treatments-xml/data/85/37/D0/8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B.xml

<document id="B12ED8F55F4971BCCD1198853BABAF1B" ID-CLB-Dataset="298923" ID-DOI="10.5091/plecevo.121915" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c57a3821-8a29-4aff-b5c2-431698483c6c" ID-publisher-id="121915" URI-arpha="7F0F3A44-E3FE-56F4-92A5-B1A9338B42FF" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" XM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" XM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1719386533316" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pansarin, Emerson R. &amp; Miranda, Marcelo R." docDate="2024" docId="8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B" docLanguage="en" docName="Plant Ecology and Evolution 157(2): 236-243" docOrigin="Plant Ecology and Evolution 157 (2)" docSource="https://plecevo.eu/article/121915/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Vanilla dubia Hoehne 1944" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="243" masterDocId="7F0F3A44E3FE56F492A5B1A9338B42FF" masterDocTitle="Clarifying the dubious identity of Vanilla dubia Hoehne (Orchidaceae) and its relatives" masterLastPageNumber="243" masterPageNumber="236" pageNumber="236" updateTime="1719421342766" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7D138160ECD93BDA36E8C75B7DD372FD">Clarifying the dubious identity of Vanilla dubia Hoehne (Orchidaceae) and its relatives</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8826EB68F6C9D1C1073D795E816B889F">Pansarin, Emerson R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BE7F9116EA432EECE7003FA82B5EC32D">University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A4A78F288CED0926BFF740EC0E872581">Miranda, Marcelo R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="0E351977E969E0E37E305EBD711E8B15">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12549256" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233792140" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12549256" ID-arpha="8537D0B7-DFF0-5B43-B1E6-FEF3178E3E8B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B">
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<paragraph id="26500FA540AEAF5774F80BBF39F0CB7F">
<treatmentCitation id="737C00BB9240120FDD4E4DF02CC09229" author="Hoehne FC" page="126" year="1944">
<taxonomicName id="C4804EF8760017D4B44564E5946AD0A7" authority="Hoehne (Hoehne 1944: 126)" authorityName="Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="BC30ED47E449DFAE75BABACD26A43F91" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
Hoehne (
<bibRefCitation id="647419FAC58E11AA8FB852237A2FB638" author="Hoehne FC" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo" pagination="125-137" refId="B9" refString="Hoehne FC (1944) Orchidaceas novas para a flora do Brasil, dos hervarios do Instituto de Botanica, Jardim Botanico, Rio de Janeiro, e comissao de linhas telegraficas, estrategicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas. Arquivos de Botanica do Estado de Sao Paulo 1: 125 - 137." title="Orchidaceas novas para a flora do Brasil, dos hervarios do Instituto de Botânica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, e comissão de linhas telegráficas, estratégicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas." volume="1" year="1944">Hoehne 1944: 126</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2627FFFF9B2B2AB5CCFA6776F77F2C9F" type="description">
<paragraph id="FCB158F3952772E2F4D7149D764C860C">
<figureCitation id="25DABB5CD0741D16904F26B5F5C2538F" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Vanilla dubia Hoehne. A. Inflorescence. B. Leaf. Note the asymmetrical shape of the leaf blade and the acuminate apex. C. Flower in front view. D. Flower in lateral view. E. Flower in diagonal view. F. Dissected perianth. G. Detail of the adaxial surface of a petal showing the longitudinal keel. H. Detail of the apex of the labellum of a flower showing the brown longitudinal lines and the central crest with yellow projections. I. Detail of the labellum showing the penicillate callus and the central labellar crest. J. Labellum in dorsal view. K. Labellum in lateral view. L. Longitudinal section of the labellum. Note the penicillate callus (arrow), the anther (a), and the rostellum (arrowhead). M. Column in lateral view. N. Apex of the column: in abaxial view with an articulated and disarticulated anther (above), in lateral view with an articulated anther (mid), in lateral view with a disarticulated anther (bellow). O. Anther in dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right). P. Immature fruit. Based on E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574 (LBMBP). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075771">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="7CC3586039845A591D7296E7B6B36616" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Map with records of occurrence of Vanilla dubia Hoehne and related species, Vanilla dungsii Pabst and Vanilla paulista Fraga &amp; Pansarin. Records of occurrence of V. paulista and V. dungsii are based on the locality of type specimens. Map created with QGIS v. 32.2 (QGIS Development Team 2024)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075772">2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="FD4B9784BCE0F0A975A85B156A33B56A" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. A. Variation in the shape of leaf blades of Vanilla dubia Hoehne, based on E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574 (LBMBP). B. Leaf of V. paulista Fraga &amp; Pansarin, based on E. R. Pansarin 727 (UEC). C. Comparative anatomy of the mid portion of leaf blades of V. dubia (above) and V. paulista (below). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075773">3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="3FE10ED17639EEFD0C09D216D147322D" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparative morphology of the flowers of Vanilla dubia Hoehne and related species. A. Vanilla dubia Hoehne (Ubatuba, São Paulo). B. Vanilla dungsii Pabst (Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro). C. Vanilla paulista Fraga &amp; Pansarin (Jundiaí, São Paulo). Details bellow the flowers (oval frames) show the types of labellar protrusions among the three Vanilla species. A. Based on E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574 (LBMBP). B. Based on a living specimen collected in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. C. Based on E. R. Pansarin 727 (UEC). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin (A and C), and Jorge Gastin (B)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075774">4</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="18D8D75E5BFC261AB0786AB468451542" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of the morphological features of Vanilla dubia and related species. Vanilla paulista data were obtained from Fraga et al. (2017). The characteristics of V. dungsii were obtained from Pabst (1975)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FE1CFADB1178188756368C011E2BF2BA" tableUuid="FE1CFADB1178188756368C011E2BF2BA">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EFGAE" type="material">
<paragraph id="828A37F8BE98E14E2E9CC9ED7A153B02">
<heading id="A157236892C6A4380202BB0EE8943200" reason="title">Type.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF5B31859168DD94054DB9C9EDA928E6">
<materialsCitation id="A18012555E931B6B95F07C15B3105AA1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4899584307" collectionCode="RB" collectorName="Schwacke" country="Brazil" location="BRAZIL" specimenCode="RB 00542722" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="82178B3150FEC5AC805E8DE6CA04623F" name="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
• s. loc.; s. d.; 
<emphasis id="A810CB382AEB024B5FBA4D9159655C53" italics="true">
<collectorName id="2D765BA586786F2DCC2501EBFE3DD6D2">Schwacke</collectorName>
11107
</emphasis>
; 
<typeStatus id="1D73F8D13574CB6D6D59B95B1B29F309" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: 
<collectionCode id="E92884C6281F0B4C37C684B974C8AA5E">RB</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCode id="E654922D0D2DA04C6193F5258A8B5ADA">RB 00542722</specimenCode>
, accession n ° 37014]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0ENGAE" type="description">
<paragraph id="2713982E5AD914426A48FB6E42177072">
<heading id="E4E0E2E532257E7E27F39035CE8DC6B6" reason="title">Description.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A0EB15E16E673FD54EB404D1EB5EA90">
Nomadic 
<underline id="EF33D2D5213A40F1259EEA579CA4E243">vines</underline>
, long scandent. 
<underline id="9019692090E3FCF35FA30F84B4BFB078">Roots</underline>
axillary, 
<quantity id="0F801FD5B0E34EDA440D9F29BABB68B6" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.6" unit="mm" value="1.85" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.1 mm</quantity>
diam., whitish to greenish brown, one per node. 
<underline id="267B0115FA4F7AEDAEADF555EA0095C0">Stem</underline>
climbing, sinuous, cylindrical, fleshy, slightly sulcate, glabrous dark green; internodes 55–130 × 
<quantity id="8740F15BD91FDC3314A471CD3F60F76C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
. 
<underline id="7618513D557580ABA32FB8A27E7AC01A">Leaves</underline>
5.5–22 × 
<quantity id="534BB046607B2E1A23F12081B4CC7008" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="cm" value="3.4" valueMax="4.8" valueMin="2.0">2–4.8 cm</quantity>
, alternate, distichous, lanceolate to oblanceolate, rarely elliptic, asymmetric, coriaceous, glabrous, dark green, with prominent and parallelly arranged vascular bundles in transverse section, margin entire, apex acuminate, pseudopetiolate; pseudopetiole sulcate, up to 
<quantity id="E9DDDF68B0A5FF94079B8CE0F2C6CDB0" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" unit="cm" value="1.8">1.8 cm</quantity>
long. 
<underline id="EBFD79CE064FDF03BEFC6740F3E5109C">Inflorescence</underline>
<quantity id="D6C5B2DCC255051B1D833DF6D5463C62" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.7" unit="cm" value="5.35" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.7">3.7–7 cm</quantity>
long, axillary, racemose, with up to 20 flowers opening in succession; 1 flower opening each morning; bracts 
<quantity id="5AB37D9D3276103C60DC7745CB9FD2CE" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="mm" value="4.1" valueMax="5.2" valueMin="3.0">3–5.2 mm</quantity>
long progressively smaller toward the apex, alternate, triangular to ovate, coriaceous, concave, patent, apex acute. 
<underline id="A2C788D2206710C656D1B82D2466382B">Flowers</underline>
resupinate, pedicellate, with an abscission layer between perianth and ovary; pedicel with ovary 3.5–3.9 × 
<quantity id="16AD3A90E85CE8264DA22C93697C5827" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2499999999999996" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="cm" value="0.32499999999999996" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.35 cm</quantity>
, straight to incurved, dilated at the apex, subcylindrical in transverse section, white along the pedicel and green along the ovary. 
<underline id="14A49587467F176C07A1498D602B23FE">Sepals</underline>
6–6.2 × 
<quantity id="BBE7212C9EB54EE55E5A4604E1F1F607" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" unit="cm" value="1.2" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.3 cm</quantity>
, free, oblanceolate, fleshy, slightly concave, internally cream-coloured, externally greenish, apex obtuse, margin entire, reflexed at apex; dorsal sepal symmetric; lateral sepals asymmetric. 
<underline id="46D575B51DE7311AAA221E4F139D7398">Petals</underline>
5.8–6.1 × 
<quantity id="E29F7CCAE562122D25B252A0AD89E97C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" unit="cm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.2 cm</quantity>
, free, lanceolate to slightly spatulate, asymmetric, membranous, apex acute, slightly reflexed, internally cream-coloured, externally greenish, adaxial surface with a central and longitudinally arranged keel. 
<underline id="A25C3E9C03C9FEE9E7744C137D4A30A6">Labellum</underline>
3 - lobed, 5.8–6.2 × 
<quantity id="E2B1737D557128D0F9F64B51FB1DB82A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="cm" value="3.1" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="3.0">3–3.2 cm</quantity>
, unguiculate, tubular, fused to the column along the margins from the base, up to 
<quantity id="561D5679C64F7CFB9C629C04015D514F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" unit="cm" value="3.6">3.6 cm</quantity>
long, white, yellowish in the distal portion, inner surface with longitudinal brownish stripes, with a central crest near the apex, and with a penicillate callus just below the anther; central crest ca 
<quantity id="0B004A94011CB288A1156490BA80D8B3" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
wide, with large yellow and tuberculate protrusions near the apex, on the midlobe; penicillate callus 4–4.5 × 
<quantity id="BFC29114E5C0968BA1569E151B6DA40D" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="3.5" unit="mm" value="3.65" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="3.5">3.5–3.8 mm</quantity>
, white; labellum margins fused from the base to ca 3 / 4 of the column length forming a tubular nectar chamber; nectar chamber 
<quantity id="5BD8FDE4971190BB4DC0D92FFCAE4289" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="2.2" unit="cm" value="2.3" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.4 cm</quantity>
long; lateral lobes obliquely rounded, overlapping above the column, margins undulate to crenulate; apical lobe emarginated, reflexed, margin undulate to slightly crenulate. Column 4.5–4.7 × 
<quantity id="42ABEC0345D32FCC42BA45B59615C549" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2499999999999996" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="cm" value="0.32499999999999996" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.35 cm</quantity>
, semi-cylindrical, slender, base attenuate, dilated to the apex, with white-hyaline hairs close to the stigma, apex with two lateral wings; anther 4.7–5 × 
<quantity id="5E6CBC11293419BB8FE976400AF7F93A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.7" unit="mm" value="3.95" valueMax="4.2" valueMin="3.7">3.7–4.2 mm</quantity>
, rhomboid, white, versatile; rostellum 4.5–4.7 × 
<quantity id="604612526C93BB3AAE46C42473126DED" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="3.4" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="3.4">3.4–3.6 mm</quantity>
, trapezoidal, membranous, white. 
<underline id="F4ED6373C12D7B36FC8F141CE8038F1E">Fruits</underline>
5–7 × 
<quantity id="72307FDC57B7E56D9CDBC971BD43E3E5" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" unit="cm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 cm</quantity>
, linear, incurved, subcylindrical in transverse section, fleshy, indehiscent, green when immature, black when mature. 
<underline id="CAE26C645C923EBB481BD9274D42CBD8">Seeds</underline>
ovate, black.
</paragraph>
<caption id="1C4AA6EDFE4FEB22EB2DD7A7381EFCBE" ID-DOI="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure1" ID-arpha="DCE15846-0791-54E8-809A-30B51E21BB93" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075771" startId="F1">
<paragraph id="5D785FD584016CE17192CF5C2D328802">
<label id="1315DCF02C4C91A9698CDC3307330FE1">Figure 1.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A5C39276BB8B818F74BF884674359B78">
<taxonomicName id="D1097FDCE487A6D945843BB36297B3C9" authority="Hoehne. A. Inflorescence. B. Leaf." class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="E8E86D1FCF667ABC64FE53EFE8C31CB2" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
Hoehne. 
<emphasis id="541A7A44FDD134A6E90B47611A8F8C83" bold="true">A</emphasis>
. Inflorescence. 
<emphasis id="86176595CC4E5D4F9EFFF687B95E9CA1" bold="true">B</emphasis>
. Leaf.
</taxonomicName>
Note the asymmetrical shape of the leaf blade and the acuminate apex. 
<emphasis id="B577A5F715FFF07792B11DF3BF5D3BA0" bold="true">C</emphasis>
. Flower in front view. 
<emphasis id="CC8F3D2505B6C8FA361CEB80F244898C" bold="true">D</emphasis>
. Flower in lateral view. 
<emphasis id="291B8C24AD1E10FD068E79D71009A65B" bold="true">E</emphasis>
. Flower in diagonal view. 
<emphasis id="761C9F2AAF3AE139C6A2F208B17205A1" bold="true">F</emphasis>
. Dissected perianth. 
<emphasis id="D69A6F76750299A29671AD26A929BCBE" bold="true">G</emphasis>
. Detail of the adaxial surface of a petal showing the longitudinal keel. 
<emphasis id="FC60EDC8F4D1EA7F8C4F2BD120BDE3F2" bold="true">H</emphasis>
. Detail of the apex of the labellum of a flower showing the brown longitudinal lines and the central crest with yellow projections. 
<emphasis id="E75BD884420914D3097DF145F72C8917" bold="true">I</emphasis>
. Detail of the labellum showing the penicillate callus and the central labellar crest. 
<emphasis id="DCE971F3179F447B0C822BC66541DE74" bold="true">J</emphasis>
. Labellum in dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="0284D8951AA35015758392EABEB2760E" bold="true">K</emphasis>
. Labellum in lateral view. 
<emphasis id="ACF589355BB7C2C833F88E9B79F27C4D" bold="true">L</emphasis>
. Longitudinal section of the labellum. Note the penicillate callus (arrow), the anther (a), and the rostellum (arrowhead). 
<emphasis id="317B2196C8C628A9E56375564E9F85CA" bold="true">M</emphasis>
. Column in lateral view. 
<emphasis id="F69E2BDF3677390FF34C810749D03B3A" bold="true">N</emphasis>
. Apex of the column: in abaxial view with an articulated and disarticulated anther (above), in lateral view with an articulated anther (mid), in lateral view with a disarticulated anther (bellow). 
<emphasis id="9DAFDE9331275001BC8E9044A661C461" bold="true">O</emphasis>
. Anther in dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right). 
<emphasis id="79956B6612AE540BDB5FC593FEEA56F0" bold="true">P</emphasis>
. Immature fruit. Based on 
<emphasis id="C99E6E7C9459171357479BFA07E60608" italics="true">E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574</emphasis>
(LBMBP). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="FE1CFADB1178188756368C011E2BF2BA" ID-Table-UUID="FE1CFADB1178188756368C011E2BF2BA" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FE1CFADB1178188756368C011E2BF2BA" startId="T1">
<paragraph id="27C8CBD8BE14A3C3C5E2CF9B5B1E03A3">
<label id="264985072B90006B465A0237C33D060D">Table 1.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3AC3AFE8334FECB0CAF6C4D00450EC58">
Comparison of the morphological features of 
<taxonomicName id="9EDF490B8F75C0230989B6B3B145ACE7" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="40F27ABB49F755FB6808DFBBF4505377" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related species. 
<taxonomicName id="63F1A628F7070C3959B8533206F2C361" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="63F3D79C33CC91C1B608E54F76506CCD" italics="true">Vanilla paulista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
data were obtained from 
<bibRefCitation id="1F7AE1DE1BD8A3F49B4D48823F8F6E57" DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.296.1.4" author="Fraga CN &amp; Couto DR &amp; Pansarin ER" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fraga" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pagination="63-72" refId="B8" refString="Fraga CN, Couto DR, Pansarin ER (2017) Two new species of Vanilla (Orchidaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Phytotaxa 296: 63–72. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.1.4" title="Two new species of Vanilla (Orchidaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." volume="296" year="2017">Fraga et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. The characteristics of 
<taxonomicName id="89F4B0959269B1AD3D24FD8705D7EAB0" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="B6A32455A313C58D63F6122E3131C5D0" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were obtained from 
<bibRefCitation id="118F383D7A8DFDD1EAC8346DDB3AD0AF" author="Pabst GF" firstAuthor="Pabst" journalOrPublisher="Bradea" pagination="49-52" refId="B12" refString="Pabst GF (1975) Additamenta ad orchideologiam brasiliensem - XX. Bradea 2: 49–52." title="Additamenta ad orchideologiam brasiliensem - XX." volume="2" year="1975">Pabst (1975)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="820C706BF763120132553D053416BB46">
<table id="TID0EWVAE" rules="all">
<tbody id="99CF6AB2268F54648DC381AEB86FC24C">
<tr id="5D652ECB55BC4102B6768DC2FF6A93EE">
<emphasis id="82989FE87FBEFCF17FB2EA092123BBE7" bold="true">
<td id="3EF98488E7B9EB08D089F77FA403BC78" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Characters</td>
<emphasis id="EE8C4BE578868A71D147A506D1B209E7" bold="true" italics="true">
<td id="20DE82299B9FC3941390803846931D3E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="23E5EE70E8A27E5D8F6A68FBCE73D753" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">V. dubia</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="FBB5C38B0C9B829A1A49035E7662CB97" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="894672FEFFF927C48E04CA96EA8C0A9C" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">V. dungsii</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="222BC18F6D580AB40F33332E3045C437" colspan="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName id="3E5DA2631D4E2A85B512BBEF7E27EF1F" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">V. paulista</taxonomicName>
</td>
</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</tr>
<tr id="12A9F6F14F9689D6957E9274E65F8D4E">
<td id="C39AAC7A0563A27753F0477428E02FB6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Habitat</td>
<td id="6D6C4F340E8D518C1D55E25253A58755" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Dense Ombrophilous Forest</td>
<td id="9749AE9D8A44A623B12B9D3EE6025ED3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Dense Montane Ombrophilous Forest</td>
<td id="7CBBA9EAB336354701F82B9F6FE79412" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Semi-deciduous Mesophytic Forest</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E3FD8AF83F0B83E7C066EC14A04516E8">
<td id="973801C3FB81A1EA3196958006574A69" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Internode length (cm)</td>
<td id="41BB85B94F83F40504A73A8F9577889D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.5–13</td>
<td id="96C7DC43894099023047706BF6BD4DB5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">16–18</td>
<td id="4F89EE9C648B3E1EDFE438A75A8283E1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4.2–10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="82460725F15A2DC42CEA9ECF44CA2FBF">
<td id="89FB0A737F041D8A92ED501F5AAA1685" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Leaf texture</td>
<td id="E3986F1C187476FAF3227FCA0B4BDCF6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">coriaceous</td>
<td id="D46FC36809C00A4DF6C4A16A10C59938" colspan="1" rowspan="1">coriaceous</td>
<td id="F10918475856367FB3D345334AFA8773" colspan="1" rowspan="1">fleshy</td>
</tr>
<tr id="67F2D70776C5340C33A000EF5A937AFA">
<td id="CCC044D7646B6509450EB8B9B9BA82FB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Leaf size (cm)</td>
<td id="8D245D5746519E339F7395913D1CA42E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.5–22 × 2–4.8</td>
<td id="AE8F64748FC8A25FFEA82E4FE0B63816" colspan="1" rowspan="1">20–21 × 4–5</td>
<td id="649AFEEEDB784BA9EDE30D90B95D3CF3" colspan="1" rowspan="1">9.2–16.2 × 2.5–3.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7395BC44D2DBCF1D471554F9662B06BA">
<td id="E8ED733FD84CBBFEB2B9D3F99DADB201" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Inflorescence length (cm)</td>
<td id="66E6F4528C2028C731BA18D1B2EE45F5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2.7–7</td>
<td id="2B6AE5A90C29D20843D9FBA4BC6720D2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">ca 5</td>
<td id="CAB72D644129AA01FCAFF4CC133B862D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4–5.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D8467BB8EA1B8FD3EB07D88FD961AAC0">
<td id="A1224C00E58D1426776DC2B15ED9E37C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Bract length (mm)</td>
<td id="2CB50BBDE650FD30E6AEEF5F2AFEEB0B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3–5.2</td>
<td id="DF3BD613A17676A3227702BE856D8C1C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1.3–2.6</td>
<td id="C40C0B71F6FDDD1589077F22DFC93140" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3.5–5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4C4A5477788E3C2E0A55B21FDEEE6036">
<td id="E0E2AFC4E9FD1A375E73EEA2B8724E3A" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Sepals (cm)</td>
<td id="95BDC1EDF191C779F2B006C432A57B10" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6–6.2 × 1.1–1.3</td>
<td id="5644046059D31DFA611E92C760FB78B1" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5–6.5 × 0.8–1</td>
<td id="BE58FDE9A9445015D7C0DBD1E43F7238" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.7–7.8 × 0.7–1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08B6677CBF5188F09362002D13FDA258">
<td id="C732446471DC813054C97AD2B3A7F6EB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Petals (cm)</td>
<td id="5A8EC1E11B81E2C3919B7B010AA51BB6" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.8–6.1 × 0.8–1.2</td>
<td id="B44397F686D287D64D6F5FE51EE254FB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.5 × 1–1.1</td>
<td id="64981D256F3D25B27491CAE4F3108D49" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6.5–7.1 × 0.8–1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D9E447E5DB9B1D3080E0A286C344B397">
<td id="C40AAAFEB3C28EE56DFDBC1A1FBFEE37" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Labellum (cm)</td>
<td id="23E867DDF729728858824A95173D858C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.8–6.2 × 3–3.2</td>
<td id="5EA795EB66220D91618D8D23C7E6463D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5 × 2.5</td>
<td id="458B64159352B8141DD7943BE1B658C2" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.7–6.9 × 3.3–3.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C384E0E8481B31C87D4DCF9DBCE2D49E">
<td id="67C70E3158001B6AE043AECBE720FC9E" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Longitudinal labellar bands</td>
<td id="12F50CFF9AC7B59959D8601091307D93" colspan="1" rowspan="1">brown</td>
<td id="DDCB8E57F432213CD8940DACE21BCC3B" colspan="1" rowspan="1">brown</td>
<td id="C28C2480011A90E44556CC526FE5A1CC" colspan="1" rowspan="1">yellow</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E4CD9A1F7ABF57A61D3D0D8E27496936">
<td id="A175BD0612D0330287711346D3F71C0C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Arrangement of labellar protrusions</td>
<td id="86125D52006F18B6841F666D54778F0F" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3–5 rows</td>
<td id="6FB2845588762563B8EA7B52200BCCDA" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3–5 rows</td>
<td id="81297D83F0E1B8452AC3A95F07BD2997" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1–3 rows</td>
</tr>
<tr id="4893FED9C7AEA620F5CFAE9CBC58F9DF">
<td id="54C0A208DEF1A577FBA94D568B931EC5" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Shape of labellar protrusions</td>
<td id="653E856B87C6C43C1414C680EE98CF3D" colspan="1" rowspan="1">tuberculate</td>
<td id="319D9C257531741015E943AEAE2F21EB" colspan="1" rowspan="1">tuberculate</td>
<td id="066B08144BC56AE49B64354F76DCDD36" colspan="1" rowspan="1">papillous</td>
</tr>
<tr id="54F7D3CF9ABB2D34A769BB061CC2E2EA">
<td id="C64DDB6DCF8B580E3226E8F945EED777" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Colour of labellar protrusions</td>
<td id="95679C6564F563AEB10FF323854B1274" colspan="1" rowspan="1">yellow</td>
<td id="BF514F7B05DECCC3E79C106C64A4CAC4" colspan="1" rowspan="1">brownish</td>
<td id="21E9E862CE597EC935B9D07339218F82" colspan="1" rowspan="1">white</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4C45E010941D7402B41A4ABD1378F54">
<td id="69D3DEED5EA63309A8A2BEF6BE57DCBD" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Column length (cm)</td>
<td id="2D96334F8820AE67F45D0A628D5912A9" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4.5–4.7</td>
<td id="3F8FAE1E89BE98FE8D599C5D20F54423" colspan="1" rowspan="1">ca 3.5</td>
<td id="AF352A8E628A0ED6556C50204F79A75C" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4.4–4.8</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EMSAE" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="4F740A21B2A9408D1C6D0E4E6ADB1256">
<heading id="141B70EF32903F0907D1C5F61E4785D0" reason="title">Distribution and ecology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46231076F1B64440D4171839D8CD178F">
<taxonomicName id="BE25CE0F33364BBECE32EBDC63CE5D20" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="F21DC10673C733DEFB0E424D0B02F2B1" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in primary forests of the Atlantic Rainforest in south-eastern 
<collectingCountry id="24E9621971D5CEF8ECACF98D9C110461" name="Brazil">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation id="3C25216C6322AD2919016989D3E31D87" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Map with records of occurrence of Vanilla dubia Hoehne and related species, Vanilla dungsii Pabst and Vanilla paulista Fraga &amp; Pansarin. Records of occurrence of V. paulista and V. dungsii are based on the locality of type specimens. Map created with QGIS v. 32.2 (QGIS Development Team 2024)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075772">2</figureCitation>
). It shows a nomadic vine habit, rooting on the forest litterfall and climbing on trees. The elevation is from 
<quantity id="482416FE3F467BA0D81F78A1C9F7E08A" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="0.3" unit="m" value="420.0" valueMax="810.0" valueMin="30.0">30 to 810 m</quantity>
a. s. l. Flowers open in morning hours. Each flower lasts ca 12 hours. The fruits are indehiscent, black, and ripen in nine months from pollination.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7605E124A8BDCC898838DD3BE467C206" ID-DOI="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure2" ID-arpha="5E9C2864-3328-527B-B5E9-D3EEC968A77C" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075772" startId="F2">
<paragraph id="B77EC9C995F8FDACD40D96413A78CE8D">
<label id="63B295B0AE4F5CD5B52037779E44E019">Figure 2.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A76C8B1F7434565DA78F8EAE7F51BD1">
Map with records of occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="64B72A5A664817AE926AB9F6506DB53F" authority="Hoehne" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="1463BD6B6BD32DA8D424ADD121641F87" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
Hoehne
</taxonomicName>
and related species, 
<taxonomicName id="366B104CD495C6801FD40C0E95898CA1" authority="Pabst" authorityName="Pabst" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="2ECC22CF32DCF82E82968A1220E0AEE6" italics="true">Vanilla dungsii</emphasis>
Pabst
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="7C3694AA36124B0F142BC520DC36D8E2" authority="Fraga &amp; Pansarin. Records" authorityName="Fraga &amp; Pansarin. Records" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="D43B507C895DADDD8CAA0F20623B4A34" italics="true">Vanilla paulista</emphasis>
Fraga &amp; Pansarin. Records
</taxonomicName>
of occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="04F9C9BB2AF53F0390392FB1478070AD" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="C98871EBE77C6FC539D1F8A8DA4F0176" italics="true">V. paulista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3731A5DD9DFA5228EFFB049DF5FE55D9" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="34B1350E714FC28F58CC7F554440C238" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are based on the locality of type specimens. Map created with QGIS v. 32.2 (
<bibRefCitation id="4D0904A18AC107D863391621EF5C7AEE" refId="B19" refString="QGIS Development Team (2024) QGIS Geographic Information System. Version 3.32. 2. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. https://www.qgis.org [accessed 01. 03. 2024]" url="https://www.qgis.org" year="2024">QGIS Development Team 2024</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EJVAE" type="phenology">
<paragraph id="65674EE16A958BD05073C0768426ED76">
<heading id="7DF83C81EF74F0CB7E4794B3029AFBC3" reason="title">Phenology.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A2F9BEA883F1A5E92B8EE05A4BD010E">
<taxonomicName id="ADE9563C0A5C64BB565E3C5DFE81FEAA" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="6E1E5CC963B59825A156D2A9C5F503BB" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
blooms from October to December. The fruits ripen between May and June.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E1VAE" type="Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment">
<paragraph id="05E64FB52ECF4571F991786539970BCD">
<heading id="C4961C59FD1CA40B1A1185A224F14194" reason="title">Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="679B1A9F9C851687F61D4DA637950AB0">
Endangered: 
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EAWAE" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
B 2 ab (i, ii, iii). 
<taxonomicName id="F1CECE2DCB99036161383455656A2EFA" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="F2D73CC89956FA0B680EFEC2DD9A6580" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an uncommon and rarely collected species currently known to grow in the Atlantic Forest areas of south-eastern 
<collectingCountry id="0C10D32F71D79887B6C307452C662575" name="Brazil">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. The populations found are composed of few sparse specimens. The extent of occurrence (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EPWAE" xlink_title="extent of occurrence">EOO</abbrev>
) is estimated to be 
<quantity id="E6CC8C100FF3ADA577755ACFF7F51AE0" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.953844999999999" unit="km" value="7953.845">7,953.845 km</quantity>
<superScript id="A7C62B0B40158B1A66B0A8D005F43FA3">2</superScript>
, which falls within the limits for Vulnerable (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EVWAE" xlink_title="Vulnerable">VU</abbrev>
) under subcriterion B 1, according to the IUCN red list categories and criteria and guidelines. The area of occupancy (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZWAE" xlink_title="area of occupancy">AOO</abbrev>
) is estimated to be 
<quantity id="FD375A0D9B9490F7E597FD85002CB29F" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" unit="km" value="24.0">24 km</quantity>
<superScript id="B21C206749E75D0BC6786CAACD33CEA8">2</superScript>
(cell width 
<quantity id="9E5362B9D3387599ED4599347F3A54B8" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
), which falls within the limits for Endangered (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0E6WAE" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
) under criterion B 2 (area of occupancy). Considering that the Atlantic Forest areas have been reduced to scattered fragments due to extensive human occupation, we project a continuing decline in (i) extent of occurrence, (ii) area of occupancy, and (iii) extent and / or quality of habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="6E2A738616F5AB788DCA24F6C13E5F5C" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="EFB61A63780C3910AEA7633386B4370B" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Based on these threats and on the fact that the species is distributed in less than five locations, 
<taxonomicName id="57DD128140B2E9B7E210129B5B43558A" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="B270C9FC8F6FC6FF8DBBFBAB416A31FA" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is assessed as Endangered (
<abbrev id="ABBRID0EZXAE" xlink_title="Endangered">EN</abbrev>
B 2 ab (i, ii, iii )).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0E4XAE" type="material">
<paragraph id="C56147052F7532E9C4A5B28FC017923B">
<heading id="AD5E95993C4C322F6997B76CE32B563E" reason="title">Additional material examined.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F698206E4070ACD4CC1642B1F7226CB">
<materialsCitation id="099B485E87A130D10022C2486BDEB56D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4899584302" collectingDate="2003-10-16" collectionCode="MBML" collectorName="A. P. Fontana" country="Brazil" elevation="40" latitude="-20.101944" location="Rio das Farinhas" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.616108" municipality="Santa Leopoldina" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
<collectingCountry id="B32F2F20B866D36E6A5A091D711F37CC" name="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
– 
<emphasis id="456B76744099683384B4ACC470A0A60D" bold="true">
<collectingRegion id="16A1802891EBBBE20241ED040E947C41" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
• 
<collectingMunicipality id="954A61569CFF2DCF76B720EDF52B5B72">Santa Leopoldina</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="724829CCB7222CD6C5B61A4490D77696" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B:724829CCB7222CD6C5B61A4490D77696" country="Brazil" latitude="-20.101944" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.616108" municipality="Santa Leopoldina" name="Rio das Farinhas" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Rio das Farinhas</location>
; 
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EIYAE" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[-40.616111,-20.101944]}">
<geoCoordinate id="29CB0E5F38205EA7C9FB0CFCF1D4FB43" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="6" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="7" value="-20.101944">20 ° 6 ’ 7 ” S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="637238C99C7502A12FC3305D3A62A694" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-40.616108">40 ° 36 ’ 58 ” W</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
; 
<quantity id="2E7ABC56B13AC83B2B7C5D6F9BAE6412" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="40.0">
<elevation id="D4C3A2A5589CE2F08FA99EFB30E2E09A" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<date id="EEA7ABC37A6A2AC25096290D9788B6F8" value="2003-10-16">
<collectingDate id="195007110CFC75E6754C3229A090A44E" value="2003-10-16">16 Oct. 2003</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<emphasis id="D8AFFA60A4CCF9E29106815B098843EA" italics="true">
<collectorName id="C8FACF6BBA47FF83A39B826EB02ED141">A. P. Fontana</collectorName>
626
</emphasis>
; 
<collectionCode id="D54628DD2E65373B2725EB9302CF25D0">MBML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="834D89F56F2D93CA02E0AE938156036D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4899584303" collectingDate="2005-11-19" collectionCode="MBML" collectorName="A. P. Fontana &amp; C. Esgario &amp; A. M. de Assis &amp; K. F. O. Faria &amp; V. Pagund" country="Brazil" elevation="150" latitude="-20.114723" location="Moxafongo" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.531666" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
<location id="FF1F9B1BBCD1209BFCD513E9B89290F0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B:FF1F9B1BBCD1209BFCD513E9B89290F0" country="Brazil" latitude="-20.114723" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.531666" name="Moxafongo" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Moxafongo</location>
; 
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0ESYAE" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[-40.531667,-20.114722]}">
<geoCoordinate id="9084EE930CE29B64636D6018D2E43316" degrees="20" direction="south" minutes="6" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="53" value="-20.114723">20 ° 6 ’ 53 ” S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="25D8E46E37406EBB6F4FB7E013CC3BEA" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="54" value="-40.531666">40 ° 31 ’ 54 ” W</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
; 
<quantity id="845B93350AAA85922B66316D761724DA" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="m" value="150.0">
<elevation id="F817B6D59B5130FF99F149DDC037CE1B" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<date id="72991B2AF1EE5BC29E2B5745C5103B3E" value="2005-11-19">
<collectingDate id="1CFB82D36CFE79853685FC2436D03095" value="2005-11-19">19 Nov. 2005</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<emphasis id="1250C61B9D960C19F0C8815B7D4B44ED" italics="true">
<collectorName id="7356C1691430528561EC85B9B9DECA70">A. P. Fontana</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="508E40911EED9EEACC94243A9727D013">C. Esgario</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="202E02512F5A31D83B5EEF6A4C225F56">A. M. de Assis</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="0652B010E1FB89327031473ABAD847A0">K. F. O. Faria</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="E1A118E36D68D56E5A23AA56200B7F72">V. Pagund</collectorName>
1797
</emphasis>
; 
<collectionCode id="04B1F588FD92845931F875B882160709">MBML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="575249FCBAF59F1DC955AE4817F8994B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4899584304" collectingDate="2004-04-04" collectionCode="MBML" collectorName="R. R. Vervloet" country="Brazil" elevation="685" latitude="-19.918055" location="Topo do Canaa" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.59944" municipality="Santa Teresa" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
<collectingMunicipality id="8862CEBF4702920B502A9CA70FA78ACD">Santa Teresa</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="A75F4BB35D9016AA0083BE6764DC2287" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B:A75F4BB35D9016AA0083BE6764DC2287" country="Brazil" latitude="-19.918055" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.59944" municipality="Santa Teresa" name="Topo do Canaa" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Topo do Canaã</location>
; 
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0E3YAE" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[-40.599444,-19.918056]}">
<geoCoordinate id="78552AB6F6C40F41A1B17217979F9490" degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="5" value="-19.918055">19 ° 55 ’ 5 ” S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="2CF0D653BF206F179C06066521FCBDDB" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-40.59944">40 ° 35 ’ 58 ” W</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
; 
<quantity id="4320B0BA8A7D748C377CF1A1FE6E1CB6" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.85" unit="m" value="685.0">
<elevation id="20FC9978895385F2156F4D2E709AF77D" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.85" unit="m" value="685.0">685 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<date id="1AD6C800E41530EACA285511B2AA0A53" value="2004-04-04">
<collectingDate id="87CB25BD109B43846FB71743E8995E21" value="2004-04-04">4 Apr. 2004</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<emphasis id="BF9DDFAB66DE2CFF652589DE2DC14D21" italics="true">
<collectorName id="BA81CA4DB74E847E61530603ADD3CCE3">R. R. Vervloet</collectorName>
et al. 1841
</emphasis>
; 
<collectionCode id="98F6C407A72CDED45ACA9FE4DD35E9DE">MBML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="3F4D16C009EC42523642395F8DC8D965" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4899584301" collectingDate="2005-02-25" collectionCode="MBML" collectorName="A. P. Fontana" country="Brazil" latitude="-19.887222" location="Alto Santo Antonio" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.575554" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alto Santo">
<location id="D2B4C15752E87B198A38F1ED4C0A59C9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B:D2B4C15752E87B198A38F1ED4C0A59C9" country="Brazil" latitude="-19.887222" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.575554" name="Alto Santo Antonio" stateProvince="Alto Santo">Alto Santo Antônio</location>
; 
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EGZAE" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[-40.575556,-19.887222]}">
<geoCoordinate id="B201BC22BCCD960CD4F27576CC17394A" degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="14" value="-19.887222">19 ° 53 ’ 14 ” S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B35E00CFE2042B9BE389240044728188" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="32" value="-40.575554">40 ° 34 ’ 32 ” W</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
; 
<date id="7C71B1408EEDBB2D6C79370E9ED96B3B" value="2005-02-25">
<collectingDate id="59C2A03360CA33B3F118957ACB09AF42" value="2005-02-25">25 Feb. 2005</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<emphasis id="CB86B477212939F8F210E18A000BEDB5" italics="true">
<collectorName id="535B11933AD381D70F101B1C25E39555">A. P. Fontana</collectorName>
; et al. 1131
</emphasis>
; 
<collectionCode id="B361712CBCB6D0B71727889683A96CA7">MBML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
• 
<materialsCitation id="6292A7B4850D394AD773435BE143C6E7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4899584305" collectingDate="1998-09-10" collectionCode="MBML" collectorName="L. Kollmann &amp; E. Bausen &amp; W. Pizziolo" country="Brazil" latitude="-19.891388" location="Estrada da Pedra da Onca" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.81889" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">
<location id="6F982182C1B5A475826D63FB2938FF71" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B:6F982182C1B5A475826D63FB2938FF71" country="Brazil" latitude="-19.891388" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-40.81889" name="Estrada da Pedra da Onca" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Estrada da Pedra da Onça</location>
; 
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0EQZAE" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[-40.818889,-19.891389]}">
<geoCoordinate id="A14E6D96DA9B31C541ED97C077656D8D" degrees="19" direction="south" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="29" value="-19.891388">19 ° 53 ’ 29 ” S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="E3168956D3F428A7DD00E318432933CE" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="8" value="-40.81889">40 ° 49 ’ 8 ” W</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
; 
<date id="7245F43AEC20B9727F0EE21051CA540E" value="1998-09-10">
<collectingDate id="5214715039D9E584AAA186D4D164E3BC" value="1998-09-10">10 Sep. 1998</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<emphasis id="3A46D3A44BC9B7A4464699DD28DF83B9" italics="true">
<collectorName id="5794653F729D1C8FA290B93E40B34B6C">L. Kollmann</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="CC3111E04989E2A127D5F5375349B38C">E. Bausen</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="BBDD3B8AE6CC33FB72A60222BB705E5C">W. Pizziolo</collectorName>
519
</emphasis>
; 
<collectionCode id="F6228AB9D59703107CC526A5CECB2D89">MBML</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
. – 
<materialsCitation id="2DC8AE9B6CDDA353EDAF1C4727E084DE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4899584306" collectionCode="LBMBP" collectorName="E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda" country="Brazil" elevation="30" latitude="-23.493055" location="Praia Dura" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-45.175003" municipality="Ubatuba" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">
<emphasis id="2AB425DF224397934482A9C7F5FF66CC" bold="true">
<collectingRegion id="3B0FC81B45FD15272B488FBD7B2B9B6D" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
• 
<collectingMunicipality id="BF6D2F2A63A8AD3C4345362B178EDAF9">Ubatuba</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="34858289F563126B6ED0163D97C53927" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8537D0B7DFF05B43B1E6FEF3178E3E8B:34858289F563126B6ED0163D97C53927" country="Brazil" latitude="-23.493055" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-45.175003" municipality="Ubatuba" name="Praia Dura" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">Praia Dura</location>
; 
<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates" id="NCID0E3ZAE" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[-45.175000,-23.493056]}">
<geoCoordinate id="3F83EDDEA6862373E2F7EE0315920AA7" degrees="23" direction="south" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="35" value="-23.493055">23 ° 29 ’ 35 ” S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="B77FF5EC1D7B4709C6BD75EB6613B697" degrees="45" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-45.175003">45 ° 10 ’ 30 ” W</geoCoordinate>
</named-content>
; 
<quantity id="9780C80ECDA8505B1F9FBE65A1439343" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="30.0">
<elevation id="187AAE4B6980D95E403F4A94CB52F1D0" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<emphasis id="E6D24D74163B507858F068135C91484F" italics="true">
<collectorName id="23ADE1CE6856C6E8BD95A6A9DF5A826B">E. R. Pansarin</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="2954BB8C3B8072CED92F68C8DE72F0BC">M. R. Miranda</collectorName>
1574
</emphasis>
; 
<collectionCode id="7824D65534277E00204B4EEC1E67C286">LBMBP</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0ED1AE" type="notes">
<paragraph id="2BA29E655E6CD189F33E26D116E51414">
<heading id="83BC71BE62228CDB2A99BAE4CB918A67" reason="title">Notes.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AD47FEB8B5F110ADD8C2712362EFD1EF">
<bibRefCitation id="900654958F3B7EBD4FB7E8F29E24C8FA" author="Hoehne FC" firstAuthor="Hoehne" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo" pagination="125-137" refId="B9" refString="Hoehne FC (1944) Orchidaceas novas para a flora do Brasil, dos hervarios do Instituto de Botânica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, e comissão de linhas telegráficas, estratégicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas. Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo 1: 125–137." title="Orchidaceas novas para a flora do Brasil, dos hervarios do Instituto de Botânica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, e comissão de linhas telegráficas, estratégicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas." volume="1" year="1944">Hoehne (1944)</bibRefCitation>
assumed that the 
<typeStatus id="FF8D78198820201F9A4D83442CE40294" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="432879CE0BAA30CC5069ABD7F6616489" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="452B17CCBF8D7FC9B47E87A29B4E8E5F" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected in 
<collectingRegion id="D9F3E0E9315C9F70D54688B4C1C2FDEE" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
based on the fact that the Damasio Herbarium was located in Ouro Preto. However, to date, there is no evidence of the occurrence of this species in 
<collectingRegion id="DD85D934F400E6A4B925AFC1E39D5330" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
. If the 
<typeStatus id="2941098251E93E6BBD33934524EDCF74" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="708892834BA44EA59AE5D651661754D7" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="78422AB5C85FBD4B0B5DBCC979959A11" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="8EC8034E39B86CB1D9FBFB8E88A66326" italics="true">Schwacke 11107</emphasis>
) was collected in 
<collectingRegion id="2FAC6368793AA95822C937A500D4481A" country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
, it was most likely from the east of the State in areas of Atlantic Forest sensu stricto, on the borders with 
<collectingRegion id="31763A9D182012F3D0760E1B2C525AC8" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo">Espírito Santo State</collectingRegion>
, where this species has been most commonly found. 
<bibRefCitation id="A8F02A12FED6D603EC880798573E839D" author="Hoehne FC" firstAuthor="Hoehne" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo" pagination="125-137" refId="B9" refString="Hoehne FC (1944) Orchidaceas novas para a flora do Brasil, dos hervarios do Instituto de Botânica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, e comissão de linhas telegráficas, estratégicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas. Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo 1: 125–137." title="Orchidaceas novas para a flora do Brasil, dos hervarios do Instituto de Botânica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, e comissão de linhas telegráficas, estratégicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas." volume="1" year="1944">Hoehne (1944)</bibRefCitation>
also suggested that the 
<typeStatus id="84F7C64867B3C13CC1564552767A3E59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="2EC1F42B90284C951585134B8155B14A" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="247B3D0DC4B3AE259842ED8D95F8E762" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be a mixture of elements from distinct 
<taxonomicName id="534C11328B49A7C46AC9B0DDDB6E1666" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="2454303A50777E86E11D641BB154BECD" italics="true">Vanilla</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
However, according to our data based on live plants plus herbarium material, there is no mixture of elements in the specimen 
<emphasis id="69F6EC64AFCCB47E8A1160310002601C" italics="true">Schwacke 11107</emphasis>
. Considering that the description by 
<bibRefCitation id="FED66548E3D75989DBBAF1436D01640C" author="Hoehne FC" firstAuthor="Hoehne" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo" pagination="125-137" refId="B9" refString="Hoehne FC (1944) Orchidaceas novas para a flora do Brasil, dos hervarios do Instituto de Botânica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, e comissão de linhas telegráficas, estratégicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas. Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo 1: 125–137." title="Orchidaceas novas para a flora do Brasil, dos hervarios do Instituto de Botânica, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, e comissão de linhas telegráficas, estratégicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas." volume="1" year="1944">Hoehne (1944)</bibRefCitation>
was based on a single collection, we conclude here that the 
<emphasis id="4E968F7AD911DB1855474300704960AA" italics="true">Schwacke 11107</emphasis>
(RB) specimen is the 
<typeStatus id="05DCB3FAE8585D1A4397E5F86E108183" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="C8ACC3FC5230BABBA7AC8E0169518FB3" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="4FFFE172BAC940C2CDB4CB8C59BEFC9E" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="SECID0EO3AE" type="Morphological affinities">
<paragraph id="CD8827E48FBB2EB3F891E06EE20784A4">
<heading id="618F9FD11BDCE35C9414813A32B4DB65" reason="title">Morphological affinities.</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B494BAFE44D55622B1BA693410A8E338">
<taxonomicName id="87D45ADEA43E3875AAB8DBA569EA0AC3" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="6BE2D7B1A16F464C6A7AA3256D5C7E29" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily recognized by its coriaceous and dark-green leaves with prominent and parallelly-arranged vascular bundles in transverse section (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="26AC9A3C0874B274DE74538F39C97077" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. A. Variation in the shape of leaf blades of Vanilla dubia Hoehne, based on E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574 (LBMBP). B. Leaf of V. paulista Fraga &amp; Pansarin, based on E. R. Pansarin 727 (UEC). C. Comparative anatomy of the mid portion of leaf blades of V. dubia (above) and V. paulista (below). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075773">3</figureCitation>
), by its lateral inflorescence with small flowers whose sepals and petals are internally cream-coloured and externally greenish, by its white 3 - lobed labellum with yellow lobes and undulate-crenulate margins, and by its tuberculate appendages on the apical portion of the labellar crest (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="3CF799DAEA4A3549303679101E115E12" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparative morphology of the flowers of Vanilla dubia Hoehne and related species. A. Vanilla dubia Hoehne (Ubatuba, São Paulo). B. Vanilla dungsii Pabst (Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro). C. Vanilla paulista Fraga &amp; Pansarin (Jundiaí, São Paulo). Details bellow the flowers (oval frames) show the types of labellar protrusions among the three Vanilla species. A. Based on E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574 (LBMBP). B. Based on a living specimen collected in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. C. Based on E. R. Pansarin 727 (UEC). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin (A and C), and Jorge Gastin (B)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075774">4</figureCitation>
). These characteristics suggest a close relationship of 
<taxonomicName id="6DAC9C56383FB7DDF81326673693520E" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="8FEDFD1C7DB2E92841646FC3095F2A13" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="D0F2601E06130AF374F4282116083B58" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="500E99F0F8728D830D2238ACA1985198" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="0E5C22344B007170E3F54710ADF34131" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="642AFB747BA17EC9B761D16DC19A7FB4" italics="true">V. paulista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as all three species have a long-unguiculate labellum with a ventral penicillate callus and labellar protrusions on the midlobe. 
<taxonomicName id="74116F3CE91D4D99E88B3B3A0EBF5FB9" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="E665FC835283A72B0AAEA683F1505DD5" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more related to 
<taxonomicName id="47E9E8C84D098C178414C31904327983" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="FECCDE033F36588883A2DDAB6F7FBC3D" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than to 
<emphasis id="BBC70359BA49357FC67406D97037256E" italics="true">
<taxonomicName id="1DCC8A392D546609D7ACB48B34992C65" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">V. paulista</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In fact, 
<taxonomicName id="EE085ECA268F3173F583624E5558C91D" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="3240E80510CDF7F22DA4867059F13AA6" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4AB77BE0A6439B644D9BE6417385591D" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="2B0820591AFA0579BE6410FBED8ACB2A" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in Atlantic Forest areas, while 
<taxonomicName id="95070F8BC765500A24EC31C00BE8D895" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="067B3BD68910C7DF07CFBEF2332612E7" italics="true">V. paulista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in drier environments (i. e. semi-deciduous forests). Although 
<taxonomicName id="6F1104F1D2337A05163A053F12635157" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="922BD74E3E6D45296255867FC12A9067" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F9B4BC0DE7215CBA21477F6743E01CDE" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="539F56906BB974108D19309F6DAEBC4F" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in the Atlantic Forest, the habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="EB0426CCD7D0B8640720972094D17B80" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="3B2C2C7703C0F583A5F5BA79FA85A643" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from that of 
<taxonomicName id="F636AC7299AFCB2DDB6CBBAE45C15C1E" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="73B0F50EA851D465A1331D20B40BD273" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4B2CCAB17618E4A97CFF506322AB3223" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="CD5C1CF5A7203BBC871570DB45E92D92" italics="true">Vanilla dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in high altitude areas of 
<collectingRegion id="CDEA71E860EDB713B4B349AB4546F386" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, above 
<quantity id="B80042FBCD25D15F4D711C1DAB893DA6" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
a. s. l., in the Dense Montane Ombrophilous Forest (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="EF7A11B0B5B4BF5AFCF720BB87FB93BE" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Map with records of occurrence of Vanilla dubia Hoehne and related species, Vanilla dungsii Pabst and Vanilla paulista Fraga &amp; Pansarin. Records of occurrence of V. paulista and V. dungsii are based on the locality of type specimens. Map created with QGIS v. 32.2 (QGIS Development Team 2024)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075772">2</figureCitation>
). With regards to the vegetative characteristics, both 
<taxonomicName id="7CBBE46FE846C7627D41253DEB5BD587" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="FDC2156C4CD7F92938139B201A862079" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="8057C25CF7956C2046F61F8514A61853" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="55364F7AE2F80557B23397D39E201DF3" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have coriaceous and asymmetric leaves with prominent veins, while 
<taxonomicName id="7A63C5D5B9941DB6BE1D6A534820F0A6" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="5DD3B132EA85CA314F99BE1DB617B2D5" italics="true">V. paulista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show fleshy and more commonly symmetric leaf blades (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="B085373555D70DAFD9F9C460C2119239" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. A. Variation in the shape of leaf blades of Vanilla dubia Hoehne, based on E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574 (LBMBP). B. Leaf of V. paulista Fraga &amp; Pansarin, based on E. R. Pansarin 727 (UEC). C. Comparative anatomy of the mid portion of leaf blades of V. dubia (above) and V. paulista (below). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075773">3</figureCitation>
). Although leaf size and thickness have been intriguing factors regarding the identity of 
<taxonomicName id="567F4A6468F056E2D37279F9376EA147" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="EF24CB3887AB3CEE86ED8AB06247B314" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, our data show that these characteristics overlap with those of 
<taxonomicName id="F6AEAABE8567778CFF9D71127BE40B7E" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="2515CB42B99C2CA84F1984657EE03A68" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The floral characteristics of 
<taxonomicName id="8FE73FD7D7D3D8E89C65B508CD5DF6C8" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="ED62C1E257062663EA4781EC4A66CC69" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also suggest close affinity with 
<taxonomicName id="AC67113598C36AA7F8D745B24FDBBDC4" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="0FEB1D8E6716A0B2B1B8090962986EC0" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both taxa have brown longitudinal bands over a white labellum and tuberculate appendages on the apex of the labellum. However, the labellar appendages of 
<taxonomicName id="21BA612D83119B267509CE44A7E86206" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="81E3B5087F0BD0E9E4ABC8BFE1A87A80" italics="true">V. dungsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much larger and fewer in number than in 
<taxonomicName id="2A78FA9DB27F52F56AE2E489DB638D87" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="C333F4D0FD261E118DA44B33A322AB9C" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="28B1D6124506DBA9963EBCB430275E76" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="A65A2AA22D0C24E2555B31C0867A3F2E" italics="true">V. paulista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the longitudinal bands are yellow and the labellar protrusions are white papillae arranged in 1–3 rows (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="BED67869EE94C2495B4DD9BC095F3120" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparative morphology of the flowers of Vanilla dubia Hoehne and related species. A. Vanilla dubia Hoehne (Ubatuba, São Paulo). B. Vanilla dungsii Pabst (Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro). C. Vanilla paulista Fraga &amp; Pansarin (Jundiaí, São Paulo). Details bellow the flowers (oval frames) show the types of labellar protrusions among the three Vanilla species. A. Based on E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574 (LBMBP). B. Based on a living specimen collected in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. C. Based on E. R. Pansarin 727 (UEC). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin (A and C), and Jorge Gastin (B)." figureDoi="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075774">4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="AEC4D056FAD493BF3FB4E5D3688E15CA" ID-DOI="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure3" ID-arpha="C7BBF1C0-0D0D-5A7E-B45F-8681F388782B" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075773" startId="F3">
<paragraph id="78ACD9F75A82C629B8E617B307FA329D">
<label id="6FD7708710B15888B79F8D301C88CAD5">Figure 3.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="93FF634FFFEA0594717D47723712C72C">
<emphasis id="7D5AC9821C397856B9972635604B6D72" bold="true">A</emphasis>
. Variation in the shape of leaf blades of 
<taxonomicName id="AFE5FA9CB5F02DDC585C6A5F1C072B17" authority="Hoehne" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="351E705C34DDCAE7384D7AB7CB1090CD" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
Hoehne
</taxonomicName>
, based on 
<emphasis id="AF76FC3A2F22DE7F9E010012481DB078" italics="true">E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574</emphasis>
(LBMBP). 
<emphasis id="420328F8919B8187E18286FDB7A214B9" bold="true">B</emphasis>
. Leaf of 
<taxonomicName id="F8607B4C565FB6DF889ABCC68664466B" authority="Fraga &amp; Pansarin" authorityName="Fraga &amp; Pansarin" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="0C73C0BDDD6A5E68A3EE361CA7BD1032" italics="true">V. paulista</emphasis>
Fraga &amp; Pansarin
</taxonomicName>
, based on 
<emphasis id="ADAC331E6B6E1DE1010E502F79579F24" italics="true">E. R. Pansarin 727</emphasis>
(UEC). 
<emphasis id="7BC7CFC9821572A32960E285791F305C" bold="true">C</emphasis>
. Comparative anatomy of the mid portion of leaf blades of 
<taxonomicName id="038295BF88D33478F136256F91399C51" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="9E4D10E1DB15F62FB4D34B13E6028FF0" italics="true">V. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(above) and 
<taxonomicName id="BB2770BA18EB536C142ABFCDE55CFACC" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="378D0B72BA0E304CDAAD10074AF8EB77" italics="true">V. paulista</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(below). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A0DE6C03B3869425818B0E429504FD07" ID-DOI="10.5091/plecevo.121915.figure4" ID-arpha="0D955B0F-5762-5F88-B8AC-825545C092E3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1075774" startId="F4">
<paragraph id="CE0F99D44CCB8DD9B1FD66868A4ECF91">
<label id="3B3283E15801FE36FBB847799C906BAA">Figure 4.</label>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="989FAA6122B61B7EC6E1BBB3139A8A86">
Comparative morphology of the flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="EB16C68AFA1C86A6FC3457C742846630" authority="Hoehne" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="19384A232D3F2140D1AD007AAFEC0238" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
Hoehne
</taxonomicName>
and related species. 
<emphasis id="842A6A3FFB603F4D960D66B22BE003BA" bold="true">A</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="351FA49CEF1B70712F455370F9B53E92" authority="Hoehne" authorityName="Hoehne (Hoehne" authorityYear="1944" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="D57A8515EEA825BF0F332217E4CF832C" italics="true">Vanilla dubia</emphasis>
Hoehne
</taxonomicName>
(Ubatuba, São Paulo). 
<emphasis id="65943BFE05624E34CCC9C764C75B4A7B" bold="true">B</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4DDB2F15161AFA97F829F6EDC0EC7D6C" authority="Pabst" authorityName="Pabst" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dungsii">
<emphasis id="E4F321FF439265E41737F44C01F2B634" italics="true">Vanilla dungsii</emphasis>
Pabst
</taxonomicName>
(Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro). 
<emphasis id="C5E38E0A257B48B782485671DE184417" bold="true">C</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="11370A2F017EE93EDDA37B94A463F2D2" authority="Fraga &amp; Pansarin" authorityName="Fraga &amp; Pansarin" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulista">
<emphasis id="66FBC418D97D7F2C5B6CFD3175F4DE7F" italics="true">Vanilla paulista</emphasis>
Fraga &amp; Pansarin
</taxonomicName>
(Jundiaí, São Paulo). Details bellow the flowers (oval frames) show the types of labellar protrusions among the three 
<taxonomicName id="BAD61B16022EBF579E9C5AEA776144F4" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Vanilla" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="8350348435130F76056E6B2E2C6ED3C9" italics="true">Vanilla</emphasis>
species. 
<emphasis id="7EDA6A6BC95C096B813DAD6F3F9D951C" bold="true">A</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Based on 
<emphasis id="E4C61AA5CDF7CF929DF339139981B18E" italics="true">E. R. Pansarin &amp; M. R. Miranda 1574</emphasis>
(LBMBP). 
<emphasis id="892EE2B8D02C38CCF28E0F6BC93DA271" bold="true">B</emphasis>
. Based on a living specimen collected in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. 
<emphasis id="90787DC4B314D6658B6E928971505E35" bold="true">C</emphasis>
. Based on 
<emphasis id="56D6105B6D53E55F768C8F38F09E96C0" italics="true">E. R. Pansarin 727</emphasis>
(UEC). Photographs by Emerson Pansarin (A and C), and Jorge Gastin (B).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>