201 lines
22 KiB
XML
201 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.243.3990" ID-GBIF-Dataset="443af630-ba06-4b78-8924-9896713e9cf1" ID-PMC="PMC3697044" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-243-27" ID-PubMed="23818811" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-243-27" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 243" ModsDocTitle="New neotropical species of Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) reared from fruit-infesting and leaf-mining Tephritidae (Diptera) with comments on the Diachasmimorpha mexicana species group and the genera Lorenzopius and Tubiformopius" checkinTime="1451248541764" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wharton, Robert, Ward, Lauren & Miko, Istvan" docDate="2012" docId="B1CF898F8A30051044C0AE592BF52332" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 243: 27-82" docOrigin="ZooKeys 243" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.243.3990" docTitle="Diachasmimorpha sanguinea" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="50" masterDocId="A334154EFF8AFF9C0E2B8B29FFD7FB06" masterDocTitle="New neotropical species of Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) reared from fruit-infesting and leaf-mining Tephritidae (Diptera) with comments on the Diachasmimorpha mexicana species group and the genera Lorenzopius and Tubiformopius" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1668154739309" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>New neotropical species of Opiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) reared from fruit-infesting and leaf-mining Tephritidae (Diptera) with comments on the Diachasmimorpha mexicana species group and the genera Lorenzopius and Tubiformopius</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wharton, Robert</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ward, Lauren</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Miko, Istvan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>243</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>27</mods:start>
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<mods:end>82</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.243.3990</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.243.3990</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-243-27</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037978" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B1CF898F8A30051044C0AE592BF52332" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B1CF898F8A30051044C0AE592BF52332" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="21" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Diachasmimorpha_sanguinea" authority="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasmimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasmimorpha sanguinea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Diachasmimorpha sanguinea (Ashmead)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 41839-41
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Phaedrotoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phaedrotoma sanguinea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Phaedrotoma (?) sanguinea</taxonomicName>
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Ashmead, 1889: 655. Holotype female in USNM (examined).
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<bibRefCitation author="Marshall, TA" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="7 - 61" title="A monograph of British Braconidae. Part IV." volume="11" year="1891">Marshall 1891</bibRefCitation>
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: 47 (relationship to a European species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Opius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Opius</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Opius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opius sanguineus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">Opius sanguineus</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Gahan, AB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="63 - 95" title="A revision of the North American ichneumon-flies of the subfamily Opiinae." url="10.5479/si.00963801.49-2095.63" volume="49" year="1915">Gahan 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 69, 74 (key, synonymy, expanded distribution and host);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="21" pageNumber="48">Muesebeck and Walkley 1951</bibRefCitation>
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: 157 (synonymy, new distribution and host);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="21" pageNumber="48">Muesebeck 1967</bibRefCitation>
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: 54 (catalog).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Opius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opius (Biosteres) sanguineus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus" subGenus="Biosteres">Opius (Biosteres) sanguineus</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, M" journalOrPublisher="Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 212" title="Die Opiinae der nearktischen Region (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). II. Teil." volume="35" year="1965">Fischer 1965</bibRefCitation>
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: 116, 138-139 (key, redescription).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Biosteres" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biosteres sanguineus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">Biosteres sanguineus</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, M" journalOrPublisher="Hymenoptera Braconidae. World Opiinae. Le Francois, Paris" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" title="Index of Entomophagous Insects." year="1971">Fischer 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 30 (catalog, change in rank);
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<bibRefCitation author="Wharton, RA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="147 - 167" title="New World Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on Tephritidae (Diptera)." volume="68" year="1978">Wharton and Marsh 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 152, 156 (key, diagnosis, distribution, biology);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="21" pageNumber="48">Marsh 1979</bibRefCitation>
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: 201 (catalog).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Biosteres" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biosteres (Chilotrichia) sanguineus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus" subGenus="Chilotrichia">Biosteres (Chilotrichia) sanguineus</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, M" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 1001" title="Hymenoptera, Braconidae (Opiinae II-Amerika)." volume="96" year="1977">Fischer 1977</bibRefCitation>
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: 804, 819-821 (key, redescription).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasmimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasmimorpha sanguinea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Diachasmimorpha sanguinea</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Wharton, RA" journalOrPublisher="Contributions of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 53" title="Generic relationships of opiine Braconidae (Hymenoptera) parasitic on fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera)." volume="30" year="1997">Wharton 1997</bibRefCitation>
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: 14 (generic transfer).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="48" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">USA, Washington, D. C.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="48">Syntype female (USNM), first label, first line: 3737x second line: Oct. 3. 85 Second label (red with black print), first line: Type second line: No2989 third line: U.S.N.M. Third label, first line: Phaedrotoma second line: sanguinea third line: Ashm ms. Syntype male, with same label data as syntype female except Third label = first line: Opius second line: sanguineus third line: Gahan Ashm Syntype male with first label, first line: 3737x second line: Aug. 5. 86 Second label: same as other two syntypes, no third label.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="21" pageNumber="48">
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Other specimens examined. USA, Texas, 1 female, 1 male, Brazos Co., Yancey, xi.2010, emerged 9.iv & 3.v.2011, L. Ward, reared from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Zonosemata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonosemata vittigera" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittigera">Zonosemata vittigera</taxonomicName>
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infesting fruits of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum eleagnifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="21" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eleagnifolium">Solanum eleagnifolium</taxonomicName>
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(TAMU); 1 female, Hidalgo Co., Bentsen Rio Grande
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<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="49" start="start">Valley</pageBreakToken>
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State Park, 10.?.1978, C. Porter (TAMU); 5 females, 1 male, Hidalgo Co., Donna, J. W. Monk, reared from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Zonosemata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonosemata vittigera" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittigera">Zonosemata vittigera</taxonomicName>
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; 5 females, 1 male, Jeff Davis Co., 14 mi. S. Ft. Davis, 16-19.viii.1985, L. E. Carroll, reared from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Zonosemata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonosemata" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zonosemata</taxonomicName>
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infesting fruits of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="22" pageNumber="49" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
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; 5 males, Jeff Davis Co., Davis Mts. State Park, 12.vii.1995, R. Wharton; 1 female, Swisher Co., Happy, 17.viii.1977, W. F. Chamberlin.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="22" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="22" pageNumber="49">
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Male. Eye in dorsal view 1.1-1.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than temple, temples not expanded beyond eyes; eye in lateral view 1.3-1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than temple. Frons between short, low, bifurcating ridges varying from unsculptured to irregularly strigose, frons otherwise smooth, polished. Clypeus 2.5-2.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than high. Occipital carina distinct near base of mandible, short, not extending dorsally to ventral margin of eye. Antenna with 38-48 flagellomeres. Pronope deep, large, interrupting posterior crenulate groove middorsally. Notauli deep anteriorly, reaching margin of mesoscutum anteriorly, extending about half distance from anterior-lateral margin to elongate midpit. Precoxal
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<pageBreakToken pageId="23" pageNumber="50" start="start">sulcus</pageBreakToken>
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heavily sculptured, crenulate to foveolate, usually extending to or nearly to anterior margin of mesopleuron. Propodeum rugose, areola, when partially visible, extending over posterior 0.6-0.7 but frequently completely obscured by sculpture. Fore wing 2RS 0.9-1.05
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of 3RSa; m-cu distinctly postfurcal. T1 with dorsal carinae weakly converging, widely separated at posterior margin, gradually weakening posteriorly, T1 smooth to strigose between carinae. Head, meso- and metasoma orange; tegula orange to brown, legs varying from black except hind coxa mottled black and orange to more extensively orange. Female about as in male except eye in lateral view 1.2-1.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than temple. Ovipositor sheath 1.6-1.75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than mesosoma. Body length 3.6-5.3 mm, fore wing length 3.3-4.6 mm, mesosoma length 1.2-1.9 mm. This species has a larger eye than the similarly-colored
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasmimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasmimorpha mexicana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicana">Diachasmimorpha mexicana</taxonomicName>
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and is generally more heavily sculptured.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="50" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="50">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="50">
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This species was originally described from several specimens reared from a tephritid infesting fruits of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum carolinense" order="Solanales" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carolinense">Solanum carolinense</taxonomicName>
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L. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Ashmead, WH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="611 - 671" title="Descriptions of new Braconidae in the collection of the U. S. National Museum." url="10.5479/si.00963801.11-760.611" volume="11" year="1889">Ashmead 1889</bibRefCitation>
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). The tephritid host was later identified as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Zonosemata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonosemata electa" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="electa">Zonosemata electa</taxonomicName>
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(Say) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Gahan, AB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="63 - 95" title="A revision of the North American ichneumon-flies of the subfamily Opiinae." url="10.5479/si.00963801.49-2095.63" volume="49" year="1915">Gahan 1915</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation pageId="23" pageNumber="50">Muesebeck and Walkley (1951)</bibRefCitation>
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added
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Zonosemata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonosemata vittigera" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittigera">Zonosemata vittigera</taxonomicName>
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(Coquillett) as a host and
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<bibRefCitation author="Cazier, MA" journalOrPublisher="Pan-Pacific Entomologist" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="181 - 186" title="Notes on the bionomics of Zonosemata vittigera (Coquillett), a fruit fly on Solanum." volume="38" year="1962">Cazier (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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published on the biology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Zonosemata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonosemata vittigera" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittigera">Zonosemata vittigera</taxonomicName>
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with notes on parasitization by
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasmimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasmimorpha sanguinea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Diachasmimorpha sanguinea</taxonomicName>
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. The only known host of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Zonosemata" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonosemata vittigera" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittigera">Zonosemata vittigera</taxonomicName>
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is
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum eleagnifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eleagnifolium">Solanum eleagnifolium</taxonomicName>
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Cav. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Foote, RH" journalOrPublisher="Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca-London" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" title="Handbook of the Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America North of Mexico." year="1993">Foote et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
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) and this is the host plant from which we have reared
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasmimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasmimorpha sanguinea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Diachasmimorpha sanguinea</taxonomicName>
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in central and western Texas. Adult
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasmimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasmimorpha sanguinea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Diachasmimorpha sanguinea</taxonomicName>
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are active in summer and fall in Texas, overwinter in the host puparium, and emerge the following year, over a period of several months.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="50" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="50">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="50">
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The diagnosis is based on the material from Texas listed in the other material examined section.
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<bibRefCitation author="Ashmead, WH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="45" pageNumber="72" pagination="611 - 671" title="Descriptions of new Braconidae in the collection of the U. S. National Museum." url="10.5479/si.00963801.11-760.611" volume="11" year="1889">Ashmead (1889)</bibRefCitation>
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described this species from a single series of reared material, without designation of a type. The specimen in the type collection of the USNM is therefore a syntype, as are the remaining two specimens from this series in the general collection. There is no compelling reason to designate a lectotype, and we have therefore not done so. The original series is currently represented by 2 males and 1 female in the USNM collection. The syntypes agree in all essential details with the material from Texas, though the eye/temple ratio is at the smaller end of the range given above.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="50">
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The sculpture is somewhat variable in this species, with smaller individuals having a tendency towards rugulose rather than rugose sculpture on the propodeum. The precoxal sulcus is always heavily sculptured, however, never approaching the reduction in sculpture seen in the holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasmimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasmimorpha mexicana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicana">Diachasmimorpha mexicana</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 39 vs. Fig. 38). The syntypes from Washington, D. C. are as variable in sculpture of the propodeum and T1 as are the specimens from Texas. Specimens from Texas, even within the same reared series, are exceptionally variable in leg coloration. The syntypes from Washington, D. C. have black legs with mostly orange hind coxa. Some specimens from Jeff Davis Co., Texas also have this pattern while in others only the tarsi are dark with the remaining parts orange. Similarly, the tegula is usually orange, but varies from orange to brown even within the same reared series.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasmimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasmimorpha sanguinea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Diachasmimorpha sanguinea</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nearly identical to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasmimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasmimorpha mexicana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicana">Diachasmimorpha mexicana</taxonomicName>
|
||
and additional material from the type locality of the latter is needed for a better understanding of the relationship between these two nominal species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |