292 lines
31 KiB
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292 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1124-147" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EECD73B488D950A7B6D7969A1D3FB087" ID-ZooBank="F9A99E99C5EC4894BCF0C49F051819F3" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1124-147" checkinTime="1666056863241" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yang, Weicheng, Yu, Hao & Lin, Yucheng" docDate="2022" docId="3B7D4DB84081585DBE44EEE625319199" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1124: 147-160" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1124" docPubDate="2022-10-17" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991" docTitle="Chthonopes bifidum Yu & Lin 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="7F648B7E-A751-4201-B5F4-2F9C2616BDAA" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="EECD73B488D950A7B6D7969A1D3FB087" lastPageNumber="147" masterDocId="EECD73B488D950A7B6D7969A1D3FB087" masterDocTitle="A review of the spider genus Chthonopes (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae), with descriptions of two new species from China" masterLastPageNumber="160" masterPageNumber="147" pageNumber="147" updateTime="1666056863241" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the spider genus Chthonopes (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae), with descriptions of two new species from China</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yang, Weicheng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Yu, Hao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sacspider@126.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lin, Yucheng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-0633</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">linyucheng@scu.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-10-17</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1124</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>147</mods:start>
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<mods:end>160</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1124-147</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F9A99E99C5EC4894BCF0C49F051819F3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EECD73B488D950A7B6D7969A1D3FB087</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7F648B7E-A751-4201-B5F4-2F9C2616BDAA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3B7D4DB84081585DBE44EEE625319199" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/7F648B7E-A751-4201-B5F4-2F9C2616BDAA" authority="Yu & Lin" authorityName="Yu & Lin" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Chthonopes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chthonopes bifidum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidum" status="sp. nov.">Chthonopes bifidum Yu & Lin</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="147">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Male palp of the holotype of Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C ventral view D dorsal view. Abbreviations: Co = conductor; CL = cymbial lobe; DA = distal apophysis on tegulum; DH = distal horn on median apophysis; ED = embolic distal end; Em = embolus; MA = median apophysis; Pc = paracymbium; St = subtegulum; Te = tegulum; TTr = tibial trichobothium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758048" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution records of five species of the genus Chthonopes: C. bifidum sp. nov. (scarlet circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Shenmi cave; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Dehong, Luxi City, Mangliu village, Xianfo cave); C. jimudeng sp. nov. (yellow circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Jimudeng village; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Maku village); C. jaegeri Wunderlich, 2011 (carmine circle: 1, 2. Laos, Bolikhansay Province ,, Lak Sao, Tham Mang Kone; 3. Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban Phoungam-Mai; 4. Laos, Bolikhamxay Province: Khamkeut area); C. cavernicola Wunderlich, 2011 (light blue circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Tham Boumlou, inside cave); C. thakekensis Lin, Li & Jaeger, 2014 (green circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban Phoungam-Mai, Tham Phayat, limestone cave)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758052" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Holotype</emphasis>
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: ♂, China: Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna: Mengla County: Menglun Town: Shenmi cave,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="21.97" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="21.97">21.97°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="101.24" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="101.24">101.24°E</geoCoordinate>
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, elevation 776 m, 3.X.2017, Y. Lin and Y. Li leg.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Paratypes</emphasis>
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: 15♀11juv., same data as holotype.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Other material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2010-08-25" collectorName="C. Wang" country="China" county="Dehong" elevation="1081" latitude="24.33" location="Mangliu village" longLatPrecision="751" longitude="98.52" municipality="Luxi City" specimenCount="26" specimenCount-female="24" specimenCount-juvenile="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Yunnan Province">
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<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
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<specimenCount type="female">24♀</specimenCount>
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<specimenCount type="generic">1juv.</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
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:
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<collectingCounty>Dehong</collectingCounty>
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:
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<collectingMunicipality>Luxi City</collectingMunicipality>
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:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B7D4DB84081585DBE44EEE625319199:D5D097A58BD3B601696C73DBDEFDDE60" country="China" county="Dehong" latitude="24.33" longLatPrecision="751" longitude="98.52" municipality="Luxi City" name="Mangliu village" stateProvince="Yunnan Province">Mangliu village</location>
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:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3B7D4DB84081585DBE44EEE625319199:23D7B6D1EDD4AF90FA59C24EF699B551" country="China" county="Dehong" latitude="24.33" longLatPrecision="751" longitude="98.52" municipality="Luxi City" name="Xianfo cave" stateProvince="Yunnan Province">Xianfo cave</location>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="24.33" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="24.33">24.33°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="98.52" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="98.52">98.52°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.081" unit="m" value="1081.0">
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elevation
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<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.081" unit="m" value="1081.0">1081 m</quantity>
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</elevation>
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,
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<collectingDate value="2010-08-25">25.VIII.2010</collectingDate>
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,
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<collectorName>C. Wang</collectorName>
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leg.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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The species epithet is taken from the Latin adjective "
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">bifidus</emphasis>
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" and refers to the forked distal horn of median apophysis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
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The males of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. bifidum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. bifidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. easily differentiated from those of all other congeners by the bifurcate distal horn of median apophysis, the partly membranous or hyaline, whisker-shaped distal apophysis of tegulum, and by the paracymbium with a spine-like tip, vs. distal horn on median apophysis represented by a small needle or spine, not forked, distal apophysis on tegulum relatively sclerotized, lamina-shaped, paracymbium without spine-like tip in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. jaegeri" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaegeri">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. jaegeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. cavernicola" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernicola">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. cavernicola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(cf. Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Male palp of the holotype of Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C ventral view D dorsal view. Abbreviations: Co = conductor; CL = cymbial lobe; DA = distal apophysis on tegulum; DH = distal horn on median apophysis; ED = embolic distal end; Em = embolus; MA = median apophysis; Pc = paracymbium; St = subtegulum; Te = tegulum; TTr = tibial trichobothium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758048" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2A-D</figureCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Wunderlich, J" journalOrPublisher="Beitraege zur Araneologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="1 - 640" refId="B4" refString="Wunderlich, J, 2011. Extant and fossil spiders (Araneae). Beitraege zur Araneologie 6: 1 - 640" title="Extant and fossil spiders (Araneae)." volume="6" year="2011">Wunderlich 2011</bibRefCitation>
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: 433, figs 13-17, 18b, Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Male palp of Chthonopes jaegeri A prolateral view B retrolateral view C ventral view D dorsal view. Abbreviations: Co = conductor; CL = cymbial lobe; DA = distal apophysis on tegulum; DH = distal horn on median apophysis; ED = embolic distal end; Em = embolus; MA = median apophysis; Pc = paracymbium; St = subtegulum; Te = tegulum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758050" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">4A-D</figureCitation>
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). The females of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. bifidum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. bifidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other congeners except
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. jimudeng" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jimudeng">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. jimudeng</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. by the short and smooth scape, about 1/5 of epigyne length (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1E-G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype female of Chthonopes jimudeng sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758051" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5C-E</figureCitation>
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) (vs. scape rugose, longer than 1/2 of epigyne length in all other congeners, including
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. jaegeri" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaegeri">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. jaegeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. thakekensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thakekensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. thakekensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Chthonopes jaegeri, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758049" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">3E-G</figureCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.391.7161" author="Lin, YC" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" pagination="75 - 102" refId="B2" refString="Lin, YC, Li, SQ, Jaeger, P, 2014. Four new spider species of the family Theridiosomatidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from caves in Laos. ZooKeys 391: 75 - 102, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.391.7161" title="Four new spider species of the family Theridiosomatidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from caves in Laos." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.391.7161" volume="391" year="2014">Lin et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 17B-E, 18A-C), but differ from the latter by the: (1) scape triangular, translucent, extending from posterior margin of epigynal plate (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1E-G</figureCitation>
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) (vs. digitiform, relatively sclerotized, originating from dorsal side of posterior margin of epigynal plate; Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype female of Chthonopes jimudeng sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758051" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5C-E</figureCitation>
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); (2) accessory spermathecae located anterolaterally to main spermathecae, nearly claviform or tubular (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1G</figureCitation>
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) (vs. located laterally to main spermathecae, consisting of tubular stalk and globular head; Fig.
|
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype female of Chthonopes jimudeng sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758051" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Male</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
): Carapace nearly pyriform, yellowish brown, without distinct pattern, slightly darker marginally. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row distinctly procurved. Sternum heart-shaped, dark brown, with sparse setae. Mouthparts coloured as sternum. Legs uniformly brown, femora slightly darker. Abdomen round, dorsum centrally beige, marginally coffee coloured with sparse long hairs, weakly ossified at hair base; venter slightly darker than dorsum, posteriorly clothed with short setae.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
: Total length 2.1. Carapace 0.8 long, 0.9 wide. Clypeus 0.2 high. Sternum 0.5 long, 0.5 wide. Abdomen 1.4 long, 1.3 wide. Length of legs: I 4.0 (1.3, 0.4, 1.0, 0.9, 0.4); II 3.0 (0.9, 0.3, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4); III 2.4 (0.6, 0.2, 0.7, 0.6, 0.3); IV 3.0 (0.9, 0.3, 0.8, 0.7, 0.3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu & Lin" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Chthonopes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chthonopes bifidum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Chthonopes bifidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
), female habitus (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C, D</emphasis>
|
||
) and epigyne (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">E-G</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">E</emphasis>
|
||
intact, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">F</emphasis>
|
||
cleared, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">G</emphasis>
|
||
cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A-D</emphasis>
|
||
); 0.2 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">E, F, G</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Palp</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Male palp of the holotype of Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C ventral view D dorsal view. Abbreviations: Co = conductor; CL = cymbial lobe; DA = distal apophysis on tegulum; DH = distal horn on median apophysis; ED = embolic distal end; Em = embolus; MA = median apophysis; Pc = paracymbium; St = subtegulum; Te = tegulum; TTr = tibial trichobothium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A-D)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758048" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">2A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
): Tibia small, about 1/5-1/6 length of cymbium, dorsally bears a short trichobothium (TTr). Cymbium narrow, about 2.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than width, with long setae. Paracymbium (Pc) small, about 1/5-1/6 length of cymbium, with a nearly triangular base and spine-like tip. Tegulum (Te) capacious, 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide; sperm duct distinct in ventral view, running a V-shaped course along posterior part of the tegulum. Median apophysis (MA) originating from subbasal portion of tegulum, consisting of broad base and biforked distal horn (DH); base nearly triangular; distal horn heavily sclerotized, tip curved and bifurcate, lateral ramus short claw-shaped, mesal ramus filiform and ca. 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than lateral ramus. Distal apophysis (DA) located at distal-retrolateral position of tegulum, base partly membranous, and tip hyaline with a truncated apex. Embolus (Em) long and thick, hidden behind conductor, arising at approximately the 9-10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
|
||
position, terminating at ca. 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="o’clock">o'clock</normalizedToken>
|
||
position, embolic distal end forked. Conductor (Co) tubular, covering almost whole embolus, apex translucent and pointing retrolaterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758048" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Male palp of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu & Lin" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Chthonopes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chthonopes bifidum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Chthonopes bifidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A</emphasis>
|
||
prolateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B</emphasis>
|
||
retrolateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view. Abbreviations: Co = conductor; CL = cymbial lobe; DA = distal apophysis on tegulum; DH = distal horn on median apophysis; ED = embolic distal end; Em = embolus; MA = median apophysis; Pc = paracymbium; St = subtegulum; Te = tegulum; TTr = tibial trichobothium. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A-D</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Female</emphasis>
|
||
(one paratype). Somatic features as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
and coloration slightly lighter than in male.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
: Total length 2.5. Carapace 0.8 long, 1.1 wide. Clypeus 0.2 high. Sternum 0.6 long, 0.5 wide. Abdomen 1.9 long, 1.3 wide. Length of legs: I 4.0 (1.4, 0.4, 1.1, 0.7, 0.4); II 3.5 (1.0, 0.4, 1.0, 0.7, 0.4); III 2.6 (0.7, 0.3, 0.7, 0.6, 0.3); IV 3.1 (0.9, 0.3, 0.9, 0.7, 0.4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Epigyne</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1C-E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Epigynal plate large, slightly wider than long, with long setae in midline, the arrangement of the various parts of the vulva are indistinctly visible through the tegument; scape (Sc) short, triangular, translucent, extending from posterior margin of epigynal plate, less than 1/5 of epigyne length, apex blunt. The distal part of copulatory ducts (CD) wide, forming two egg-shaped bursae, then connecting with later margin of main spermathecae; the two bursae base closely spaced but anterior surface widely separated by ca. 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
of bursae width. Main spermathecae (Sp) small, reniform, strongly sclerotized, separated by about 1/10 of their width; accessory spermathecae (Asp) located anterolaterally to main spermathecae, translucent, nearly claviform or tubular, about 1/2 of epigyne length. Fertilization ducts (FD), short, ribbon-shaped, strongly sclerotized, located on dorsal-basal surface of main spermathecae; apical parts separated by about 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
of FD width, apex curved and sharp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Known from Mengla County and Luxi City, Yunnan, China (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution records of five species of the genus Chthonopes: C. bifidum sp. nov. (scarlet circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Shenmi cave; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Dehong, Luxi City, Mangliu village, Xianfo cave); C. jimudeng sp. nov. (yellow circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Jimudeng village; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Maku village); C. jaegeri Wunderlich, 2011 (carmine circle: 1, 2. Laos, Bolikhansay Province ,, Lak Sao, Tham Mang Kone; 3. Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban Phoungam-Mai; 4. Laos, Bolikhamxay Province: Khamkeut area); C. cavernicola Wunderlich, 2011 (light blue circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Tham Boumlou, inside cave); C. thakekensis Lin, Li & Jaeger, 2014 (green circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban Phoungam-Mai, Tham Phayat, limestone cave)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758052" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |