299 lines
40 KiB
XML
299 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="D091AE3F788F7D5B482A5E4A0E7E737D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3917.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39ff92ed-ddb8-4ec4-af8a-19e3288fdbd1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287785" ID-ZooBank="D8CB263D-645B-46CE-B797-461B6A86A98A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460978373835" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Łukowiak, Magdalena" docDate="2015" docId="2125D91F1B2C29757ED9C21BF139FD91" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03917p065.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3917 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Agelasidae Verrill 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="DD1CA1671B20297B7E4EC039F41BFF89" masterDocTitle="Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1698559848102" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EAA5BE896B391E8B66BEC37CBBB80175">
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<mods:title id="43BB18669157C8FC18A20D47C37FA81B">Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8225213357E12E584B344454431E99CD">Łukowiak, Magdalena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EE9942F2C4F583BB69B8A078C60F7375">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8A8FEED28DA2EF9195042BAF4765E31D">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="28BDFDBD3EE98BCD515D0DC73C39538C">3917</mods:number>
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<treatment id="2125D91F1B2C29757ED9C21BF139FD91" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6108537" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127671511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6108537" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2125D91F1B2C29757ED9C21BF139FD91" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2125D91F1B2C29757ED9C21BF139FD91" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<subSubSection id="E1963B821B2C29757ED9C21BF139FD91" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A93368091B2C29777ED9C21BF63BFDB5" blockId="12.[151,544,546,572]" box="[151,544,546,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading id="F27BDF651B2C29777ED9C21BF63BFDB5" bold="true" box="[151,544,546,572]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777ED9C21BF63BFDB5" bold="true" box="[151,544,546,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777EB8C21BF63BFDB5" ID-CoL="84JV6" authority="Verrill, 1907" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1907" box="[246,544,546,572]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
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Agelasidae
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<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2C29777FCBC21BF63BFDB5" author="Verrill" box="[389,544,546,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1907) The Bermuda Islands: Part V. An account of the Coral Reefs (Characteristic Life of the Bermuda Coral Reefs). Porifera: Sponges. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 12, 330 - 344." type="journal article" year="1907">Verrill, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A93368091B2C29777ED9C250F5CCFC2B" blockId="12.[151,1437,617,930]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Verticillate styles and oxeas with whorls of tubercles regularly arranged along the spicule occur in the studied samples. These oxeas with whorls of short tubercles (
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<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B2C29777D48C2B4F757FD2F" box="[774,844,653,678]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of sponges of the order Agelasida; A—Verticillate style of the family Agelasidae; B – D—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. axifera, family Agelasidae; E – G—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. wiedemayeri, family Agelasidae; H, I—Oxea and style of Agelas sp., family Agelasidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287787/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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B–D) are similar to these of Recent species
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777B1EC2B4F5B9FD43" authority="Hentschel, 1911" authorityName="Hentschel" authorityYear="1911" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="axifera">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777B1EC2B4F4FDFD43" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Agelas axifera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2C29777EA3C288F5B9FD43" author="Hentschel" box="[237,418,689,714]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905, 3, 279 - 393. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7416" type="journal article" year="1911">Hentschel, 1911</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(compare with
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<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B2C29777C1DC288F68DFD43" box="[595,662,689,714]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1178,1200]" captionTargetBox="[742,843,199,1148]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[730,857,193,1157]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Acanthoxea of recent Agelas axifera (redrawn from Hentschel 1911)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287788/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Hentschel describes verticillate oxeas with 5–6 tubercles in each of 7–15 whorls arranged along the spicule, while the ones described here have 18–22 whorls that are more densely packed and consist of about 6–8 tubercles in each whorl. Also the size of the spicules is bigger—the spicules described by Hentschel are 112–152 µm long and the ones described here are approximately 250–300 µm long. Despite these differences, the assignment of these spicules to
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777D00C378F00CFCD3" box="[846,1047,833,858]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="axifera">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777D00C378F781FCD3" box="[846,922,833,858]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Agelas</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777D89C37BF00CFCD3" box="[967,1047,834,858]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">axifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seems justified because today this species occurs along the western and eastern coasts of
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<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B2C29777D5DC35CF762FCF7" box="[787,889,869,894]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Australia</collectingCountry>
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(e.g., Champion Bay;
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<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2C29777ACDC35FF4C9FC2B" author="Hooper" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Hooper, J. N. A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melbourne, 624 pp." type="book" year="1994">Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994</bibRefCitation>
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, van
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<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2C29777F42C3B3F5D0FC2B" author="Soest" box="[268,459,905,930]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Soest
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777F1EC3B3F593FC2B" box="[336,392,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="FDF338811B2C29777ED9C750F6BDF834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287787/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[151,1436,982,1876]" targetPageId="12">
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<paragraph id="A93368091B2C29777ED9C750F6BDF834" blockId="12.[151,1436,1897,1981]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777ED9C750F50DF8F7" bold="true" box="[151,278,1897,1919]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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Spicules of sponges of the order
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777C33C750F6FEF8F6" box="[637,741,1897,1919]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Agelasida</taxonomicName>
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; A—Verticillate style of the family
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777A2CC750F0CDF8F6" box="[1122,1238,1897,1919]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Agelasidae</taxonomicName>
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; B–D—Verticillate oxeas of
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777EB7C7B1F5A8F817" box="[249,435,1928,1950]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="axifera">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777EB7C7B1F525F817" box="[249,318,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Agelas</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777F25C7B1F5A8F817" box="[363,435,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">axifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, family
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777C41C7B1F698F817" box="[527,643,1928,1950]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Agelasidae</taxonomicName>
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; E–G—Verticillate oxeas of
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777DFDC7B1F7E3F817" box="[947,1016,1928,1950]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777DFDC7B1F7E3F817" box="[947,1016,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Agelas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777A6BC7B1F0BDF817" box="[1061,1190,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">wiedemayeri</emphasis>
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, family
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777B4CC7B1F16DF817" box="[1282,1398,1928,1950]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Agelasidae</taxonomicName>
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; H, I—Oxea and style of
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777F3FC79EF5ADF834" box="[369,438,1959,1981]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2C29777F3FC79EF5ADF834" box="[369,438,1959,1981]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Agelas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., family
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2C29777C60C79EF6B9F834" box="[558,674,1959,1981]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Agelasidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="FDF338811B2D29767ED9C4A3F7CDFB39" box="[151,982,1178,1200]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287788/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" targetBox="[742,843,199,1148]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph id="A93368091B2D29767ED9C4A3F7CDFB39" blockId="13.[151,982,1178,1200]" box="[151,982,1178,1200]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767ED9C4A3F509FB26" bold="true" box="[151,274,1178,1200]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
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Acanthoxea of recent
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767FB6C4A3F691FB39" box="[504,650,1178,1200]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="axifera">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767FB6C4A3F691FB39" box="[504,650,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Agelas axifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(redrawn from Hentschel 1911).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="A93368091B2D29767E89C4EEF5C3FA65" blockId="13.[151,1436,1239,2021]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Also the small verticillate style (
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<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B2D29767C7FC4EEF668FB79" box="[561,627,1239,1264]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of sponges of the order Agelasida; A—Verticillate style of the family Agelasidae; B – D—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. axifera, family Agelasidae; E – G—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. wiedemayeri, family Agelasidae; H, I—Oxea and style of Agelas sp., family Agelasidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287787/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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A) seems to have a recent equivalent among agelasid spicules. A spicule described here is similar to the spicules in the Recent
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767D4BC4C2F0B5FA9D" authority="Alcolado, 1984" authorityName="Alcolado" authorityYear="1984" box="[773,1198,1275,1300]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wiedenmayeri">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767D4BC4C2F7ECFA9D" box="[773,1015,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Agelas wiedenmayeri</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767A4EC4C2F0B5FA9D" author="Alcolado" box="[1024,1198,1275,1300]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (1984) Nuevas especies de esponjas encontradas en Cuba [New species of sponges from Cuba]. Poeyana, 271, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1984">Alcolado, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767AA7C4C2F54BFAB1" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767AA7C4C2F187FA9D" box="[1257,1436,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Agelas conifera</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767ED0C526F553FAB1" author="Schmidt" box="[158,328,1311,1336]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Both these species are noted today only from the Caribbean—
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<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767A5BC519F0C9FAB1" box="[1045,1234,1311,1336]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wiedenmayeri">
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<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767A5BC519F0C9FAB1" box="[1045,1234,1311,1336]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. wiedenmayeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B2D29767ED9C57AF4C9FAD5" box="[151,210,1347,1372]" name="Cuba" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767EAEC57AF5C4FAD5" author="Alcolado" box="[224,479,1347,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (1984) Nuevas especies de esponjas encontradas en Cuba [New species of sponges from Cuba]. Poeyana, 271, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Alcolado 1984, fig. 8b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767C53C57DF74CFAD5" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[541,855,1347,1372]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="conifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767C53C57DF682FAD5" box="[541,665,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. conifera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767CE6C57AF755FAD5" author="Schmidt" box="[680,846,1347,1372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported from all around the Caribbean (compare with Zea & van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767F02C551F5D1FA09" author="Soest" box="[332,458,1383,1408]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Zea, S. & van Soest, R. W. M. (1986) Three new species of sponges from the Colombian Caribbean. Bulletin of Marine Science, 38, 355 - 365." type="journal article" year="1986">Soest 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4A). The spicules also show a morphological similarity to other Caribbean species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767ED9C5B2F67FFA2D" authority="Gotera & Alcolado, 1987" authorityName="Gotera & Alcolado" authorityYear="1987" box="[151,612,1419,1444]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767ED9C5B2F52CFA2D" box="[151,311,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Agelas citrina</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767F0EC5B5F67FFA2D" author="Gotera" box="[320,612,1419,1444]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Gotera, G. G. & Alcolado, P. M. (1987) Nueva especie del genero Agelas (Porifera) colectada en Cuba. Poeyana, 342, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1987">Gotera & Alcolado, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767CD1C5B5F7ECFA2D" authority="Schmidt, 1870" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1870" box="[671,1015,1419,1444]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767CD1C5B5F72EFA2D" box="[671,821,1419,1444]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. clathrodes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767D08C5B2F7F4FA2D" author="Schmidt" box="[838,1007,1419,1444]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(compare with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767AE0C5B2F183FA2D" author="Parra-Velandia" box="[1198,1432,1419,1444]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Parra-Velandia, F. J. (2011) Speciation Scenarios of Sessile Organisms in the Caribbean Sea: The Genus Agelas (Porifera: Demospongiae), A case of high diversity in the area. PhD Thesis, 43 pp. [PhD thesis]" type="book" year="2011">Parra-Velandia 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Ph.D. thesis, figs. 4B, F). This suggests that the discussed Eocene spicule may belong to different species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767B1EC596F187FA41" box="[1360,1436,1455,1480]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767B1EC596F187FA41" box="[1360,1436,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Agelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than those mentioned above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A93368091B2D29767E89C5CEF175F94D" blockId="13.[151,1436,1239,2021]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Additionally, some other spicules (
|
||
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B2D29767C04C5CEF68DF999" box="[586,662,1527,1552]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of sponges of the order Agelasida; A—Verticillate style of the family Agelasidae; B – D—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. axifera, family Agelasidae; E – G—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. wiedemayeri, family Agelasidae; H, I—Oxea and style of Agelas sp., family Agelasidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287787/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E–G) possessing whorls consisting of long spines of equal length that are similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767F7DC625F5F4F9BD" box="[307,495,1563,1588]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wiedenmayeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767F7DC625F5F4F9BD" box="[307,495,1563,1588]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. wiedenmayeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spicules (compare with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767D4CC622F782F9BD" author="Mothes" box="[770,921,1563,1588]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Mothes, B., Campos, M., Lerner, C., Carraro, J. L. & Parra-Velandia, F. J. (2007) New records of the genus Agelas Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (Porifera, Agelasida) off the Amazon River mouth, Brazil, Southwestern Atlantic. Biota Neotropica, 7, 83 - 90. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032007000300009" type="journal article" year="2007">Mothes 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 13) have been here recorded. But similar spicules occur also in “sclerosponge” species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767CFBC606F06FF9D1" authority="Hartman, 1969" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1969" box="[693,1140,1599,1624]" class="Demospongiae" family="Astroscleridae" genus="Goreauiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767CFBC606F7A7F9D1" box="[693,956,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Goreauiella auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767D89C679F06FF9D1" author="Hartman" box="[967,1140,1599,1624]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Hartman, W. D. (1969) New genera and species of coralline sponges (Porifera) from Jamaica. Postilla, 137, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1969">Hartman, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767A9EC606F158F9D1" box="[1232,1347,1599,1624]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Agelasida</taxonomicName>
|
||
, family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767ED9C65AF525F9F5" box="[151,318,1635,1660]" class="Demospongiae" family="Astroscleridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Astroscleridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In both cases however, the spicules are much smaller than the ones described here and both,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767BCAC65DF52FF929" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wiedenmayeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767BCAC65DF52FF929" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. wiedenmayeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767F39C6B1F60AF929" box="[375,529,1671,1696]" class="Demospongiae" family="Astroscleridae" genus="Goreauiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767F39C6B1F60AF929" box="[375,529,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G. auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were described only from the Caribbean Sea. The presence of two spicule morphotypes independently assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767C14C695F722F94D" box="[602,825,1707,1732]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wiedenmayeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767C14C695F670F94A" box="[602,619,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767CD2C692F722F94D" box="[668,825,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">wiedenmayeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see discussion above) confirms such assignment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A93368091B2D29767E89C6E9F5C9F815" blockId="13.[151,1436,1239,2021]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In the rest of the cases (
|
||
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B2D29767FBFC6F6F658F961" box="[497,579,1743,1768]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of sponges of the order Agelasida; A—Verticillate style of the family Agelasidae; B – D—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. axifera, family Agelasidae; E – G—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. wiedemayeri, family Agelasidae; H, I—Oxea and style of Agelas sp., family Agelasidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287787/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
H–I), spicules are not characteristic enough to assign them to the lower taxonomic level than the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767FB1C6CAF664F885" box="[511,639,1779,1804]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Agelasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These spicules may belong to the Recent species known from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B2D29767ED9C72EF51AF8B9" box="[151,257,1815,1840]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, e.g., to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767F2EC721F690F8B9" authority="Thiele, 1903" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1903" box="[352,651,1815,1840]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="cavernosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767F2EC721F5E8F8B9" box="[352,499,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. cavernosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767FB4C72EF690F8B9" author="Thiele" box="[506,651,1815,1840]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Thiele, J. (1903) Kieselschwamme von Ternate. II. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt, 25, 933 - 968." type="journal article" year="1903">Thiele, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767CD8C721F7C4F8B9" authority="Levi, 1993" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[662,991,1815,1840]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dendromorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767CD8C721F740F8B9" box="[662,859,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. dendromorpha</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767D2DC72EF7C4F8B9" author="Levi" box="[867,991,1815,1840]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot'. Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. pp. 9 - 87. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.) Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, 11. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series A (Zoologie), 158, 1 - 426." type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767A44C721F183F8B9" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1996" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1996" box="[1034,1432,1815,1840]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="semiglaber">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767A44C721F0BEF8B9" box="[1034,1189,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. semiglaber</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767AE3C72EF183F8B9" author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[1197,1432,1815,1840]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1996) Sponges from the Bismarck Sea. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici della (R.) Universita di Genova, 60 - 61, 101 - 138." type="book chapter" year="1996">Pulitzer-Finali, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Especially the spicules of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767F8DC702F758F8DD" authority="Levi, 1993" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[451,835,1851,1876]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="dendromorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2D29767F8DC702F6A6F8DD" box="[451,701,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Agelas dendromorpha</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767C89C702F758F8DD" author="Levi" box="[711,835,1851,1876]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot'. Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. pp. 9 - 87. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.) Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, 11. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series A (Zoologie), 158, 1 - 426." type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resemble those described here, both, in morphology (e.g., the number of the whorls) and the size (compare with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2D29767D78C766F7B0F8F1" author="Levi" box="[822,939,1887,1912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot'. Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. pp. 9 - 87. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.) Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM, 11. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series A (Zoologie), 158, 1 - 426." type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 11A), but the studied spicules may also represent an extinct species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A93368091B2D29757E89C791F6BAFEC9" blockId="13.[151,1436,1239,2021]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
It is worth mentioning that verticillate monaxial spicules occur also in other demosponge groups (e.g., the order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767E92C7F5F597F86C" box="[220,396,1996,2021]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Poecilosclerida</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but those assigned here to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2D29767D1BC7F5F7C9F86C" box="[853,978,1996,2021]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Agelasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are characterized by regularly arranged whorls of tubercles, whereas monaxons of poecilosclerids usually have (with some exceptions, e.g., genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2E29757ED9C084F5DDFF5D" authority="Topsent, 1898" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,454,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Podospongiidae" genus="Sceptrintus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2E29757ED9C084F50EFF5D" box="[151,277,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sceptrintus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2E29757F6EC084F5DDFF5D" author="Topsent" box="[288,454,188,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Topsent, E. (1898) Eponges nouvelles des Acores. (Premiere serie). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 11, 225 - 255." type="journal article" year="1898">Topsent, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2E29757C64C085F6C4FF5C" box="[554,735,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Podospongiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Podospongiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) an irregularly sculptured surface. Also one of the spicules described (
|
||
<figureCitation id="31B7748C1B2E29757F5BC0E6F541FF71" box="[277,346,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,982,1876]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Spicules of sponges of the order Agelasida; A—Verticillate style of the family Agelasidae; B – D—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. axifera, family Agelasidae; E – G—Verticillate oxeas of Agelas cf. wiedemayeri, family Agelasidae; H, I—Oxea and style of Agelas sp., family Agelasidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287787/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G) is similar to the spicules of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2E29757C84C0E6F784FF71" box="[714,927,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="primitiva">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2E29757C84C0E6F784FF71" box="[714,927,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Alectona primitiva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2E29757A4BC0E6F060FF71" box="[1029,1147,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Thoosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2E29757B67C0E6F5A9FE95" author="Vacelet" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, 1, 51 - 126." type="journal article" year="1971">Vacelet & Vasseur (1971, fig. 22A)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but the presence of other agelasid spicules and the lack of microscleres of this thoosid makes the agelasid assignment more probable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A93368091B2E29757E89C175F139FD91" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The spicules similar to those assigned here as agelasids were also described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2E29757A02C175F4F0FE01" author="Schrammen" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Schrammen, A. (1924) Die Kieselspongien der oberen Kreide von Nordwestdeutschland. III und letzter Teil. Mit Beitragen zur Stammesgeschichte. Monographien zur Geologie und Palaontologie, 1, 1 - 159. [Stuttgart]" type="journal article" year="1924">Schrammen (1924, pl. 4, figs. 29, 32)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the Cretaceous of NW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D19B28991B2E29757C03C149F6AEFE01" box="[589,693,368,392]" name="Germany" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
but without a precise assignment. On the other hand, sponges belonging to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2E29757FE8C1ADF638FE24" box="[422,547,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Agelasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2E29757C83C1ADF702FE24" box="[717,793,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2E29757C83C1ADF702FE24" box="[717,793,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have already been described in the fossil record, e.g., by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2E29757ED9C18EF590FE59" author="Mostler" box="[151,395,439,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Mostler, H. (1994) Der erste Nachweis von agelasiden Schwammen (Demospongiae) aus dem Jungpalaozoikum, Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 50, 341 - 352." type="journal article" year="1994">Mostler (1994, pl. 1)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the Permian of Texas. From Miocene of Central Atlantic this
|
||
<typeStatus id="7637D6AB1B2E29757AE0C181F0C5FE59" box="[1198,1246,440,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of spicules was described by Burky (1978, pl. 10, fig. 1) and from rocks of the same age from the central Paratethys by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD1D15F81B2E29757B64C1E5F501FD91" author="Lukowiak" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Lukowiak, M., Pisera, A. & Schlogl, J. (2014) Bathyal sponges from the late Early Miocene of the Vienna Basin (central Paratethys, Slovakia). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 88 (3), 263 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 013 - 0197 - x" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Łukowiak
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2E29757ED9C238F4D4FD91" box="[151,207,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 5H). However, it is the first fossil record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2E29757D73C1C6F018FD91" box="[829,1027,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="axifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2E29757D73C1C6F792FD91" box="[829,905,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Agelas</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2E29757DFAC239F018FD91" box="[948,1027,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">axifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6E8C138A1B2E29757A74C239F105FD91" box="[1082,1310,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="wiedenmayeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2E29757A74C239F049FD9E" box="[1082,1106,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="9BF8B41B1B2E29757A33C1C6F105FD91" box="[1149,1310,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">wiedenmayeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |