142 lines
14 KiB
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142 lines
14 KiB
XML
<document id="0EDF4C86E22BDDD28F121F8E8A66EB9E" ID-DOI="10.1094/9780890544723.003" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1706261495384" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Bustillo, Alex" docDate="2015" docId="781FCE40FFCCF166A7CFF48BF8D3F87E" docLanguage="en" docName="APSPress.2.45-60.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Compendium of Coffee Diseases and Pests, United States of America: The American Phytopathological Society" docTitle="Cicadidae Batsch 1789" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="8426B638FFC7F16AA102FFB8FB1EFF9A" masterDocTitle="Part II. Pests" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1706263710312" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="99640C0C8A86FC44F94CBEB95D0ABAF2">
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<mods:title id="44346EBEC94B09B4355FA1CE4DA04445">Part II. Pests</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7C9E336F9D4347D26618C1080C68EB31" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0805067F917B3EB2CE5A474BE7F4D94B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B895E8164653D9A03BB6D5579AAB7664">Bustillo, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2115FEBADE731FF4EC42B7861617A1D7">Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café (Cenicafé) Chinchiná, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6AB0A0D6A070582D418FA2F56A4ED9C5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="9A06C4C798AF5131DE4E33A9ED3D585B">2015</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="90BF326A84EBCF72AEA52429D20B1B26">The American Phytopathological Society</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="ED89B8DEA752A87F4878E662BDDF0F6B">United States of America</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="983B7A5DB1E34719363EBA97CFCC9AF3">Alvaro L. Gaitán</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="993E1934614E0CD363D054A465630050">Marco A. Cristancho</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5542EB5891964B29E739BC82A2760466">Bertha L. Castro Caicedo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="839CD3CCF888463691CA268BA671C453">Carlos A. Rivillas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="1CD75204F34E35913B9870892EBBE9ED">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="8CF14D069D734AE54F6201F485B9BCB9">Gabriel Cadena Gómez</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo id="23FDC4A89596A4C31548004C6CB7EDFB">
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<mods:title id="3450690C98A941ACEBC418FACD9552BF">Compendium of Coffee Diseases and Pests</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="77E5BCAB142746DEA1944A48DFFC525E">
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<mods:start id="4BA46C112BBCC7602D11ECC745EA73A2">45</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="3C86D42A35FF167F19328B989FDDAC70">60</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="76186A2ED50F32448B379E9327071B37">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4CA67E1E6769DD0DEEA9A6343B9F4A14" type="DOI">10.1094/9780890544723.003</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="781FCE40FFCCF166A7CFF48BF8D3F87E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10571229" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10571229" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:781FCE40FFCCF166A7CFF48BF8D3F87E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/781FCE40FFCCF166A7CFF48BF8D3F87E" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="11" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection id="B8AC2CDDFFCCF161A7CFF48BFC89F4F1" box="[1741,1943,2867,2923]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F0097F56FFCCF161A7CFF48BFC89F4F1" blockId="11.[1741,1943,2867,2923]" box="[1741,1943,2867,2923]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51">
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<heading id="AB41C83AFFCCF161A7CFF48BFC89F4F1" bold="true" box="[1741,1943,2867,2923]" centered="true" fontSize="14" level="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" reason="0">
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCCF161A7CFF48BFC89F4F1" ID-CoL="9FZZK" authorityName="Batsch" authorityYear="1789" box="[1741,1943,2867,2923]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCCF161A7CFF48BFC89F4F1" bold="true" box="[1741,1943,2867,2923]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51">Cicadas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B8AC2CDDFFCCF166A43BF41AF8D3F87E" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="F0097F56FFCCF161A43BF41AFC4AF453" blockId="11.[1336,2338,2978,3106]" box="[1337,1876,2978,3017]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51">
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<heading id="AB41C83AFFCCF161A43BF41AFC4AF453" bold="true" box="[1337,1876,2978,3017]" fontSize="10" level="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" reason="0">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCCF161A43BF41AFC4AF453" bold="true" box="[1337,1876,2978,3017]" pageId="11" pageNumber="51">Description and Life History</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F0097F56FFCCF166A45DF46BF978FE72" blockId="11.[1336,2338,2978,3106]" lastBlockId="12.[287,1299,113,1382]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="11" pageNumber="51">
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Cicadas (
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCCF161A4F0F46BFD82F462" box="[1522,1692,3027,3064]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCCF161A7AEF46BFC59F462" authorityName="Batsch" authorityYear="1789" box="[1708,1863,3027,3064]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cicadidae</taxonomicName>
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) commonly infest coffee plantations in Brazil, and at least 10 species have been recorded. The most important species are
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCBF166A3E5FFC9FF6EFF0F" authority="(Olivier)" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[743,1136,113,149]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Quesada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A3E5FFC9F8C6FF0F" box="[743,984,113,149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Quesada gigas</emphasis>
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(Olivier)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCBF166A587FFC9F930FF25" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Quesada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sodalis">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A587FFC9FA8CFF25" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Quesada sodalis</emphasis>
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(Walker)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCBF166A33FFF23FF2FFF25" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" box="[573,1073,155,191]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Fidicina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mannifera">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A33FFF23F868FF25" box="[573,886,155,191]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Fidicina mannifera</emphasis>
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(Fabricius)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCBF166A540FF23FAA0FF70" authority="Berg" authorityName="Berg" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Fidicina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pullata">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A540FF23FA43FF70" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Fidicina pullata</emphasis>
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Berg
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCBF166A323FF7EFF04FF70" authority="(Germar)" authorityName="X" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[545,1050,198,234]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Carineta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciculata">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A323FF7EF86FFF70" box="[545,881,198,234]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Carineta fasciculata</emphasis>
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(Germar)
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</taxonomicName>
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. These species are pests in the states of Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, and Parana. Besides being the most important of this group,
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCBF166A52CFEA3FFACFEA5" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[1070,1202,283,319]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Quesada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A52CFEA3FFACFEA5" box="[1070,1202,283,319]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Q. gigas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the largest in size and also a pest of many other plants.
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCBF166A58EFEFEFE0DFEF0" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[1164,1299,326,362]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Quesada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A58EFEFEFE0DFEF0" box="[1164,1299,326,362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Q. gigas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a wide range of geographical distribution in South America, and it is the best studied species of this group in the South American continent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F0097F56FFCBF166A044FE48F842FAFC" blockId="12.[287,1299,113,1382]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">
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For most winged cicadas, membranous wings are held rooflike over the body. All have three ocelli and the antennae arise between, rather than beneath, the eyes. Cicada songs sound buzzy, raspy, or whiney, because their carrier frequencies are less pure and are higher than those of crickets. Cicadas call almost exclusively during daylight hours and at dusk, usually from trees and shrubs. On uncultivated land, the nymphal stage feeds on the roots of indigenous trees. When the bush is cleared and coffee is planted, the larvae move to the coffee roots and feed, causing damage. Nymphs of
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<taxonomicName id="37B604D5FFCBF166A248FCD6F8D3FC09" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[842,973,878,915]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Quesada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A248FCD6F8D3FC09" box="[842,973,878,915]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Q. gigas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have been observed up to 50 cm below the ground on the roots. The nymphal stage goes through five instars. They suck the roots and form cavities in the soil around them, creating openings for infections by disease-causing organisms. The lifespan of the nymphal stage of these cicadas varies from 4 up to 17 years depending on the species, but the adult stage lasts 1-3 months. Adults are good fliers and rest on the tops of trees. The female adults mate upon emergence from the soil, attracted by the song of the males, and then lay eggs on the bark of trees. The nymph emerges and drops to the soil, where it searches for the coffee roots to feed upon and complete its development.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F0097F56FFCBF166A022FA37FAA9FA2C" blockId="12.[287,1300,1423,1679]" box="[288,439,1423,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="AB41C83AFFCBF166A022FA37FAA9FA2C" bold="true" box="[288,439,1423,1462]" fontSize="10" level="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" reason="0">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A022FA37FAA9FA2C" bold="true" box="[288,439,1423,1462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Damage</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F0097F56FFCBF166A046FA79F9B0F915" blockId="12.[287,1300,1423,1679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Cicadas are characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts, and they feed on the sap of the plant root. Cicada nymphs damage the plants, causing chlorosis of the leaves in the apexes of branches, loss of leaves, low production, and death of plants under heavy infestations.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F0097F56FFCBF166A01DF901F9F5F97B" blockId="12.[285,1296,1721,2020]" box="[287,747,1721,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="AB41C83AFFCBF166A01DF901F9F5F97B" bold="true" box="[287,747,1721,1761]" fontSize="10" level="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="52" reason="0">
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<emphasis id="C2C2A344FFCBF166A01DF901F9F5F97B" bold="true" box="[287,747,1721,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Population Management</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F0097F56FFCBF166A047F954F8D3F87E" blockId="12.[285,1296,1721,2020]" pageId="12" pageNumber="52">Because of the cryptic (hidden) habits of nymphs feeding on the roots of coffee plants, insecticidal treatments are only effective when adults are emerging and have not laid eggs. Monitoring the adult flights should help to program the control activities. An alternative to be considered for nymphal control is the use of entomopathogenic nematodes.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |