177 lines
28 KiB
XML
177 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="1282206CEB90246B910F65CE01FB7CB9" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="913a65fa-131f-40af-b8d4-786873482385" ModsDocAuthor="Mueller, U. G." ModsDocID="21361" checkinTime="1244213718300" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Rabeling, Ch., Cover, S. P., Johnson, R. A. & Mueller, U. G." docDate="2007" docId="7B3060A2F3A5E7384587FB154D534F09" docLanguage="en" docName="21361_gg2.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1664" docSource="http://www.antbase.org/ants/publications/21361/21361.pdf" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="DC6B9C504F79C1B58750E8E5B0F9A502" masterDocTitle="A review of the North American species of the fungus-gardening ant genus Trachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." masterLastPageNumber="53" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1701311538475" updateUser="plazi">
|
|
<mods:mods id="D3C55C88933357615603497BC1DBF468" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="E14200F0BEDC9983C3C0F81D7C36A9B7">
|
|
<mods:title id="E9059F6CD55703D90ADE9FCDF1E38303">A review of the North American species of the fungus-gardening ant genus Trachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:name id="784354F1B1CE9B9F4E9A5AA52D78125E" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="E915FF5F8CDB781B16E5F1BA30E37409">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="388AD13E37D7AE371665E782C3DF6C2A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="3B732518771E49E406BC308B55C65FD7">Rabeling, Ch.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name id="E91D7CAB92C623AC536EC178C0794370" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="67691795E38B11FB43F44C630C311D75">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="BFF0B42A57F08F0D15D6E313AE61AA6D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="AA2FDC99ABD76D8FFFD1B6B6200B0377">Cover, S. P.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name id="A2E5998B53189F496766D8FA1223E696" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="9D1482E8E5D36278AA5FB5BCF8EC64F1">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="F55DEE6E337D63ACBE1EF7B521704871">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="F4A76B34FFF1833E8EC6ADCA06677788">Johnson, R. A.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:name id="1B40D066D405F6BE7890D1EB2445FB0F" type="personal">
|
|
<mods:role id="A1EBE4B739606FFA6DE1C5AF1E3E0F86">
|
|
<mods:roleTerm id="1A920B5A2F97CC665CF4F411A06DD811">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
|
</mods:role>
|
|
<mods:namePart id="DE877291A6D7910F301D8AFA0D7CDF13">Mueller, U. G.</mods:namePart>
|
|
</mods:name>
|
|
<mods:typeOfResource id="0488F70E5291206E540D2A89B06E8D41">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
|
<mods:relatedItem id="ECFE4EC734FC28AF07967B35DD6E2578" type="host">
|
|
<mods:titleInfo id="0F1E14E8DA604254D8C8D73F26CEA0CA">
|
|
<mods:title id="95EA0008597318399B7E971B8D82FB7B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
|
</mods:titleInfo>
|
|
<mods:part id="883AE2E1D448BB6FD5A31BB25ECF20F2">
|
|
<mods:date id="AB4117146392F66A15C864BA4309A9C8">2007</mods:date>
|
|
<mods:detail id="0B4998BA0C418C6FE8D9DC72DB7A0C7A" type="volume">
|
|
<mods:number id="1A8F68E89DB353602C0D058D2FE1B678">1664</mods:number>
|
|
</mods:detail>
|
|
<mods:extent id="A269C44E1D03FF27484FE316161EC084" unit="page">
|
|
<mods:start id="57465A94B03147777CC6458CB0FD96A3">1</mods:start>
|
|
<mods:end id="BC0FFA2ED22FC9AFBE46A39F1D2CF916">53</mods:end>
|
|
</mods:extent>
|
|
</mods:part>
|
|
</mods:relatedItem>
|
|
<mods:location id="260513C5F705A9F2D9B9C82865D7310F">
|
|
<mods:url id="1E330F62ADA37FE077D56A5AE477312E">http://www.antbase.org/ants/publications/21361/21361.pdf</mods:url>
|
|
</mods:location>
|
|
<mods:classification id="11EBAD07BB0A8C7C58B5B84641C19EE7">journal article</mods:classification>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="40089163A0EB901C9E1FF72867D96F66" type="HNS-Pub">21361</mods:identifier>
|
|
<mods:identifier id="14E5AEBC7FDFD881438EA022D81DD792" type="ZooBank">4A226642-8CC2-4D64-808E-D350F91FB9CD</mods:identifier>
|
|
</mods:mods>
|
|
<treatment id="7B3060A2F3A5E7384587FB154D534F09" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7B3060A2F3A5E7384587FB154D534F09" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B3060A2F3A5E7384587FB154D534F09" lastPageNumber="27" pageNumber="25">
|
|
<subSubSection id="79E324021ADE66D01FCEA72238458551" type="nomenclature">
|
|
<paragraph id="484ACF4B26A5190C23C7D7B6FDC075D7" pageNumber="25">[[ Genus Trachymyrmex ]]</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="BF04E4DDFE40DE3383ABE5B333C721EB" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="4A0805BB2A84756B0D7810C234744CB1" pageNumber="25">GENERAL DISCUSSION</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="1445D734E2A802AF9951174DF2786229" pageNumber="25">
|
|
The taxonomy of the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FDE5C756D9EC9FEAB6FF76E1FABAC2FE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
is slowly being clarified (
|
|
<normalizedToken id="AB2E4B1F50660327099613BDC9227D69" originalValue="Mayhé-Nunes">Mayhe-Nunes</normalizedToken>
|
|
&
|
|
<normalizedToken id="26BD99D65DF0429A4938DE6523442976" originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
|
|
2002, 2005, 2007), following years of confusion caused in part by insufficient collections of most taxa and by the failure to discover reliable species-level characters, a task made difficult by the notable variation in morphology and color seen within many
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C07D87C9BF97BBF7D87C505031910DEF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
species. The present study identifies nine
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3CC3E1D993CE493626492CFC986541D3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
species occurring in North America north of the Mexican border. Reliable delineation of species boundaries was possible due to the collection of large numbers of nest series in recent years by several collectors, including the authors. The new material has enabled us to re-evaluate the morphology of each species and to assemble an independent molecular dataset addressing between- and within-species variation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3F2CF45ACAA273007FF6F6E941AB5BF4" pageNumber="25">
|
|
The molecular data confirms the genetic distinctness of each of the nine species in the context of the North American fauna (Fig. 21). It also reveals that morphological similarity is not necessarily an indicator of a close genetic relationship. Of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6A3FDE6B52FB51BEECB2D975FFF181B8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
covered in this study, there are two pairs of species (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ECD8929C4DD60E47EB2908A87412E5FA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:156950" authorityName="Mackay & Mackay" authorityYear="1997" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex carinatus Mackay & Mackay" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatus">carinatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="764AA60BD08C33392A70D7D1DE540915" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37429" baseAuthorityName="McCook" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CA554EDAFF1A3FF1973A0818C4184B0D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:239176" authorityName="Rabeling & Cover" authorityYear="2007" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex pomonae" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pomonae">pomonae</taxonomicName>
|
|
/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6DD7330D876B2E2D56480FE79302A0E4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37401" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex desertorum (Wheeler)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="desertorum">desertorum</taxonomicName>
|
|
) that show close overall morphological similarity. The molecular information reveals, however, that the species within each of the two pairs are not closely related.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2541E8CAC6A6DB4885255C45AAB07E07" lastPageNumber="26" pageNumber="25">
|
|
We purposely analyzed our molecular data without choosing an outgroup for two reasons.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3DD148FE21858627DA20CD0575EA42EE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
may not be monophyletic (Schultz & Meier 1995), and our sampling is paraphyletic by definition because we studied only a fraction of the total number of species in the genus occurring at the northern limit of its distribution. A phylogenetic analysis of the tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D89910B3F832637E6646BF870B07A1EA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1858" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageNumber="25" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
|
|
based on several protein-coding genes by Schultz and coworkers(Schultz personal communication) suggests that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DA92F56758ADD2BD7C8EECE77C5FC1D1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
is polyphyletic and paraphyletic with respect to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BE21B301E203043CAE4DA69495E4AA8C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2396" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sericomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Sericomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sericomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
. On the other hand
|
|
<normalizedToken id="4A2D79D790145EE71F8F7781A832EEA2" originalValue="Mayhé-Nunes">Mayhe-Nunes</normalizedToken>
|
|
and
|
|
<normalizedToken id="ADC85B371074E28905E561B7982C6E68" originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
|
|
(2002) interpret the tubercular mesosomal projections as an autapomorphy of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7B739F4C0A25CE8C4F8F1D7F57AA8049" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
, suggesting monophyly of the genus. Our data cannot resolve these conflicting hypotheses; a more extensive study combining molecular and morphological data for a representative sampling of both
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1FF0BB1CE505A0B88C134BF038C82340" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F2D8FFE6833C7F996313AB60EFB4ED65" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2396" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sericomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Sericomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sericomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
will be necessary to resolve this problem. North American
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D9F924EC75B04180B2698EC0EC0507A9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
are clearly thermophilic and are adapted to life in warm, arid climates. Seven of nine species occur in the deserts of southwest USA, including Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and extending into northern Mexico. All these
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B8700C96747C812EAC8C18D1F297C7AE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
species occur in warm desert, desert-scrub, or seasonally dry mid-elevation habitats. Winters are short, mild, and usually dry. As one might expect, these
|
|
<taxonomicName id="22906605246E71269030FC4A20E3B8CE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
show life-history features similar to those of many other dry climate ants. They construct moderately deep nests that buffer the ants and their gardens from surface temperature changes and the effects of prolonged dry spells. During periods of severe drought and low foraging success, these
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0F860BFE72835E98D22FC1D3C2E62536" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
species often become inactive and seal their nests for extended periods. The ants also respond strongly to the return of favorable conditions, foraging and excavating vigorously while soil is moist. Lastly, mating flights are triggered by summer rains, when conditions become favorable for founding queens to start new nests. The two
|
|
<taxonomicName id="81C242460E6C1501D2BAD4F4A4867036" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
species found in the eastern US are also associated with warm, seasonally dry habitats.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5F2A3255CD16935976C3D8DAC777D2A9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37414" baseAuthorityName="Andre" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex jamaicensis (André)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">Trachymyrmex jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a tropical species that extends into southern Florida from the Caribbean region. It occurs primarily in coastal scrub or hammock vegetation on soils derived from coralline rock. These soils are extremely well-drained and are very dry for much of the year. In this respect, they provide conditions broadly similar to those encountered by the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F2084876FC37C3FC3EB7060AA6AD4A83" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the southwest.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="CBC45247EFDB2826B37391F2704DCE8D" pageNumber="26">
|
|
In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="025E7FA152F6A81842846160DF211735" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37429" baseAuthorityName="McCook" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">T septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, however, we encounter something quite different. This ant is unique within the genus in that it is fully adapted for life in temperate climates. During the winter, the ants become completely dormant and brood production ceases. Likewise, the fungus garden assumes a dormant state and gradually decreases in size as the ants cease to add substrate. The ants may even collapse the gardens to a few fungus fragments that the ants hold in their mandibles and which are used as starter cultures for spring gardens. As far as we know, this phenomenon is unique among the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BEE903B83D4091B7059ACBB2109E42C2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1858" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageNumber="26" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Despite this unique response to cold conditions,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="01A9A6DA0403F8E9E2A286DF9C928D8C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37429" baseAuthorityName="McCook" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">T septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
shows a strong preference for warm, well-drained soils and seasonally dry habitats; in this respect,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="69536D7C869648EC197D4DF45426316A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37429" baseAuthorityName="McCook" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">T septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
behaves like the desert-adapted
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B0A8364C530323C83BBDD441E18287AE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
discussed above.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="891DF5C88CFCBF290052718E41EFE1A5" pageNumber="26">
|
|
Why are all North American
|
|
<taxonomicName id="389F4DF9EA402120C0096FB232628E9D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
associated with well-drained soils and relatively open habitats? This preference is clearly not characteristic of the genus as a whole, and appears to have been derived during the northward expansion of the genus throughout Mexico and into the US. In the Neotropics, in contrast,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="64A792B4D23CD11BFA57D364A30EC88C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
species reach their highest diversity in lowland rainforests with weak seasonality, relatively constant moisture, and water-retentive, clay soils (Rabeling, unpublished data). We offer the following tentative reflections on the biogeography of the North American
|
|
<taxonomicName id="070E973AFFC5048CF87A36ED69716CEA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
species, and the evolutionary changes during the northward expansion from the Neotropics into subtropical and temperate zones:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="85A8663D2DC5782CA7D3F7BED9EAD2A9" pageNumber="26">
|
|
1) If high temperatures are sufficiently stable for uninterrupted fungiculture and brood rearing, as is true for most of the lowland Neotropics,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="25A5454997F566E6048437ED31D74E4C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
apparently have little difficulty coping with abundant soil moisture.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="53B1A49158984F65AD597493FB2C352F" pageNumber="26">
|
|
2)
|
|
<taxonomicName id="79DCDC21EC3A794779EBB210D29B70E4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
are successful in drier climates, as in the southwestern US, because they evolved behavioral adaptations to regulate the microclimate within their nest chambers (e.g. by placing chambers deep in the soil, as in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5C42D77164766AF12C137F2F3934F3BD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37401" baseAuthorityName="Wheeler" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex desertorum (Wheeler)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="desertorum">T desertorum</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="357D106112B9C10A959550365A939F7B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37431" authorityName="Buren" authorityYear="1944" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex smithi Buren" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithi">T smithi</taxonomicName>
|
|
), thereby reducing mortality when soil moisture levels are low at the surface. It is even possible that the fungus cultivars evolved physiological adaptations for temperate conditions, like cold-hardiness or desiccation tolerance, enhancing survival during unfavorable seasons. Perhaps because of such adaptations, aridity has been no barrier to the radiation of the genus into subtropical and temperate regions, like northern Mexico and the southern United States.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0BD87A94B414189CCB19F2D2F08A6F1A" pageNumber="26">
|
|
3) As
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F83F40316704FCD13D5F1BEAAD56F4C9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
moved north and colonized areas with an ever more pronounced winter season, their preference for arid habitats and well-drained soils may have been an adaptive advantage, maximizing the length of the warm, active season while simultaneously minimizing the period during the year when soil temperatures are cool (or cold) and soil moisture is high.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="58037108F44D095CD1BF5056D5517CFE" lastPageNumber="27" pageNumber="26">
|
|
4) Colonization of truly temperate areas with long, cold winters (e.g.: Illinois) was made possible by the evolution of the unique garden reduction seen in winter in the fungus gardens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2251051D33CCB28152EAA97CF12E67B6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37429" baseAuthorityName="McCook" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex septentrionalis (McCook)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">T septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This winter dormancy apparently serves to preserve the fungus culture when the ants are torpid themselves, and thus are unable to care for full-grown gardens. These behavioral adaptations of the ants and possible physiological adaptations of the cultivars during winter may enable the fungus to endure cold and wet conditions that might be lethal to actively growing gardens.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="DA78D393965663C9D2EC36CDC1B788D0" pageNumber="27">
|
|
With this taxonomic revision, we hope to make the North American
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D7EE5EFE1D93E64BD774FD29DE0BA098" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
species accessible for further studies by other biologists. Experimental research testing the hypothesis of cold-hardiness and/or desiccation resistance of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DD1E98184AE93FA96966D525A5693D69" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2397" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Trachymyrmex Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
fungi would be particularly interesting areas of research; or to say it with the timeless words of W. M. Wheeler: "The study of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5B66E0201AE630A10F208E96944E1232" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1858" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageNumber="27" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
|
|
[…] has only just begun, and further advances in this fascinating subject will be more difficult for the mycologist than for the entomologist" (Wheeler 1910, p. 338).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |