214 lines
30 KiB
XML
214 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="2236DE242D117C919E19D485044BB95C" ID-CLB-Dataset="3343" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5720458" ID-GBIF-Dataset="96fae295-c48f-470e-822a-f32408b3a16d" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5720458" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633677820725" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="EC7D87A1FFF6FF85E7EAFA5EC25EFC27" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Manidae_0082.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Manis tricuspis Rafinesque 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="1044FFD9FFF1FF8DE721FF8CC448FF83" masterDocTitle="Manidae" masterLastPageNumber="103" masterPageNumber="82" pageNumber="102" updateTime="1699459024181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="F417C087B515354003E20A5C631E64ED" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D810A153027280512D9A5872A7FF8C78">
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<mods:title id="BD8ABD0D4E9FED00CE9D914D947FDCDC">Manidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="5F02EC56A3BDEBC4A07A29FA0AA2CA3D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FBAD85A5B664F4B809102A7085A520A6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="597606760E1C618F0EDA1597420B3DF2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="7B92FA2C2CE71A4FA05EC9E1F1A7CBE8" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="85CC4D287E1E39F7721C5E6C7BFB3FAD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E0910AC6BA43AB4C52796B9DCF4EABE0">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="C566AAE988C9155858A357BF28B2DC89">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="2763318BDC43CE0E92D8FAD55724B12E">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="5E3B716060471D473544987B77133283" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="0BA959E20A594B57BE50663E0E11DDE3">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="1968741511F4C8F8F6EA5B3848203D37">
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<mods:placeTerm id="E75A13095A828EC47C30E47C93C2546B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A60B7ECBD3C7212F1B7F34DB6604A47E">
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<mods:title id="BD81B243F8270E4AE7347F6A46DEA74B">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="659CD4EB44CFC4FDFB6D7D717121B44D">
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<mods:start id="CE1426A7DAFF373CEAF340FB8BA0FE71">82</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="E3C4837C38938733814F636F0F1D3174">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="14D2378DF5C7921A37C508CC36CDA3A9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5720458</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2750F0D077C9029F21926E47E72D0779" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="EC7D87A1FFF6FF85E7EAFA5EC25EFC27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5720452" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190572886" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5720452" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EC7D87A1FFF6FF85E7EAFA5EC25EFC27" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC7D87A1FFF6FF85E7EAFA5EC25EFC27" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE7EAFA5EC4A3F983" box="[203,235,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE7EAFA5EC4A3F983" blockId="7.[200,1226,1490,1615]" box="[203,235,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<heading id="3F2381DBFFF6FF8AE7EAFA5EC4A3F983" box="[203,235,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<figureCitation id="FCEF2A32FFF6FF8AE7EAFA5EC4A3F983" box="[203,235,1490,1536]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[96,128,3384,3405]" captionTargetBox="[13,2762,13,3632]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages 3 Sunda Pangolm (Mums pvamml 4 Palawan Pangolm IMams cuhonenslsl. 5 Grant Pangolm (Manıs gıganteel. 6 Ground Pangolln IMams temmınckıı) 7 Long-tolled Pangolm (Mams tetradactylal. 8 Common Alncan Pangolrn (Manrs tncuSPISI" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514253/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">8.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE7DDFA5EC767F983" box="[252,815,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE7DDFA5EC767F983" blockId="7.[200,1226,1490,1615]" box="[252,815,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<heading id="3F2381DBFFF6FF8AE7DDFA5EC767F983" box="[252,815,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF6FF8AE7DDFA5EC767F983" box="[252,815,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Common African Pangolin</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE442FA5EC0CFF983" box="[867,1159,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE442FA5EC0CFF983" blockId="7.[200,1226,1490,1615]" box="[867,1159,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<heading id="3F2381DBFFF6FF8AE442FA5EC0CFF983" box="[867,1159,1490,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF6FF8AE442FA5EC0CFF983" ID-CoL="7VRVC" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1821" box="[867,1159,1490,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricuspis">
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE442FA5EC0CFF983" box="[867,1159,1490,1536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Manis tricuspis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE7EBF99EC081F9CD" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE7EBF99EC002F9A4" blockId="7.[200,1226,1490,1615]" box="[202,1098,1554,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<heading id="3F2381DBFFF6FF8AE7EBF99EC002F9A4" box="[202,1098,1554,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE7EBF99EC55FF9A4" bold="true" box="[202,279,1554,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF6FF8AE600F99EC5E1F9A4" box="[289,425,1554,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Petit Pangolin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE69FF99EC651F9A4" bold="true" box="[446,537,1554,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF6FF8AE500F99EC75FF9A4" box="[545,791,1554,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Weilbauchschuppentier</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE40AF99EC7CEF9A4" bold="true" box="[811,902,1554,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF6FF8AE4B1F99EC7AAF9A4" box="[912,994,1554,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Pangolin</vernacularName>
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arboricola
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE7EBF9B5C081F9CD" blockId="7.[200,1226,1490,1615]" box="[202,1225,1593,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<heading id="3F2381DBFFF6FF8AE7EBF9B5C081F9CD" box="[202,1225,1593,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE7EBF9B5C588F9CD" bold="true" box="[202,448,1593,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF6FF8AE6E8F9B5C6B0F9CD" box="[457,760,1593,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">African White-bellied Pangolin</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF6FF8AE425F9B5C791F9CD" box="[772,985,1593,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">African Tree Pangolin</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF6FF8AE4C4F9B5C081F9CD" box="[997,1225,1593,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Three-cusped Pangolin</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE410F9F3C732F940" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE410F9F3C732F940" blockId="7.[816,1407,1663,2085]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE410F9F3C784F91F" bold="true" box="[817,972,1663,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF6FF8AE4C8F9F3C73DF940" ID-CoL="7VRVC" authority="Rafinesque, 1821" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricuspis">Manis tricuspis Rafinesque, 1821</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE4A7F926C0F3F940" box="[902,1211,1706,1731]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE4A7F926C0F3F940" blockId="7.[816,1407,1663,2085]" box="[902,1211,1706,1731]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<materialsCitation id="D4BC3CEAFFF6FF8AE4A7F926C0F3F940" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3762054304" box="[902,1211,1706,1731]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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“
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<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AE4B3F926C7B4F940" box="[914,1020,1706,1731]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Guinée</collectingCountry>
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”, West Africa.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE413F945C5E7F7CD" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE413F945C5E7F7CD" blockId="7.[816,1407,1663,2085]" lastBlockId="7.[203,1409,2093,3461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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Sometimes included in the genus/subgenus Phataginus. Subspecies mabirae from
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<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AE413F894C7E8F8BA" box="[818,928,1816,1849]" name="Uganda" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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described by G.M. Allen & Loveridge in 1942, sometimes considered valid. However, the important level of morphological variation within the species seems to preclude any subspecific delimitation, pending more detailed investigations. This species is considered monotypic here.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE7EAF7DFC7AEF740" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="distribution">
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<caption id="30AB663FFFF6FF8AE7EAF7DFC7AEF740" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5720476" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5720476" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5720476/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" targetBox="[200,793,1667,2083]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE7EAF7DFC7AEF740" blockId="7.[203,1409,2093,3461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE7EAF7DFC532F7F7" bold="true" box="[203,378,2131,2164]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Continuous distribution in W & C African rainforest blocks also including
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<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AE623F7F6C5C1F718" box="[258,393,2170,2203]" name="Benin" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Dahomey</collectingCountry>
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Gap and Bioko I; reaches as easternand southernmost boundaries SW
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<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AE7EDF726C56BF740" box="[204,291,2218,2243]" name="Kenya" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, extreme W
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<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AE6F5F726C61CF740" box="[468,596,2218,2243]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, NW
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<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AE582F726C745F740" box="[675,781,2218,2243]" name="Zambia" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, and N
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<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AE45AF726C7AAF740" box="[891,994,2218,2243]" name="Angola" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Angola</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE7EAF745C65FF456" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="description">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE7EAF745C65FF456" blockId="7.[203,1409,2093,3461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE7EAF745C58BF769" bold="true" box="[203,451,2249,2282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 25-43 cm,tail 35-62 cm; weight 1.6-3 kg. The lightestweight pangolin, with little, three-cusped, pine cone-like scales. One pair of pectoral mammae. Males usually larger than females. Head conical and rostrum thicker than in the Long-tailed Pangolin (M.
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<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF6FF8AE5C1F6B3C73EF6E3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[736,886,2367,2400]" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tetradactyla">tetradactyla</taxonomicName>
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), giving a more massive aspect to the nose. Nose pad color similar to the brownish skin (may reach beige). Auditory orifice without ear pinna. Eyes small but protruded; iris dark. Scaled armor with relatively small scales covering the upper face and the whole body, except the belly, the upper foreand hindfeet, and the innerside of legs. Hairs whitish on belly and throat, and brownish on legs; thin and very long (0.5-1 cm), densely imbedded. No hairs project ing between scales. 19-25 dorsal scale rows. Scales longer than wide. Width of scales of the distal part of the body similar to that of first rows of post-scapular scales; scales uniformly colored, from brownish-gray to rufous and yellowish-brown. Scales threecusped; the main, distal cusp is still visible in old adults, despite abrasion. Tail slightly longer than head and body. On tail, medio-dorsal row of scales interrupted before tip. Ventral part oftail has a large, terminal skin pad, due to the absence of two median and two lateral scales. Forelegs slightly shorter than hindlegs. Five short and curved claws on forefeet, with the third claw at least twice as long as the others; walks with wrist folded up, with claws perpendicular to ground. The five claws on the hindfeet are markedly curved and longer than in terrestrial species. Skull 6-8 cm long, V-shaped. 40-42 caudal vertebrae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE7ECF46FC6D6F3C8" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE7ECF46FC6D6F3C8" blockId="7.[203,1409,2093,3461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE7ECF46FC573F47F" bold="true" box="[205,315,3043,3068]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Rainforests, savanna/forest mosaics and woodlands. Also present in humanmodified habitats, including secondary growth in oil palm groves, teak plantations, fallows, and secondary rainforest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE7ECF3DDC32AFABA" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE7ECF3DDC32AFABA" blockId="7.[203,1409,2093,3461]" lastBlockId="7.[1467,2680,286,3466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
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<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE7ECF3DDC59FF3F1" bold="true" box="[205,471,3153,3186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Myrmecophagous: mostly terrestrial termites (Microcerotermes, but also Nasutitermes), and to a lesser extent, ants (Camponotus, Cataulcus, Dorylus, Myrmecaria, Oceophylla, and Crematogaster). Most foraging is on the ground (especially in males and subadults), but arboreal mounds can also be targeted. Excellent sense of smell, and uses its protractile tongue to forage. Frequently inspects rotten branches and trunks, preys being ingested on ground or in leaf litter. Tail can be used to keep prey within a reachable range. Tree nests are broken or taken down with forefoot claws, and attacked from all sides, until ants fall down; several holes may be dug inside the nests. Nests are generally not destroyed, and thus are continuous feeding sources that are visited regularly. Foraging is mostly nocturnal, following activity cycles of prey. Females feed in a few hundred meter zone for 3-4 hours a night, whereas males forage at longer distances for 5-6 hours. The lingual system is dramatically adapted to preying on ants and termites. The tongue is covered with colorless, viscous saliva secreted by submandibular glands. With its numerous sensory terminations and a large, terminal organ similar to a pressure receptor, the tongue is very sensitive to touch. It literally acts as a “protrude and withdraw” touch organ; gustative function is expected to be minor given the small number of taste buds. The flat mandible and weak temporomandibular joints, coupled with an almost total absence of masticatory muscles, give limited movements to the jaw. The fused area of the mandibles forms a flat surface where the tongue can slip; lateral tongue muscles are attached to ridges inside the jaw. The tongue reaches
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<quantity id="A32C9B52FFF6FF8AE03EFD7EC339FC90" box="[1823,1905,754,787]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
long. It is attached behind the larynx and trachea to a characteristically modified xiphisternum (xiphoid process). Xiphoid cartilages form two elongated bars that pass through the iliac fossa and then curve dorso-laterally to end as a spatula in the right crus of diaphragm. The xiphisternum provides the necessary attachments to the complex system of glossal protrudor and retractor muscles of the tongue. The hyoid bone has a different role than in other mammals, since it helps remove termites and ants from the tongue at the entrance to the esophagus. A transverse fibrous septum in the tongueitself attaches to the lingual muscles. The first one-third of the tongue is loosely attached and partly folded in the cervical region. The tongue has a cavernous tissue, also found in other mammals requiring little or no mastication, which may affect or control the level of rigidity ofits rostral part. In the stomach, a rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of secretory cells contributes to secreting pepsin that digests protein from prey. The epithelial lining of cardia and fundus is modified into a stratified, squamous, and keratinized epithelium to manage the chitinous load.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE2E3FACFCD50F856" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE2E3FACFCD50F856" blockId="7.[1467,2680,286,3466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE2E3FACFC200FAE3" bold="true" box="[1474,1608,1347,1376]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Males cross several females’ ranges every night, checking estrous periods from their scenttrails. Males have testes in a fold of skin located in the groin (i.e. not descended into a scrotum). Sexual behavior is extremely elaborate. Preliminaries are simulated aggression, chest against chest, followed by the female’s submission. The female then clings to the tail of the male (like a young to its mother), and the couple moves to a tree before mating. Tails of male and female are entwined when copulating. Mean estrous cycle is nine days, with extreme individual variations (3-29 days). A single embryo develops in one of the bicornuate uterine horns. Gestation takes about 150 days; a single young is born. In captivity (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AEF14F9F6CCECF918" box="[2101,2212,1658,1691]" name="Nigeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
), births were reported in November and December; young weighed c.
|
||
<quantity id="A32C9B52FFF6FF8AE0E8F92DCC51F941" box="[1993,2073,1697,1730]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" unit="g" value="100.0">100 g</quantity>
|
||
, were born with eyes open and were active. Young stopped suckling after around four months, and weighed
|
||
<quantity id="A32C9B52FFF6FF8AEE44F944CDF9F96A" box="[2405,2481,1736,1769]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" unit="g" value="750.0">750 g</quantity>
|
||
by seven and a half months. Maternal care is limited. Postpartum estrus happens 9-16 days after birth, after the most intense phase of maternal care and before the young pangolin starts accompanying its mother, clinging to her tail. Young is expelled by mother at next parturition, after 4-5 months. Young then goes through a period of wandering that lasts until sexual maturity, at about eight months old. Full adult size and behavior (fixed range and mating) are not reached before 15 months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF8AE2E0F857C350F3CA" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF8AE2E0F857C350F3CA" blockId="7.[1467,2680,286,3466]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE2E0F857C2E3F87F" bold="true" box="[1473,1707,2011,2044]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Solitary, nocturnal, and semi-arboreal. Able to move from canopy to ground. Less specialized than other African forest pangolins. Mostly rests in tree hollows or piles of creepers, 10-15 m high. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AEF31F7A6CC2DF7C8" box="[2064,2149,2090,2123]" name="Benin" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
, shelters were mostly found in natural forest trees, preferably in velvet tamarin (Dialium guineense) and kapok (Ceiba pentandra), despite important foraging activities in human-altered zones (teak plantations). Shelters can also be found on the ground, in self-dug shallow borrows (30-40 cm deep). Terrestrial and arboreal mounds are also used as shelters. Starting period of activity is variable, from 18:00 h to after midnight. Females use a series of shelters, each for several days; when changing shelters, their range limits are also redefined. Males change shelter almost every night. Females are active for a brief 3-4 h period, and do not walk more than
|
||
<quantity id="A32C9B52FFF6FF8AE1C8F6E8C308F606" box="[1769,1856,2404,2437]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
per night; resting sites are close to each other (less than
|
||
<quantity id="A32C9B52FFF6FF8AE2E5F600C251F62E" box="[1476,1561,2444,2477]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AE168F600C2E5F62E" box="[1609,1709,2444,2477]" name="Gabon" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Males may be active for more than ten hours and may walk 1-8 km. The period of activity is drastically shortened during the rainy season, mainly because prey become much more abundant. The Common African Pangolin has two ways of walking. The diagonal walk is the most frequently used, during which the animal moves at a mean speed of 1-1-5 km/h. A caterpillar-like walk can also be used. When moving rapidly, the tail is lifted up. Body temperature is 31-32°C during the day, below the usual mammalian range. Temperature varies from 28°C to 36°C with variation in external temperature, so thermoregulation can be considered imperfect. Thyroid gland is hypoactive in adult Common African Pangolins. Tail is long and prehensile, with a highly sensitive distal pad, used like a fifth leg. When climbing large and/or smooth trunks, the tail is curled up around the trunk and the animal spirals up, the scales, large and spread, holding onto the rough surface. The tail is also curled around branches to hold on and is used as a pivot to move between branches or trees. When in danger on the ground, the pangolins look for trees to climb, or roll into a ball, with the tip of the tail folded up on the scales of the neck, locking themselves into a defensive position. Most predation occurs on the ground, by Leopards (Panthera pardus), chimpanzees (Pan spp.), and humans. Scales are smaller and appearless protective than in other African pangolins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF6FF85E2E5F3C3C0A6FCD6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF6FF85E2E5F3C3C0A6FCD6" blockId="7.[1467,2680,286,3466]" lastBlockId="8.[104,1308,274,940]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF6FF8AE2E5F3C3CCCAF3F3" bold="true" box="[1476,2178,3151,3184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The most abundant of African forest pangolins. Adults are sedentary; ranges are notstrictly delimited, and can change from time to time. Newly weaned subadults have an amoeboid range, promoting contacts with congeners; they gradually explore farther before establishing their own range, when they weigh more than
|
||
<quantity id="A32C9B52FFF6FF8AE0E6F360CC4BF28E" box="[1991,2051,3308,3341]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" unit="kg" value="1.0">1 kg</quantity>
|
||
. Males and females have overlapping home ranges of 3—4 ha and 30 ha, respectively. Males may move about
|
||
<quantity id="A32C9B52FFF6FF8AEE4BF29FCDE7F2B7" box="[2410,2479,3347,3380]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="102" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
each night, a small distance compared to the vastness of their ranges; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF6FF8AEE2AF2B6CD22F2D8" box="[2315,2410,3386,3419]" name="Gabon" pageId="7" pageNumber="102">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, several months of survey were needed to estimate their full ranges. Social relationships appear limited. Despite the existence of large overlapping zones in nature, territoriality seems exacerbated in males (an individual can kill another in captivity). However, olfactory markings and established hierarchy are likely to permit non-lethal regulation of contacts among males. Scent trails allow females to avoid contact with other females. In both sexes, individuals’ shelters may be very close, but never used at the same time. One male’s range may overlap with ten females’ ranges. Males tolerate females crossing their ranges, but drive away their dispersing offspring. A ventral, epidermal depression (pseudocloaca) contains the genital organs and anus, with perianal glands opening at the skin surface. The perineal glands are used in marking, sexual, and aggressive behavior, whereas the perianal glands (corresponding to epidermic bags) play a role in marking and territorial behavior. Able swimmer, using body undulation. Body almost completely above water, due to ingestion of extra air while swimming, with tail hitting the water regularly. Body diameter increased by up to
|
||
<quantity id="A32C9B52FFF9FF85E47CFD6AC7E7FC84" box="[861,943,742,775]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
|
||
. After leaving water, emits a trumpetlike sound, emptying out extra air from nose and probably anus. In the Lama forest (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF9FF85E606FCB4C5C9FCD6" box="[295,385,824,853]" name="Benin" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Benin</collectingCountry>
|
||
), density during the dry season was estimated at 0-84 ind/km?.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF9FF85E74BFCD0C242FD3B" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF9FF85E74BFCD0C242FD3B" blockId="8.[104,1308,274,940]" lastBlockId="8.[1377,2581,273,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF9FF85E74BFCD0C595FCFE" bold="true" box="[106,477,860,893]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List because likely to have undergone a decline of 20-25% over the past 15 years, mainly due to the unsustainable level of bushmeat hunting (the species is considered close to the Threatened category). Despite its presence in a number of protected areas throughout its range, it is heavily hunted for bushmeat consumption and traditional medicine (healing/magic properties, especially ofits scales), a situation aggravated by continuous deforestation of its primary habitat in West and Central Africa. Especially appreciated for its tender dark meat, notably in Central Africa. Occupies a particular place in rainforest tribes’ mythology because of its intermediary status between fish and tetrapods. In north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF9FF85EEC7FDA9C18DFDEA" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is notably considered a “correspondent” between humans and spirits. Enforcement of protective legislation is needed in several countries to avoid local extinctions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF9FF85E245FD46C25EFC27" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF9FF85E245FD46C25EFC27" blockId="8.[1377,2581,273,933]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF9FF85E245FD46C1B1FD5C" bold="true" box="[1380,1529,714,735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Akpona et al. (2008), Bureau et al. (1974), Doran & Allbrook (1973), Fa et al. (2006), Hatt (1934), Hoffmann (2008a), Jones (1973), Julian & Menzies (1968), Kingdon (1997), Lewis (1991), Menzies (1967), Ofusori & Caxton-Martins (2008), Ofusori, Caxton-Martins et al. (2008), Ofusori, Enaibe et al. (2008), Pages (1968, 1970, 1972a, 1972b, 1975), Pobiner et al. (2007), Rahm (1956), Sodeinde & Adedipe (1994), Soewu & Ayodele (2009), Stanley & Foley (2008), Tahiri (1966), Tahiri-Zagret (1966, 1968a, 1968b, 1969), Tahiri-Zagret & Maillet (1968).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |