261 lines
29 KiB
XML
261 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="C0CED0980456D270B39D9F72281C0566" ID-CLB-Dataset="56269" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="85d55564-632a-4561-8028-a7a8cf3f5de7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8162357" ID-ZooBank="88714F9C-0EE5-4295-9988-3CEEF242489D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1689748270342" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Turner, Thomas L. & Lonhart, Steve I." docDate="2023" docId="464C87844261FFF5FF1DFD5EFA55FC01" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5318.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5318 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Scopalina carmela Turner & Lonhart 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="184" masterDocId="BA75FFFC427EFFD4FF8AFFECFFD1FD64" masterDocTitle="The Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles Marine Protected Area" masterLastPageNumber="194" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="182" updateTime="1699543835761" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="E2C58A02CDF2B23F2B5CA45B5A2CD55A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9DA1A2ED56BAE200B44DCBB3E93FE42A">
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<mods:title id="4B9B3B902B5D87DE3A577FCE46BDDDC8">The Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles Marine Protected Area</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="67DBF2566402B4A88C856F370A20AA77" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="753D9CA642E372574855B102C61CEC50">
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<mods:roleTerm id="70B10DDF1EF77D1D25BC28F38B03F606">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="11FFA5139025622110BF93AC93273E9C">Turner, Thomas L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F3DC136F32EC3A6077C5B071BA254530">Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="1AAF6E5D817FDB4C37FE731ECC4B6F11" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="376B29BB30B0221E9B8D06666F8DA9B1">
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<mods:roleTerm id="725607C8373DF200EF4AAB8263B78147">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7FB56596264A987C504531D51BDAEC18">Lonhart, Steve I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3E9C8C27C21D8EDE7369D6313F1041BD" type="ORCID">0000-0002-5559-792X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="2871D789DA77FA5E53E7D6CF7322B4F2">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Ocean Service, NOAA, Santa Cruz, California, USA. steve. lonhart @ noaa. gov; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5559 - 792 X</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="65D396863A0AE063E743EE15EFAC2DB3" type="email">steve.lonhart@noaa.gov</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:titleInfo id="E1941E8C1C6BB6A55CBF525B1156E30C">
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<mods:title id="E570A64DEF0C0370936203EB756701BD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="1C213280136B6935D82979000F761F9E">
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<mods:date id="DF22B06FD463A4D41A1AFC378CE1D5FC">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D1997FDD9CCADD5097B329D9D0C1DB86" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="09F01B221EAC87F9F5E937C3AA620744">2023-07-19</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="04EDFF9B110F495670043C7527B88E3F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="FD853D6DC6542071EDB0F407951CBA10">5318</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="54E649E8091117DD0FCD5C110C207733">2</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="C5C7E2F0626F227E026D879E0E73D50D">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5318.2.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="E2D4B25B5FB7934EAED9CECFE0A8E3D1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="464C87844261FFF5FF1DFD5EFA55FC01" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8162441" ID-GBIF-Taxon="212416129" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8162441" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:464C87844261FFF5FF1DFD5EFA55FC01" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/464C87844261FFF5FF1DFD5EFA55FC01" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
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<subSubSection id="86FF65194261FFCBFF1DFD5EFE0FFFA9" box="[151,478,690,717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="CE5A36924261FFCBFF1DFD5EFE0FFFA9" blockId="31.[151,478,690,753]" box="[151,478,690,717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
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<heading id="951281FE4261FFCBFF1DFD5EFE0FFFA9" bold="true" box="[151,478,690,717]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA804261FFCBFF1DFD5EFE0FFFA9" bold="true" box="[151,478,690,717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
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<taxonomicName id="09E54D114261FFCBFF1DFD5EFEA8FFA9" ID-CoL="349f3111-22fc-4291-8c75-96e26d98afd4" authority="Turner & Lonhart, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,377,690,717]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carmela" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA804261FFCBFF1DFD5EFEA8FFA9" bold="true" box="[151,377,690,717]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Scopalina carmela</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7A257FB4261FFCBFE0AFD5FFE0FFFA9" box="[384,478,691,717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="86FF65194261FFCBFF1DFD3BFE9FFF95" box="[151,334,727,753]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CE5A36924261FFCBFF1DFD3BFE9FFF95" blockId="31.[151,478,690,753]" box="[151,334,727,753]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
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<figureCitation id="56DE2A174261FFCBFF1DFD3BFEDFFF95" box="[151,270,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,996,1895]" captionTargetId="figure-230@31.[151,1436,993,1898]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 21. Maximum likelihood phylogenies for the Scopalinida. A: 28S locus, B: cox1 locus. Genbank accession numbers are shown; bold indicates new sequences. Node confidence is based on bootstrapping. Scale bar indicates substitutions per site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8162421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8162421/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Figures 21</figureCitation>
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&
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<figureCitation id="56DE2A174261FFCBFEB8FD3BFE9FFF95" box="[306,334,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1145]" captionTargetId="figure-33@32.[151,1436,181,1145]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 22. Scopalina carmela. Field photos of holotype (A) and unsampled individual (B). C: cross-section showing spongin plate and vertical nodes, with associated spicules from holotype. D: Cross-section showing vermiform tracts of spongin, from holotype. E: style from SBMNH700917." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8162425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8162425/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">22</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="86FF65194261FFCBFF1DFCF2FCD1FE39" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="CE5A36924261FFCBFF1DFCF2FCD1FE39" blockId="31.[151,1436,798,969]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA804261FFCBFF1DFCF2FE58FE5C" bold="true" box="[151,393,798,824]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="7E8D3CCF4261FFCBFE13FCF3FCB6FE5D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4161966308" box="[409,871,799,825]" collectionCode="IZC" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" specimenCode="CASIZ236662" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<specimenCode id="9E439EE94261FFCBFE13FCF3FDECFE5D" box="[409,573,799,825]" collectionCode="CASIZ" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">CASIZ236662</specimenCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="A8F4AE574261FFCBFDCCFCF3FDA2FE5D" box="[582,627,799,825]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">IZC</collectionCode>
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00048468 (
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<typeStatus id="115E88304261FFCBFD70FCF3FC8EFE5D" box="[762,863,799,825]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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and
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<materialsCitation id="7E8D3CCF4261FFCBFC24FCF3FD2CFE39" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4161966344" collectingDate="2021-10-08" collectionCode="SBMNH" elevation="14" latitude="36.5591" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-121.9663" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" specimenCode="SBMNH700917" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<specimenCode id="9E439EE94261FFCBFC24FCF3FBB7FE5D" box="[942,1126,799,825]" collectionCode="SBMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" name="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="Museum">SBMNH700917</specimenCode>
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(
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<typeStatus id="115E88304261FFCBFBF7FCF3FB32FE5D" box="[1149,1251,799,825]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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), Inner Carmel Pinnacle (
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<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554261FFCBFE8CFCAEFEA5FE39" box="[262,372,834,861]" degrees="36.55910" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" precision="1" value="36.5591">36.55910</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="ABD150554261FFCBFEF5FCAFFDD2FE39" box="[383,515,835,861]" degrees="121.96630" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" precision="1" value="-121.9663">-121.96630</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<quantity id="091D9B774261FFCBFD9DFCAFFDADFE39" box="[535,636,835,861]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" unit="m" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">
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<elevation id="45C8D1A14261FFCBFD9DFCAFFDADFE39" box="[535,636,835,861]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" unit="m" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">10–18 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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,
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<date id="BA5B10524261FFCBFD0DFCAFFD2CFE39" box="[647,765,835,861]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" value="2021-10-08">
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<collectingDate id="AA1FE9BA4261FFCBFD0DFCAFFD2CFE39" box="[647,765,835,861]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" value="2021-10-08">8/10/2021</collectingDate>
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</date>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FF65194261FFF4FF4DFC8BFE5FFBC5" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="183" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="CE5A36924261FFCBFF4DFC8BFDB0FEE5" blockId="31.[151,1436,798,969]" box="[199,609,871,897]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA804261FFCBFF4DFC8BFE9FFEE5" bold="true" box="[199,334,871,897]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Etymology.</emphasis>
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Named for Carmel Bay.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE5A36924261FFCBFF4DFC67FDA1FEAD" blockId="31.[151,1436,798,969]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA804261FFCBFF4DFC67FEB0FEC1" bold="true" box="[199,353,907,933]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">Morphology.</emphasis>
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Encrusting,
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<quantity id="091D9B774261FFCBFE7DFC67FD89FEC1" box="[503,600,907,933]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 mm</quantity>
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thick. Light orange alive, beige when preserved. Surface is covered in abundant conules, oscula, and large pores.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="9A9A661A4261FFCBFF1DF86DFF10FA85" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8162421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8162421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8162421/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" startId="31.[151,250,1921,1945]" targetBox="[151,1433,996,1895]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="CE5A36924261FFCBFF1DF86DFF10FA85" blockId="31.[151,1436,1921,2017]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA804261FFCBFF1DF86DFEC8FAFD" bold="true" box="[151,281,1921,1945]" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">FIGURE 21</emphasis>
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. Maximum likelihood phylogenies for the
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<taxonomicName id="09E54D114261FFCBFD5AF86DFC9AFAFD" box="[720,843,1921,1945]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="31" pageNumber="182" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Scopalinida</taxonomicName>
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. A:
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<emphasis id="FC91EA804261FFCBFCFEF86DFC4BFAFD" box="[884,922,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">28S</emphasis>
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locus, B:
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<emphasis id="FC91EA804261FFCBFB88F86DFBE0FAFD" box="[1026,1073,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="182">cox1</emphasis>
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locus. Genbank accession numbers are shown; bold indicates new sequences. Node confidence is based on bootstrapping. Scale bar indicates substitutions per site.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="9A9A661A425EFFF4FF1DFB7DFDE4F995" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8162425" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8162425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8162425/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" startId="32.[151,250,1169,1193]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1145]" targetPageId="32" targetType="figure">
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||
<paragraph id="CE5A3692425EFFF4FF1DFB7DFDE4F995" blockId="32.[151,1436,1169,1265]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FF1DFB7DFEC9F9CD" bold="true" box="[151,280,1169,1193]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">FIGURE 22</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FEAEFB7DFE38F9CD" box="[292,489,1169,1193]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FEAEFB7DFE34F9CD" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[292,485,1169,1193]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carmela">Scopalina carmela</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Field photos of holotype (A) and unsampled individual (B). C: cross-section showing spongin plate and vertical nodes, with associated spicules from holotype. D: Cross-section showing vermiform tracts of spongin, from holotype. E: style from SBMNH700917.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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<paragraph id="CE5A3692425EFFF4FF4DFAF3FE1BFB51" blockId="32.[151,1437,1311,2022]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
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||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FF4DFAF3FEE4F85D" bold="true" box="[199,309,1311,1337]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Skeleton.</emphasis>
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Nodes of spongin arise from a basal spongin plate and terminate in surface conules. Vertical spongin nodes are occasionally bridged by secondary horizontal branches of spongin. Primary and secondary spongin tracts are cored by styles, either entirely enclosed by spongin or with heads embedded and points emerging; styles are chaotically arranged but generally at an angle between vertical and 45 degrees, tips up. Styles are more abundant near the sponge surface, where they form bouquets at the top of primary spongin tracts, piercing the surface at conules. Sponge also contains meandering, vermiform tracts of spongin that are not cored with styles. Sponge contains abundant sand, but no debris was seen coring spongin tracts. Tracts are often filled and/or coated with what appear to be red algal cells.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CE5A3692425EFFF4FF4DF9D3FE5FFBC5" blockId="32.[151,1437,1311,2022]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FF4DF9D3FEE1FB3D" bold="true" box="[199,304,1599,1625]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Spicules.</emphasis>
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Long smooth styles that taper gradually to a sharp point; sometimes with subtle step-changes in size near the tip ("telescoping tips").
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<typeStatus id="115E8830425EFFF4FD87F98FFDA4FB19" box="[525,629,1635,1661]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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713–915–1132 x 8–13–16 μm (n=26), other sample: 606–809–1017 x 10–16–21 μm (n=20).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="86FF6519425EFFF4FF4DF947FC6CFBA1" box="[199,957,1707,1734]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="CE5A3692425EFFF4FF4DF947FC6CFBA1" blockId="32.[151,1437,1311,2022]" box="[199,957,1707,1734]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
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<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FF4DF947FE20FBA1" bold="true" box="[199,497,1707,1733]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
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Known only from the Carmel Pinnacles.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86FF6519425EFFF5FF4DF923FA55FC01" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A3692425EFFF5FF4DF923FC7BFD9D" blockId="32.[151,1437,1311,2022]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="184" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FF4DF923FEEAFB8D" bold="true" box="[199,315,1743,1769]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is clearly within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FD24F923FCCFFB8D" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[686,798,1743,1769]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FD24F923FCCFFB8D" box="[686,798,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Scopalina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on both morphology and genotype. Four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FF1DF91FFED6FA69" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,263,1779,1805]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FF1DF91FFED6FA69" box="[151,263,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">Scopalina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from this region, all recently described from Southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F870425EFFF4FC60F91FFB8DFA69" box="[1002,1116,1779,1805]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA744B63425EFFF4FBE0F91FFB2BFA69" author="Turner, T. L." box="[1130,1274,1779,1805]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" pagination="353 - 371" refId="ref26718" refString="Turner, T. L. (2021) Four new Scopalina from Southern California: the first Scopalinida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the temperate Eastern Pacific. Zootaxa, 4970 (2), 353 - 371. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4970.2.8" type="journal article" year="2021">Turner 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The skeleton and general appearance of this new species is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FCD2F8FBFC0BFA55" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[856,986,1815,1841]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FCD2F8FBFC0BFA55" box="[856,986,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. nausicae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is easily differentiated from that species by having spicules nearly twice as long (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FD3DF8D7FCFEFA31" authority="Turner & Lonhart, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[695,815,1851,1877]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carmela" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FD3DF8D7FCFEFA31" box="[695,815,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. carmela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FCBCF8D7FC5EFA31" bold="true" box="[822,911,1851,1877]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7A257FB425EFFF4FCBCF8D7FC5EFA31" box="[822,911,1851,1877]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
mean length = 869,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FBFFF8D7FB24FA31" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[1141,1269,1851,1877]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FBFFF8D7FB24FA31" box="[1141,1269,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. nausicae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mean length = 494), and also by its orange color (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FDAFF8B3FD77FA1D" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[549,678,1887,1913]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FDAFF8B3FD77FA1D" box="[549,678,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. nausicae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is peach-colored). Several pieces of evidence support a hypothesis that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FF46F86FFE96FAF9" authority="Turner & Lonhart, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[204,327,1923,1949]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carmela" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FF46F86FFE96FAF9" box="[204,327,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. carmela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FED8F86FFE7EFAF9" bold="true" box="[338,431,1923,1949]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7A257FB425EFFF4FED8F86FFE7EFAF9" box="[338,431,1923,1949]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a distinct species, and not a northern form of
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FC78F86FFBACFAF9" box="[1010,1149,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FC78F86FFBA8FAF9" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[1010,1145,1923,1949]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae">S. nausicae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
First, the morphological differences (color and differences in spicule length) are very similar to the differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FB53F84BFA9FFAA5" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[1241,1358,1959,1985]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kuyamu">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FB53F84BFA9FFAA5" box="[1241,1358,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. kuyamu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FA0DF84BFED6FA81" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="goletensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FA0DF84BFED6FA81" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. goletensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which both occur in Southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F870425EFFF4FDF9F827FD39FA81" box="[627,744,1995,2021]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Second, genetic differentiation between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425EFFF4FB34F827FAE9FA81" authority="Turner & Lonhart, 2023" authorityName="Turner & Lonhart" authorityYear="2023" box="[1214,1336,1995,2021]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carmela" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FB34F827FAE9FA81" box="[1214,1336,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">S. carmela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425EFFF4FACBF827FA4DFA81" bold="true" box="[1345,1436,1995,2021]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E7A257FB425EFFF4FACBF827FA4DFA81" box="[1345,1436,1995,2021]" pageId="32" pageNumber="183" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425FFFF5FF4DFF7BFE99FDD4" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[199,328,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nausicae">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425FFFF5FF4DFF7BFE99FDD4" box="[199,328,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">S. nausicae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are of a similar magnitude as the differentiation between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425FFFF5FC59FF7BFB96FDD5" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[979,1095,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="kuyamu">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425FFFF5FC59FF7BFB96FDD5" box="[979,1095,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">S. kuyamu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425FFFF5FBF4FF7BFADAFDD5" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[1150,1291,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="goletensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425FFFF5FBF4FF7BFADAFDD5" box="[1150,1291,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">S. goletensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at both
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425FFFF5FAEDFF7BFA4CFDD5" box="[1383,1437,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">cox1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425FFFF5FF40FF57FF25FDB1" box="[202,244,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">28S</emphasis>
|
||
. Third, the final
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F870425FFFF5FE35FF57FDE0FDB1" box="[447,561,187,213]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
species of
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425FFFF5FD32FF57FC57FDB1" box="[696,902,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425FFFF5FD32FF57FCFAFDB1" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1862" box="[696,811,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Scopalina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09E54D11425FFFF5FCB0FF57FC50FDB1" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="2021" box="[826,897,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Scopalinidae" genus="Scopalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scopalinida" pageId="33" pageNumber="184" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="jali">S. jali</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is found at both the Carmel Pinnacles and in Southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F870425FFFF5FE89FF33FEA6FD9D" box="[259,375,223,249]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, without genetic differentiation at
|
||
<emphasis id="FC91EA80425FFFF5FD73FF33FCF2FD9D" box="[761,803,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">28S</emphasis>
|
||
(figure 21).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE5A3692425FFFF5FF4DFEEFFA55FC01" blockId="33.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">
|
||
Close examination or high-resolution photos make this species identifiable in the field: the highly conulose surface, abundant pores and oscules, and light orange color serve to distinguish this species from other
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F870425FFFF5FAA1FECBFA4CFC25" box="[1323,1437,295,321]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
species. Other encrusting orange sponges in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0C21F870425FFFF5FD00FEA7FD2DFC01" box="[650,764,331,357]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="33" pageNumber="184">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
are firm, while this species is very soft and compressible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |