205 lines
23 KiB
XML
205 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="ACB133112D6C56AC8C8D1AD66469F6C1" ID-CLB-Dataset="3343" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5720458" ID-GBIF-Dataset="96fae295-c48f-470e-822a-f32408b3a16d" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5720458" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633677820725" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="EC7D87A1FFF5FF89E74BF3DBC352F46B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Manidae_0082.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Manis culionensis de Elera 1915" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="1044FFD9FFF1FF8DE721FF8CC448FF83" masterDocTitle="Manidae" masterLastPageNumber="103" masterPageNumber="82" pageNumber="99" updateTime="1699459024181" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="F1E33267DFE9A7037D493B5A0ECE3F87" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="385D6D3D0C9FAE11702FA93C9166F97D">
|
||
<mods:title id="CA13721AD41AA9F03B2FC35EF40DA3DD">Manidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="588167566E3BEFB6286844F9E0539B3D" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="F6A1CF476D835F220A019BC74C5D7383">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="C6AB9701AA0CAACD29DC116E39C0A3EF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="745D465D8FCE7DF0B81A2E6C2B02B71D">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="2ADAA109ABFDC43C158089FBD6BAE000" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="D35169CA3D8FBB6919256FA5CB702C1D">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="0FFE42463D4201643B1060852BCE8A91">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="9539D2EDC9B085405FA07B7266AB86B3">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="389F7FDB24431C66D9E24488D30BE456">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="4C94F0D9741E809B1D4219C5642A42EC" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="A49F9BC05449A6D28120DFC83E0B8C30">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="ED6251F1CAB7B1EA6B4916D1CF4639FE">2011</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="D92E8AA8A5F13FD13062959138FB6E7D" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="007EC553678072A1FBA89C783A2370D6">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="3BD1E839D162E2BD19B5D18587AE6010">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="AAA6F11AE51E99F21419F9C67724D4CC">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="91A0A693A34A533425FAF30B25B1B9F0">
|
||
<mods:title id="B8193A7022927D74B4128586D1DFDB96">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="F396F632A598EB9B9CB32247F25F8AB6">
|
||
<mods:extent id="1DEA1C792F38AEC066A888E4B0993B67" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="C910231DB5045311902D9BA9D1FF32B2">82</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="A1E74B11780F9B0581435F2AC7403049">103</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="996E64733C52DFDFEF163F148CE47FB3">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9A2D3E590F40718BD04C378D44F003A2" type="CLB-Dataset">3343</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C5D7DB3F0E5DAB575C6B6F92F58F9D93" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5720458</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F562042126E8F62BF2AA260DA4F4CAF7" type="GBIF-Dataset">96fae295-c48f-470e-822a-f32408b3a16d</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7C1E3DAD17E79C242ED790A41ED8706C" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="FC87741B182D24C1E535706E0C5792DC" type="Zenodo-Dep">5720458</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="EC7D87A1FFF5FF89E74BF3DBC352F46B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5720444" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190572887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5720444" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EC7D87A1FFF5FF89E74BF3DBC352F46B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EC7D87A1FFF5FF89E74BF3DBC352F46B" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E74BF3DBC4C2F306" box="[106,138,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E74BF3DBC4C2F306" blockId="4.[104,1069,3159,3288]" box="[106,138,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<heading id="3F2381DBFFF5FF89E74BF3DBC4C2F306" box="[106,138,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<figureCitation id="FCEF2A32FFF5FF89E74BF3DBC4C2F306" box="[106,138,3159,3205]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[96,128,3384,3405]" captionTargetBox="[13,2762,13,3632]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages 3 Sunda Pangolm (Mums pvamml 4 Palawan Pangolm IMams cuhonenslsl. 5 Grant Pangolm (Manıs gıganteel. 6 Ground Pangolln IMams temmınckıı) 7 Long-tolled Pangolm (Mams tetradactylal. 8 Common Alncan Pangolrn (Manrs tncuSPISI" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514253/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">4.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E7BAF3DBC643F306" box="[155,523,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E7BAF3DBC643F306" blockId="4.[104,1069,3159,3288]" box="[155,523,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<heading id="3F2381DBFFF5FF89E7BAF3DBC643F306" box="[155,523,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF5FF89E7BAF3DBC643F306" box="[155,523,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A610F855FFF5FF89E7BAF3DBC50BF306" box="[155,323,3159,3205]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Pangolin
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E51EF3DBC7DCF306" box="[575,916,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E51EF3DBC7DCF306" blockId="4.[104,1069,3159,3288]" box="[575,916,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<heading id="3F2381DBFFF5FF89E51EF3DBC7DCF306" box="[575,916,3159,3205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF5FF89E51EF3DBC7DCF306" ID-CoL="7VRV9" authorityName="de Elera" authorityYear="1915" box="[575,916,3159,3205]" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="culionensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E51EF3DBC7DCF306" box="[575,916,3159,3205]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Manis culionensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E74BF31BC66BF350" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E74BF31BC064F32F" blockId="4.[104,1069,3159,3288]" box="[106,1068,3223,3244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<heading id="3F2381DBFFF5FF89E74BF31BC064F32F" box="[106,1068,3223,3244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E74BF31BC4FFF32F" bold="true" box="[106,183,3223,3244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF5FF89E7E0F31BC5C5F32F" box="[193,397,3223,3244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Pangolin de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A610F855FFF5FF89E61DF31BC5C5F32F" box="[316,397,3223,3244]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E682F31BC5B5F32F" bold="true" box="[419,509,3223,3244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF5FF89E529F31BC6AEF32F" box="[520,742,3223,3244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Palawan-Schuppentier</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E5DBF31BC71DF32F" bold="true" box="[762,853,3223,3244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF5FF89E47EF31BC7F9F32F" box="[863,945,3223,3244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Pangolin</vernacularName>
|
||
de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A610F855FFF5FF89E4FAF31BC064F32F" box="[987,1068,3223,3244]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E748F332C66BF350" blockId="4.[104,1069,3159,3288]" box="[105,547,3262,3283]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<heading id="3F2381DBFFF5FF89E748F332C66BF350" box="[105,547,3262,3283]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E748F332C528F350" bold="true" box="[105,352,3262,3283]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="EAD74699FFF5FF89E64BF332C66BF350" box="[362,547,3262,3283]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Philippine Pangolin</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E748F285C686F2A1" box="[105,718,3337,3362]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E748F285C686F2A1" blockId="4.[103,1306,3337,3451]" box="[105,718,3337,3362]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E748F285C4B5F2A1" bold="true" box="[105,253,3337,3362]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF5FF89E624F285C681F2A1" authority="de Elera, 1915" authorityName="de Elera" authorityYear="1915" box="[261,713,3337,3362]" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Pholidotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="culionensis">Pholidotus culionensis de Elera, 1915</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E5F7F285C15FF2A1" box="[726,1303,3337,3362]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E5F7F285C15FF2A1" blockId="4.[103,1306,3337,3451]" box="[726,1303,3337,3362]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D4BC3CEAFFF5FF89E5F7F285C15FF2A1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3762054307" box="[726,1303,3337,3362]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Culion Isand, Calamian Islands,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF5FF89E35DF285C15BF2A1" box="[1148,1299,3337,3362]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E74BF2A4CD45FEF5" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E74BF2A4CD45FEF5" blockId="4.[103,1306,3337,3451]" lastBlockId="4.[1993,2580,263,690]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Sometimes included in the subgenus Paramanis. Recently confirmed as a distinct species from the Sunda Pangolin (M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF5FF89E541F2C3C69BF2F3" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[608,723,3407,3440]" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanica">javanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on the basis of discrete morphological characters. Recorded from 7000-5000 years ago from archeologicalsites on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A610F855FFF5FF89EEF3FEA3CC49FEF5" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E0EBFEF1CC72FD97" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="30AB663FFFF5FF89E0EBFEF1CC72FD97" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5720468" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5720468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5720468/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" targetBox="[1376,1969,272,687]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E0EBFEF1CC72FD97" blockId="4.[1993,2580,263,690]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E0EBFEF1CC32FE1D" bold="true" box="[1994,2170,381,414]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Endemic to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A610F855FFF5FF89EE80FEF1CE5AFE1D" box="[2465,2578,381,414]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
faunal region, including
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A610F855FFF5FF89EE09FE24CDD4FE46" box="[2344,2460,424,453]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Culion, Busuanga, and Calauit Is. Introduced to Apulit I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E0EBFD97C3C4FA69" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E0EBFD97C3C4FA69" blockId="4.[1993,2580,263,690]" lastBlockId="4.[1375,2582,703,3048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E0EBFD97CC8DFDBF" bold="true" box="[1994,2245,539,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 45-54 cm, tail 39-50 cm; weight 2.5-8 kg. A mediumsized pangolin, with small, brownish to creamy orange-yellow scales. Morphology similar to M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF5FF89E13DFD33C2D8FD5B" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1564,1680,703,728]" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanica">javanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but six main characters differ: 19-21 dorsal scale rows; smaller size of scales in nuchal, scapular, and post-scapular regions; slightly shorter ratio of head and body totail length; ratio of nasal bone to greatest skull length inferior to onethird; posterior region of palatine bone not ventrally inflated and showing short lateral walls; and posterior extension of zygomatic process short (not posterior to sphenopalatine foramen). One pair of mammae. Sexual dimorphism unknown. Head conical and rostrum relatively long and thick. Nose pad color dark brownish, contrasting with pale brownish skin. Auditory orifice with small ear pinna. Eyes small and iris dark. Relatively small scales cover the upper face and the whole body, except the belly and inner side of legs. Hairs whitish, very thin and relatively long (longer than 0-3 cm); quite densely imbedded all over the naked skin. Hairs project between scales. Scales approximately as long as wide. Scales on the distal part of the body twice as wide as those on the first post-scapular rows; scales uniformly colored, from brownish to creamy orangeyellow, both colors sometimes appearing on the same individual. Scales V-shaped, with smooth contour, even in juveniles. Tail length shorter than head and body length. On tail, medio-dorsal row of scales continuous to tip. Ventral part oftail has a narrow terminal skin pad, due to the absence of a median scale. Forelegs slightly shorter than hindlegs. Five short and curved claws on forefeet, with the third claw less than twice as long as the others; walks with wrist folded up, with claws perpendicular to ground. Five markedly curved claws on hindfeet, with third claw distinctly longer. Skull 6.9-5 cm long, V-shaped. 29-30 caudal vertebrae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E240FA7DCC04F90B" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E240FA7DCC04F90B" blockId="4.[1375,2582,703,3048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E240FA7DC198F991" bold="true" box="[1377,1488,1521,1554]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
[Lowland primary and secondary rainforests; can be found in habitats impacted by humans, including grassland/secondary rainforest mosaics, provided that logs or trees are available. Shows some affinity for fig trees (Ficus spp.), the latter providing both shelter and ant colonies attracted by their fruits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E240F902CDA9F818" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E240F902CDA9F818" blockId="4.[1375,2582,703,3048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E240F902C22FF92C" bold="true" box="[1377,1639,1678,1711]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Almost unknown. Probably similar (myrmecophagous) to M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF5FF89EEEEF902C1D2F954" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanica">javanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Uses excellent olfaction to forage, and observed feeding on arboreal termite nests. Removes outer layer using its forefoot claws, and then digs into the nest, at the same time continuously protruding its tongue to catch prey. Visited nests show a round hole on one side from which the prey has been extracted; small nests can remain on the tree, whereas larger nests are found destroyed on the ground. In captivity, can consume the content of four medium-sized (c.
|
||
<quantity id="A32C9B52FFF5FF89E0CAF8F2CC0AF818" box="[2027,2114,1918,1947]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" unit="cm" value="35.0">35 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter) nests in a night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E240F82ECDC4F840" box="[1377,2444,1954,1987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E240F82ECDC4F840" blockId="4.[1375,2582,703,3048]" box="[1377,2444,1954,1987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E240F82EC1AFF840" bold="true" box="[1377,1511,1954,1987]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown. Young with mother reported to be first seen in August.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E27EF845C2C7F72D" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E27EF845C2C7F72D" blockId="4.[1375,2582,703,3048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E27EF845C203F869" bold="true" box="[1375,1611,1993,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Solitary, nocturnal, and probably semi-arboreal. A secretive species, very poorly known. Uses its well-developed sense of smell to orient itself, sometimes stopping to raise its head and sniff the air before choosing a direction. During climbing, tail is curled around trunks and branches to secure position and assist moving. When disturbed, makes a hissing noise and rolls up into a ball, in the typical defensive position of pangolins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E240F739CCF0F755" box="[1377,2232,2229,2262]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E240F739CCF0F755" blockId="4.[1375,2582,703,3048]" box="[1377,2232,2229,2262]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E240F739CC53F755" bold="true" box="[1377,2075,2229,2262]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E240F750CD0FF4F1" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E240F750CD0FF4F1" blockId="4.[1375,2582,703,3048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E240F750C2F2F77E" bold="true" box="[1377,1722,2268,2301]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (under M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF5FF89EF58F750CCA7F77E" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[2169,2287,2268,2301]" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanica">javanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The annual export quota is zero for specimens removed from the wild for trade. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List because they are expected to undergo a 30% population decline over the next ten years, given current trends of deforestation and hunting. Because the biology of the species is almost unknown,further research is needed to better characterize population status and major threats. Suspected to be moderately abundant, with partially localized distribution. Considered rare in southern Palawan. Although present in several protected areas of Palawan, and protected under a total ban on wildlife collection, local hunters report it to be declining. Weak law enforcement makesit a regularly poached species. Sold in bushmeat markets for its meat; skin and scales are said to be used against asthma. Trade for food and traditional medicine is mostly local, occurring within Palawan, but shipments from Palawan to Manila (Luzon Island.) and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A610F855FFF5FF89EE9FF501CE58F52D" box="[2494,2576,2701,2734]" country="Malaysia" name="Sabah" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Sabah</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF5FF89E24CF538C1ABF556" box="[1389,1507,2740,2773]" name="Malaysia" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) have been reported. In southern Palawan, price of pangolin meat increased from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF5FF89E28CF553C19FF57F" box="[1453,1495,2783,2812]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 1-50 to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF5FF89E175F553C236F57F" box="[1620,1662,2783,2812]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 4-30 per kilogram between 2006 and 2008, reflecting the growing demand. There is a risk of a shift to an international trade with
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1CC37627FFF5FF89EFEDF48ECD57F4A0" box="[2252,2335,2818,2851]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
following the ongoing, intense depletion of Sunda Pangolin (M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF5FF89E0D7F4A6CC2FF4C8" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[2038,2151,2858,2891]" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanica">javanica</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the Short-tailed Pangolin (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3D44D34FFF5FF89E24FF4DDC270F4F1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1390,1592,2897,2930]" class="Mammalia" family="Manidae" genus="Manis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pholidota" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pentadactyla">M. pentadactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
) involved by the market of Chinese traditional medicine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2CCE653CFFF5FF89E243F40DC352F46B" pageId="4" pageNumber="99" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="646B36B7FFF5FF89E243F40DC352F46B" blockId="4.[1375,2582,703,3048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<emphasis id="56A0EAA5FFF5FF89E243F40DC1B3F419" bold="true" box="[1378,1531,2945,2970]" pageId="4" pageNumber="99">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Acosta-Lagrada (2009), Batin & Widmann (2008), Esselstyn et al. (2004), Feiler (1998), Gaubert & Antunes (2005), Heaney et al. (1998), Hoogstraal (1951), Lacerna & Widmann (1999), Lewis et al. (2008), Schoppe & Cruz (2009), Schultze (1914).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |