258 lines
22 KiB
XML
258 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.734.23023" ID-GBIF-Dataset="de92c6c1-5e54-433d-a725-89c348d639c6" ID-PMC="PMC5904343" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-734-105" ID-PubMed="29674856" ID-ZBK="1FAEB91758A448B08EA77C3AEB00ECC5" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-734-105" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 734" ModsDocTitle="A new species of Turbanellidae (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) from Jamaica, with a key to species of Paraturbanella" checkinTime="1517868716764" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Zotto, Matteo Dal, Leasi, Francesca & Todaro, M. Antonio" docDate="2018" docId="CB98D2EAFE6CE0AE7ACE36684C7F8DF9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 734: 105-119" docOrigin="ZooKeys 734" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.734.23023" docTitle="Paraturbanella xaymacana Zotto, Leasi & Todaro, 2018, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="5E38C61A-5233-4E8E-8092-45E1B9AE000E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="110" masterDocId="FFDCFFE7A23B0065FF99FFA1FFE59A0E" masterDocTitle="A new species of Turbanellidae (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) from Jamaica, with a key to species of Paraturbanella" masterLastPageNumber="119" masterPageNumber="105" pageNumber="107" updateTime="1668165393586" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new species of Turbanellidae (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) from Jamaica, with a key to species of Paraturbanella</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zotto, Matteo Dal</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Leasi, Francesca</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Todaro, M. Antonio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>734</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>105</mods:start>
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<mods:end>119</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.734.23023</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.734.23023</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-734-105</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">1FAEB91758A448B08EA77C3AEB00ECC5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1FAEB91758A448B08EA77C3AEB00ECC5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="141125875" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5E38C61A-5233-4E8E-8092-45E1B9AE000E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CB98D2EAFE6CE0AE7ACE36684C7F8DF9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="107" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/5E38C61A-5233-4E8E-8092-45E1B9AE000E" family="Turbanellidae" genus="Paraturbanella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraturbanella xaymacana" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="xaymacana">Paraturbanella xaymacana</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="107">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1, 2, 3
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="107" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
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The sediment samples were collected on 24 February 2011 from Duncans Bay, Duncans, Jamaica (18°29'13.05'N,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.53423">77°32'03.23"W</geoCoordinate>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="107" type="type specimen">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Type specimen.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
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Holotype: the 542
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long adult specimen shown in Figures 2, 3, no longer extant (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Articles 73.1.1 and 73.1.4), collected on 24 February 2011 (MAT & FL legit).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="107" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Examined material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
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Two adults (including the holotype) collected by MAT & FL from the type locality; specimens were observed alive and are no longer extant i.e., both physical specimens were inadvertently destroyed during the study. Considering the size and nature of these organisms, the provided drawings, and the original multiple photos of the studied animals, the establishment of a new species-group taxon should be considered valid under the recommendation 73G-J of Declaration 45 - Addition of Recommendations to Article 73 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hummon, WD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="10" pageNumber="115" pagination="2 - 4" title="Declaration 45 - Addition of Recommendations to Article 73 and of the term " specimen, preserved " to the Glossary." volume="73" year="2017">ICZN 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="107" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Sparse in frequency of occurrence (10 % of samples), scarce in abundance (3-5% of a sample); sub-littoral at a water depth of about 0.5 m in sediment made up of fine, moderately sorted carbonate sand (mean grain size, 0.18 mm; sorting 0.59; kurtosis, 2.52; skewness, 0.43). Values of salinity and temperature of the interstitial water at the time of sampling were 34 ‰ and 26 °C respectively.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="2" pageNumber="107" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="107">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="2" pageNumber="107">
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Body strap-shaped, up to 564
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length. Head with a feeble peribuccal swelling, with a slight constriction at U3.7; pestle organs present. PhJIn at U31; body widest from mid-pharynx to mid-intestine, thinning gradually to the caudal base; caudum bilobed, incised from its tips to U95, with a clearly visible medial cone; distance between apices of outermost TbP on either side is 1.3 times the width of the caudal base. About 20-23 glands are distributed along both lateral body margins in a single column per side. TbA six per side, the innermost being the shortest, whereas the adjacent being the longest, occur on fleshy hands that insert at approximately U11; TbV, TbVL, TbL and TbD absent; TbP, six per side, occurring as 4, 1, 1, the outermost being the longest; caudal cone present; accessory adhesive tubes (called also dohrni/
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seitenfüsschen">Seitenfuesschen</normalizedToken>
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) two per side, posterolaterally directed (longer tube = 21
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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, shorter tube = 14
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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), inserting ventrolaterally just behind the hands at U14. Locomotor ciliature runs from the TbA rearward in two longitudinal bands that trace the lateral body margins, joining after the anus. Mouth terminal, width narrow; buccal cavity medium-sized, mug-shaped; walls heavily cuticularized; pharyngeal pores near the base at U28;
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="108" start="start">intestine</pageBreakToken>
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straight, broadest in front; anus ventral at U91. Hermaphroditic, paired testes extend rearward from U51, with sperm ducts recurving to the fore at U63 and emptying to the exterior via a common pore at U49; paired ovaries, the largest ovum occurs in the mid-gut region at U51. Frontal organ dorsal to the intestine at U63.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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The specific name alludes to the original name of Jamaica:
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Heptaxodontidae" genus="Xaymaca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xaymaca" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Xaymaca</taxonomicName>
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, (adjective:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="xaymacana" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" rank="species" species="xaymacana">xaymacana</taxonomicName>
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) an Arawak word meaning "land of wood and water".
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="3" pageNumber="108" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="108">
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Mostly based on the adult holotype, 542
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in total length. Body strap-shaped; head with a feeble peribuccal swelling and a slight constriction at U04 and then the body proper. Pestle organs, small, at U5; body widest at mid-intestine, thinning gradually to the caudal base; caudum bilobed, deeply incised from its tips to U95, with a visible medial cone; distance between apices of outermost TbP on either side is 1.3 times the width of the caudal base. Widths at outer oral opening/head constriction/mid-pharynx/PhJIn/mid-intestine/furcal base, and their locations along the body length are: 12/26/33/39/45/29
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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at U0/U04/U17/U31/U61/U95. Epidermal glands are in one column per side, scattered along the body margins, up to 20-23 and variable in size (4-7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in diameter).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="109">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="109" start="start">Adhesive</pageBreakToken>
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tubes.TbA, six per side (7-11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length), all occurring on fleshy hands that insert at approximately U11; the innermost, mimicking a thumb, is the shortest, while the second from the inner side is the longest; TbV, TbVL,TbL, TbD absent; TbP, six per side, occurring as two groups of 4, 1, 1 elements each, along the inner (4 + 1 tube) and distal margin of each lobe (1 tube); the distal tube being the longest (14
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length) and the four proximal ones the shortest (6-7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length); a caudal medial cone is present, but it is rather short, 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length. Accessory adhesive tubes (known also as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="dohrni" pageId="4" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="dohrni">dohrni</taxonomicName>
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tubes or
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seitenfüsschen">Seitenfuesschen</normalizedToken>
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) two per side, posterolaterally directed (longer tube=21
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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, shorter=13.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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from their base), arise ventrolaterally just behind the fleshy hands at U14, usually being held close to the body.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="109">
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Ciliation. Tufts of sparse cilia (11-21
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length) occur on lateral and dorsal sides of the head, behind the mouth. Additional sensory hairs, of similar length (13-19
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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), occur along the pharyngeal and intestinal region, organized in lateral, dorsolateral and dorsal columns, with about 20-23 hairs per column. Ventral locomotor cilia (16-20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length) flow from the head constriction rearward in two longitudinal bands that trace the lateral body margins, and join behind the level of the anus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="4" pageNumber="109">
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Digestive tract. Mouth terminal, narrow (9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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diameter); buccal cavity large, mug-shaped, 18
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length and approximately 11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in width, with walls heavily
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="110" start="start">cuticularized</pageBreakToken>
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; Pharynx 153
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in length, with pharyngeal pores near the base at about U28; PhJIn at U31; intestine straight, broadest in front; anus ventral at U91.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
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Reproductive tract. Hermaphroditic; paired testes extend posteriorly from U51, with short sperm ducts recurving toward the front at U63, and emptying to the exterior via a common pore located at U49; ovaries paired, with the oocytes occurring from U64 to U68 and maturing from posterior to anterior; a large egg (approximately 70 by 24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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) was present in the mid-gut region centred at U51. Caudal organ absent; frontal organ, vesicular, dorsal to the intestine centered at about U63; it is ovoid in shape (28 by 26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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) and contains sparse spermatozoa and secretory material.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="110" type="variability">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Variability and remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
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The other studied adult specimen was 564
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in total body length, with 154
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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long pharynx. Number and arrangement of TbA, and of the TbP along the caudal lobes matched those of the holotype. The placement of the testes and the male pore is similar to that of the holotype. Unfortunately the animal got destroyed during the study so no further details could be acquired. The unfortunate event happened while we were trying to confirm the crossing of the ascended and descendent tracts of the sperm ducts observed in the holotype (see Figures 1B, 3A), a trait never recorded before in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="phylum">Gastrotricha</taxonomicName>
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. Future studies could indicate whether the crossing is an autapomorphic character of the species or just a feature of the holotype.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="110" type="taxonomic affinities">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="110">Taxonomic affinities.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
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Prior to the current study there were 22 described species of
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<taxonomicName family="Turbanellidae" genus="Paraturbanella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraturbanella" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="genus">Paraturbanella</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Hummon, WD" journalOrPublisher="Meiofauna Marina" pageId="9" pageNumber="114" pagination="11 - 40" title="Marine Gastrotricha of San Juan Island, Washington, USA, with notes on some species from Oregon and California." volume="18" year="2010 b">Hummon 2010b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hummon, WD" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="9" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 59" title="Marine Gastrotricha of the Near East: 1. Fourteen new species of Macrodasyida and a redescription of Dactylopodolaagadasys Hochberg, 2003." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.94.794" volume="94" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hummon, WD" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="9" pageNumber="114" pagination="1 - 32" title="Analytic taxonomy and notes on marine, brackishwater and estuarine Gastrotricha." volume="2392" year="2010">Hummon and Todaro 2010</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Todaro, MA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" pagination="139 - 154" title="Two new interesting species of Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)." url="https://doi.org/10.2988/17-00010" volume="130" year="2017">Todaro et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. xaymacana" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="xaymacana">P. xaymacana</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., in virtue of its testes, located at about mid body instead than at- or near the PhIJ, approaches
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. africana" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="africana">P. africana</taxonomicName>
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Todaro, Dal Zotto, Bownes & Perissinotto, 2017, recently described from the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa (
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<bibRefCitation author="Todaro, MA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="12" pageNumber="117" pagination="139 - 154" title="Two new interesting species of Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha) from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)." url="https://doi.org/10.2988/17-00010" volume="130" year="2017">Todaro et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). These two species can easily been differentiated based on the following traits which, in our opinion, should be considered in order of importance: i) position of the male pore: located near the PhIJ in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. africana" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="africana">P. africana</taxonomicName>
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vs at about mid body in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. xaymacana" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="xaymacana">P. xaymacana</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.; ii) buccal swelling, very clear in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. africana" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="africana">P. africana</taxonomicName>
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vs almost non-existent in the new species; iii) TbA, number and arrangement: 5 tubes per side and without the innermost short
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“thumb”">"thumb"</normalizedToken>
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in the African species vs 6 tubes per side and with the shortest tube being the innermost one in the Jamaican species; iv) TbP, number and arrangement: 5 tubes, organized as 3, 1, 1 in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. africana" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="africana">P. africana</taxonomicName>
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vs 6 tubes organized as 4, 1, 1 in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. xaymacana" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" rank="species" species="xaymacana">P. xaymacana</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
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Figure 1. Line-art illustration of
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<taxonomicName family="Turbanellidae" genus="Paraturbanella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraturbanella xaymacana" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="xaymacana">Paraturbanella xaymacana</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. A Habitus as seen from the ventral side B Habitus as seen from the dorsal side, showing the internal anatomy. Abbreviations: A anus AAT additional adhesive tubes (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seitenfüsschen">Seitenfuesschen</normalizedToken>
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) BC buccal cavity CC Caudal cone CL caudal lobe E egg EG epidermal gland FO frontal organ FPS Fleeble peribuccal swelling MP male pore Ph pharynx PhIJ pharyngo-intestinal junction PhP pharyngeal pore PO pestle organ Sd sperm duct SdC sperm duct crossing TbA anterior adhesive tubes TbP posterior adhesive tubes Te testis. Scale bar: 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName family="Turbanellidae" genus="Paraturbanella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraturbanella xaymacana" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="xaymacana">Paraturbanella xaymacana</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., holotype. Differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A Habitus, ventral view B Anterior region, ventral view, showing the buccal cavity (asterisk), the pharyngeal pores (arrowheads), and the pharyngo-intestinal junction (arrow) C Anterior region, ventral view, showing the lateral and ventral ciliation, the anterior adhesive tubes (arrowheads), and the additional adhesive tubes (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seitenfüsschen">Seitenfuesschen</normalizedToken>
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) (arrows) D Posterior region, ventral view, showing the medial cone (arrowhead) and the posterior adhesive tubes (arrows). Scale bars: 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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(A), 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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(B), 20
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="110">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Turbanellidae" genus="Paraturbanella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraturbanella xaymacana" order="Macrodasyida" pageId="5" pageNumber="110" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="xaymacana">Paraturbanella xaymacana</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., holotype. Differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A Mid body, dorsal view, showing the testes (asterisks) beside a ripe egg, the sperm ducts (arrows), and the position of the male pore (arrowhead) B Mid body, dorsal view, showing the frontal organ (arrow) and a cluster of sperm (arrowhead). Scale bars: 20
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |