215 lines
19 KiB
XML
215 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3917.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39ff92ed-ddb8-4ec4-af8a-19e3288fdbd1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287785" ID-ZooBank="D8CB263D-645B-46CE-B797-461B6A86A98A" checkinTime="1460978373835" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Łukowiak, Magdalena" docDate="2015" docId="2125D91F1B3929617ED9C698F159FDE9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03917p065.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3917 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@3c794a36" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.monograph" docTitle="Placospongiidae Gray 1867" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="DD1CA1671B20297B7E4EC039F41BFF89" masterDocTitle="Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="26" updateTime="1645026518126" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Łukowiak, Magdalena</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>3917</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>65</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3917.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">39ff92ed-ddb8-4ec4-af8a-19e3288fdbd1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">287785</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">D8CB263D-645B-46CE-B797-461B6A86A98A</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6108569" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127671496" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6108569" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2125D91F1B3929617ED9C698F159FDE9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2125D91F1B3929617ED9C698F159FDE9" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[151,609,1697,1723]" box="[151,609,1697,1723]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[151,609,1697,1723]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,609,1697,1723]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Family
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[246,609,1697,1723]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
|
||
Placospongiidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gray" box="[455,609,1697,1723]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867 b) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Gray,
|
||
<number box="[534,593,1697,1723]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1867.0">1867</number>
|
||
b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[151,1436,1767,2009]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1436,151,608]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
In the studied material, I have found abundant spherical, ellipsoidal, and kidney-shaped spicules with numerous, short rays and/or rounded-polygonal plates between the grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[903,994,1804,1829]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="27.[151,250,799,821]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,777]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1437,193,778]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 13. Spicules of sponges of the order Hadromerida; A – D—Different types of selenasters of Placospongia sp., family Placospongiidae; E—Micraster of the Tethya cf. omanensis, family Tethyidae; F – H—Oxyasters of the Tethyastra oxyaster, family Tethyidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287798/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<number box="[968,994,1804,1828]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="13.0">13</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D) called selenasters. In spite, their relatively big sizes (
|
||
<number box="[381,452,1839,1864]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="75.0" valueMax="90.0" valueMin="60.0">60–90</number>
|
||
µm of length) they are interpreted as microscleres. These verrucose or pitted spicules are characteristic for hadromerid family
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[602,789,1876,1901]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Placospongiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The family includes three genera:
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1181,1265,1877,1900]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Onotoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1181,1265,1877,1900]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Onotoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
de
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1955 a) The sponges of Onotoa. Pacific Science, 9, 137 - 143." type="journal article" year="1955" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Laubenfels,
|
||
<number box="[151,209,1911,1936]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1955.0">1955</number>
|
||
a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[233,418,1911,1936]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospherastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[233,418,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Placospherastra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
van
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[472,605,1912,1936]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (2009) New sciophilous sponges from the Caribbean (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zootaxa, 2107, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Soest,
|
||
<number box="[546,605,1912,1936]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2009.0">2009</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[663,961,1911,1936]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[663,817,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Placospongia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gray" box="[824,961,1911,1936]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867 b) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Gray,
|
||
<number box="[892,948,1911,1936]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1867.0">1867</number>
|
||
b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(van
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[1025,1213,1911,1936]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Soest
|
||
<emphasis box="[1092,1148,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<number box="[1155,1213,1912,1936]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2013.0">2013</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the selenasters occur only in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[309,463,1948,1973]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[309,463,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Placospongia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to Atlas of Living
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[815,918,1948,1973]" name="Australia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(accessed on
|
||
<number box="[1078,1105,1948,1973]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="23.0">23</number>
|
||
rd of
|
||
<date box="[1168,1317,1948,1972]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2013-08">
|
||
August
|
||
<number box="[1257,1317,1948,1972]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2013.0">2013</number>
|
||
</date>
|
||
), there are currently two species of this genus that occur in Australian waters:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[919,1255,1984,2009]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Melobesioides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[919,1106,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. melobesioides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gray" box="[1115,1255,1984,2009]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867 b) On Placospongia, a new generic form of Spongiadae in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (1), 127 - 129." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Gray,
|
||
<number box="[1185,1241,1984,2009]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="1867.0">1867</number>
|
||
b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Bowerbank, 1858" authorityName="Bowerbank" authorityYear="1858" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" order="Hadromerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Carinata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1312,1435,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. carinata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bowerbank" box="[158,365,151,176]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Bowerbank, J. S. (1858) On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the Spicula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 148, 279 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rstl. 1858.0016" type="journal article" year="1858">
|
||
Bowerbank,
|
||
<number box="[305,365,151,176]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1858.0">1858</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Considering the morphology and the size of selenasters, the studied spicules may belong to each of these species and their assignment to a particular species is not possible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The selenasters are usually accompanied in placospongiids by tylostyles. Some tylostyles had been found in the studied sample (see
|
||
<figureCitation box="[432,524,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1589,1611]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1567]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1437,193,1567]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spicules of sponges of the order Hadromerida; A – C—Mucronate tylostyles of Cliona cf. mucronata, family Clionaidae; D – F—Tylostyles of the order Hadromerida; G, H—Tylostyles of Terpios sp., family Suberitidae; I, J, P, R—Anthasters of Diplastrella cf. megastellata, family Spirastrellidae; K – M—Spherostyles of Sphaerotylus sp. 1, family Polymastiidae; L – O—Spherostyles of Sphaerotylus sp. 2, family Polymastiidae; Q—Microsclere spiraster of family Spirastrellidae or Clionaidae; S – Y—Verticillate strongyles of Dotona pulchella Carter, 1880, family Clionaidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287795/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<number box="[497,524,260,284]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
D–F) but their attribution is not sure because these
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1129,1188,261,285]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of spicules may also appear in some other hadromerid families (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[698,822,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Clionaidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[835,999,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Polymastiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Also, the pycnaster microscleres that are characteristic for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[390,544,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Placospongiidae" genus="Placospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[390,544,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Placospongia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have been found (see
|
||
<figureCitation box="[805,897,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,193,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[150,1436,193,1703]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 24. Spicules of sponges of the order Chondrosida and unassigned spherical / astrose micorscleres; A— Chondrilla nucula, family Chondrillidae; B – L— Chondrilla secunda, family Chondrillidae; M – Q—Different types of other spherical microscleres; R – U—Different types of oxyspherasters." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287809/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<number box="[868,897,332,356]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="24.0">24</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
M, O) but they are bigger than those of presentday placospongiids and, as in the case above, the assignment is unsure because they may also occur in a wide range of sponge taxa. However, the co-occurrence of these two morphotypes with typical placospongiid selenasters makes their attribution to placospongiid very probable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The selenasters are abundant in the fossil record. These microscleres were already described e.g., form the Jurassic of Europe (Hartman
|
||
<emphasis box="[479,529,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<number box="[543,602,512,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1980.0">1980</number>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hinde" box="[613,745,511,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Hinde, G. J. (1883) Catalogue of the fossil sponges in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History). Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 1 - 248. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12006" type="book chapter" year="1883">
|
||
Hinde
|
||
<number box="[689,745,512,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1883.0">1883</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[782,882,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Rhaxella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[782,882,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhaxella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Cretaceous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[1045,1182,512,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Carter, H. J. (1871) On fossil sponge-spicules of the Greensland compared with those of existing species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 7 (38), 112 - 141. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937108696328" type="journal article" year="1871">
|
||
Carter
|
||
<number box="[1124,1182,512,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1871.0">1871</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[1230,1246,512,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="9.0">9</number>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zittel" box="[1258,1385,511,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Zittel, K. A. (1876) Uber Coeloptychium. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Organisation fossiler Spongien. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Koniglich-Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Series II, 3, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="1876">
|
||
Zittel
|
||
<number box="[1326,1385,511,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1876.0">1876</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pls. 4.52–
|
||
<number box="[218,246,548,573]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="55.0">55</number>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gruber" box="[256,518,548,573]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Gruber, G. & Reitner, J. (1991) Isolierte Mikro- und Megaskleren von Porifera aus dem Untercampan von Hover (Norddeutschland) und Bemerkungen zur Phylogenie der Geodiidae (Demospongiae). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 134, 107 - 117." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Gruber & Reitner
|
||
<number box="[460,518,548,572]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1991.0">1991</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[565,579,548,572]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[638,653,548,572]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
; described as sterrasters), and Miocene of the Central Atlantic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bukry" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Bukry, D. (1978) Cenozoic coccolith, silicoflagellate, and diatom stratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 44. In: Benson, W. E., Sheridan, R. E. et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 44, pp. 807 - 864. [U. S. Goverment Printing Office, Washington] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2973 / dsdp. proc. 44.137.1978" type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Bukry
|
||
<number box="[151,210,584,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1978.0">1978</number>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[257,287,584,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="12.0">12</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[344,360,583,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="6.0">6</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as the Upper Jurassic of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[741,819,583,608]" name="Poland" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Trammer" box="[861,1027,584,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Trammer, J. (1982) Lower to Middle Oxfordian sponges of the Polish Jura. Acta Geologica Polonica, 32, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1982">
|
||
Trammer
|
||
<number box="[971,1027,584,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1982.0">1982</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(fig.
|
||
<number box="[1088,1101,584,608]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="8.0">8</number>
|
||
Y; described as rhax).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |