2014) Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest), 45, 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">Blakemore (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305449A57DFF6C019D46CDFCB6" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5449A57DFF6C019D46CDFCB6" blockId="18.[151,1437,453,1125]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFF6C019D465FFDF2" bold="true" box="[199,321,488,513]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Size
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5449A57DFE2A019C4517FDF2" box="[385,521,489,514]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" unit="mm" value="95.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="40.0">40–150 mm</quantity>
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by
|
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<quantity id="05669B5E5449A57DFD9F019C458BFDF2" box="[564,661,489,514]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="2.0">2–6 mm</quantity>
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||
. Segment numbers 75–102. Color of live specimens unknown. Male pores paired in XVIII, on small, circular porophores. Post-clitellar genital markings present or absent; when present, two immediately median to each male porophore, one pre-setal and one post-setal, one of the two sometimes absent, slightly larger than the porophore, surrounded by several concentric furrows. Additional presetal markings on XVIII and XIX in some specimens, mid-ventral or median to male pores, numbers variable. Spermathecal pores two pairs in 5/6/7. Pre-clitellar genital markings paired and/or unpaired small discs varying in numbers and positions; paired on some of VI–IX, median to spermathecal pore; unpaired on some of V–IX, midventral, pre-setal. Female pore single in XIV. First dorsal pore 10/11 or 11/12. Spermathecae two pairs in VI–VII. Prostate glands paired, extending through some or all of XVII–XXIII. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, extending anteriorly to XIV.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305449A57DFF6C032447E4FB96" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5449A57DFF6C032447E4FB96" blockId="18.[151,1437,453,1125]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">
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||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFF6C03244625FC9A" bold="true" box="[199,315,849,873]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFEEF03244510FC9A" box="[324,526,849,873]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFEEF03244510FC9A" box="[324,526,849,873]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Amynthas morrisi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
was first recorded in the continental
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<collectingCountry id="BA89762B5449A57DFC69032744F8FC99" box="[962,998,850,874]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">US</collectingCountry>
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in
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5449A57DFBA503244378FC99" box="[1038,1126,849,874]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.86664" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" unit="in" value="1916.0">1916 in</quantity>
|
||
Waxahachie,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595449A57DFAA303274257FC9A" box="[1288,1353,850,873]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFAF0032747CDFC7D" author="Gates" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Gates, G. E. (1937) The genus Pheretima in North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 339 - 373." type="journal article" year="1937">Gates 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reproduction of this species is amphimictic. The identity of what have been commonly recognized as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFA2F030347F4FC42" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFA2F030347F4FC42" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">A. morrisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” in Asia and North America was recently questioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5449A57DFC2603EC437EFC41" author="Blakemore" box="[909,1120,921,946]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2014) Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest), 45, 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">Blakemore (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who believes the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFA2F03EF47F4FC26" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFA2F03EF47F4FC26" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">A. morrisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be restricted to specimens with no genital markings around male pores. Regardless of whether the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B5449A57DFF3C039747A5FC09" box="[151,187,994,1018]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens should be called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFE5303974576FC0A" box="[504,616,994,1017]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFE5303974576FC0A" box="[504,616,994,1017]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">A. morrisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or not, all
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA89762B5449A57DFD4A0397441BFC09" box="[737,773,994,1018]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens registered as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFBB203974394FC0A" box="[1049,1162,994,1017]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFBB203974394FC0A" box="[1049,1162,994,1017]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">A. morrisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the USNM collection appear to belong to a single species (C.-H. Chang, personal observation). As the
|
||
<typeStatus id="1D2588195449A57DFB9404734371FBED" box="[1087,1135,1030,1054]" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="059E4D385449A57DFAA704734261FBEE" box="[1292,1407,1030,1053]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Amynthas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="18" pageNumber="513" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="morrisi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95449A57DFAA704734261FBEE" box="[1292,1407,1030,1053]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="513">A. morrisi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is missing and the original description by Beddard lacks enough details, addressing this issue is unattainable at this moment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |