treatments-xml/data/1F/7B/C3/1F7BC30180C643E1ADCEE3FBD6B5282D.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-200-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" ModsDocID="1314-2003-200-1" checkinTime="1655292389427" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barboza, Gloria E., Garcia, Carolina Carrizo, Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem, Romero, Maria V. &amp; Scaldaferro, Marisel" docDate="2022" docId="1F7BC30180C643E1ADCEE3FBD6B5282D" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 200: 1-423" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 200" docPubDate="2022-06-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" docTitle="Capsicum chacoense Hunz., Darwiniana 9 (2): 228. 1950." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" masterDocTitle="Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1655292705827" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gbarboza@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Garcia, Carolina Carrizo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ccarrizo@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia), PqEB Parque Estacao Biologica, Av. W / 5 final, Brasilia-DF, CEP 70770 - 917, Caixa Postal 02372, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Romero, Maria V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Scaldaferro, Marisel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina &amp; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-06-14</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>200</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>423</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-200-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F7BC30180C643E1ADCEE3FBD6B5282D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F7BC30180C643E1ADCEE3FBD6B5282D" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
10. 
<taxonomicName authority="Hunz., Darwiniana 9 (2): 228. 1950." authorityName="Hunz., Darwiniana 9 (2): 228. 1950." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum chacoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chacoense">Capsicum chacoense Hunz., Darwiniana 9(2): 228. 1950.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="F45" captionText="Figure 45. Capsicum chacoense A root B fruiting branch C eglandular trichome of the leaf D flower E sector of opened corolla F gynoecium G fruit H seed I seed, in cross section J embryo A, C-F from Hunziker 18572 B, G-J from Hunziker et al. 25388. Drawn by N. de Flury. Published in Barboza (2013), courtesy of the Board of the Instituto Darwinion (San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina), reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure45" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695460" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 45</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Capsicum chacoense A plant B flower bud C flower, in pre-anthesis D flower, in front view E immature fruit F mature fruit A-F from Barboza et al. 4910. Photos by G. E. Barboza." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 46</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum chacoense subsp. var. var. tomentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="chacoense" subSpecies="var." variety="tomentosum">Capsicum chacoense Hunz. var. tomentosum</taxonomicName>
Hunz., Darwiniana 9(2): 235. 1950. Type. Argentina. Chaco: [Dept. Independencia], Colonia J.J. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mármol">Marmol</normalizedToken>
, 31 Dec 1946, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. Buratovich 117</emphasis>
(holotype: LIL [acc. # 173409); isotype: B [B10-1067916]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1945-03-12" collectorName="A. T. Hunziker" country="Argentina" location="Dept. Primero de Mayo" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chaco" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="Argentina">Argentina</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Argentina" name="Chaco">Chaco</collectingRegion>
: [
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1F7BC30180C643E1ADCEE3FBD6B5282D:464E5EBFB7C827F1FA97383796BB41EE" country="Argentina" name="Dept. Primero de Mayo" stateProvince="Chaco">Dept. Primero de Mayo</location>
] 
<locationDeviation firstLocation="Colonia Benitez" secondLocation="Resistencia">
entre Colonia 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Benítez">Benitez</normalizedToken>
y Resistencia
</locationDeviation>
, 
<collectingDate value="1945-03-12">12 Mar 1945</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>A.T. Hunziker</collectorName>
7340
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: CORD [CORD00003920]; isolectotypes: CORD [CORD00003919, CORD00087962])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Low compact shrubs or subshrubs 0.40-1 (-2.5) m tall, much branched from a thick basal rootstock, with the main stem 2-3 cm in diameter at base, the branches expanded and divaricated, in a typical 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“zig-zag”">&quot;zig-zag&quot;</normalizedToken>
appearance. Young stems strongly 3-4-angled, fragile, green or purple, sparsely to densely pubescent with antrorse and more or less rigid or spreading and flexuous, simple, uniseriate, 3-7-celled, eglandular trichomes 0.03-0.8 (-1.4) mm long, rarely branched trichomes 1-7 mm long; nodes green; bark of older stems brown, glabrescent to glabrous; lenticels sparse. Sympodial units unifoliate or difoliate, the leaves geminate; leaf pair more or less similar in shape and size. Leaves membranous, slightly discolorous or concolorous, glabrescent to densely pubescent with eglandular trichomes similar to the stems on both surfaces and margins; blades of all leaves 2-6 (-8) cm long, 1-3.5 (-5) cm wide, ovate, narrowly ovate or rarely elliptic, the major veins 3-4 on each side of midvein, the base attenuate and asymmetric, the margins entire, the apex long-acuminate; petioles 0.5-2 (-3.5) cm long, glabrescent to densely pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, flower solitary; flowering pedicels (5-) 10-25 (-40) mm long, strongly angled, erect, geniculate at anthesis, green, scarcely to moderately pubescent; pedicels scars inconspicuous. Buds globose or ovoid, white. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx 1.2-2 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, cup-shaped, thick, green, moderately pubescent with the same eglandular trichomes as stems, the calyx appendages 7-10 (rarely 5), unequal, rarely subequal, the five main appendages longer, 0.5-1.5 mm long, 0.3 mm wide, alternating with 2-5 shorter secondary appendages up to 0.7 mm long, thick, erect or slightly spreading, cylindrical or slightly compressed, inserted close to the margin, sparsely pubescent with the same trichomes as calyx tube. Corolla 4-6 (-9) mm long, 9-11 mm in diameter, thick, entirely white, stellate with interpetalar membrane, lobed 1/2 or less of the way to the base, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the tube 2-4 mm long, the lobes 2-2.6 (-3.1) mm long, 2-2.4 mm wide, triangular, spreading, the margins papillate, the tips acute, papillate. Stamens five, equal; filaments 0.8-1.5 mm long, white, inserted on the corolla 1-1.3 mm from the base, with conspicuous auricles free, not fused to the corolla at the point of insertion; anthers (0.9-) 1.2-1.5 mm long, ellipsoid, yellow or cream, not connivent at anthesis. Gynoecium with ovary 1.5-2.3 mm long, ca. 1.7 mm in diameter, light green, ovoid; ovules more than two per locule; nectary ca. 0.4 mm tall, light green; styles homomorphic, 2.4-2.8 (-4) mm long, exserted ca. 1-1.5 mm beyond the anthers, white, cylindrical; stigma ca. 0.2 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, cream or light green, globose. Berry 7-10 mm in diameter, globose or (6-) 8-14 mm long, 5-8 mm in diameter, ellipsoid, green or green with blackish spots when immature, orange to bright red at maturity, deciduous, pungent, in some populations, non-pungent, the pericarp thick, opaque, with giant cells (endocarp alveolate); stone cells absent; fruiting pedicels 15-20 mm long, erect, strongly angled, widened distally, green; fruiting calyx 4-5 mm in diameter, persistent, not accrescent, discoid, green, the appendages 0.5-1.6 mm long, spreading or slightly recurved. Seeds 14-25 per fruit, 3.4-4 mm long, 2.8-3 mm wide, C-shaped, rarely subglobose or reniform, pale yellow, the seed coat smooth to reticulate (SM), reticulate-cerebelloid (SEM), the cells irregular in shape, the lateral walls strongly sinuate in seed body, nearly straight at margin; embryo imbricate or coiled.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum chacoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread species usually confined to Chaco vegetation, which extends from Bolivia and Paraguay to central Argentina (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Distribution of C. carassense, C. ceratocalyx and C. chacoense" figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695456" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum chacoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a typical component of the dry and subhumid Gran Chaco forests ranging from the inter-Andean valleys at higher elevations to the lower Chaco forests in northern Argentina and Paraguay. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum chacoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in the undergrowth, beneath the shade of nurse shrubs or trees, from 50-2,700 m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowering from late October to March and April, fruiting from January to May or June.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
n = 12 (
<bibRefCitation author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 297" refId="B308" refString="Moscone, EA, 1992. Estudios de cromosomas meioticos en Solanaceae de Argentina. Darwiniana 31: 261 - 297" title="Estudios de cromosomas meioticos en Solanaceae de Argentina." volume="31" year="1992">Moscone 1992</bibRefCitation>
); 2n = 24 (
<bibRefCitation author="Pickersgill, B" editor="Pochard, E" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendues 3 eme Congres Eucarpia Piment. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Montfavet-Avignon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 37" refId="B369" refString="Pickersgill, B, 1977. Chromosomes and evolution in Capsicum. In: Pochard, E, Ed., Capsicum 77. Comptes Rendues 3eme Congres Eucarpia Piment. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Montfavet-Avignon: 27 - 37" title="Chromosomes and evolution in Capsicum." volumeTitle="Capsicum 77." year="1977">Pickersgill 1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2807632" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="147 - 154" refId="B307" refString="Moscone, EA, 1990. Chromosome studies on Capsicum (Solanaceae) I. Karyotype analysis in C. chacoeense. Brittonia 42 (2): 147 - 154, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2807632" title="Chromosome studies on Capsicum (Solanaceae) I. Karyotype analysis in C. chacoeense." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2807632" volume="42" year="1990">Moscone 1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00940799" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 229" refId="B313" refString="Moscone, EA, Lambrou, M, Hunziker, AT, Ehrendorfer, F, 1993. Giemsa C-banded karyotypes in Capsicum (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 186: 213 - 229, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00940799" title="Giemsa C-banded karyotypes in Capsicum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00940799" volume="186" year="1993">Moscone et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11495.x" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="276 - 287" refId="B314" refString="Moscone, EA, Loidl, J, Ehrendorfer, F, Hunziker, AT, 1995. Analysis of active nucleolus organizing regions in Capsicum (Solanaceae) by silver staining. American Journal of Botany 82: 276 - 287, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11495.x" title="Analysis of active nucleolus organizing regions in Capsicum (Solanaceae) by silver staining." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11495.x" volume="82" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horticulturae (ISHS)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 170" refId="B317" refString="Moscone, EA, Scaldaferro, MA, Grabiele, M, Cecchini, NM, Sanchez Garcia, Y, Jarret, R, Davina, JR, Ducasse, DA, Barboza, GE, Ehrendorfer, F, 2007. The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 745: 137 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" title="The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" volume="745" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Argentina</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
(Catamarca, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brizuela 1127</emphasis>
; Chaco, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aguilar 568</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
17
</emphasis>
; Corrientes, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nicora s.n.</emphasis>
; Santiago del Estero, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Soriano &amp; Barret 3592</emphasis>
), Bolita (Santiago del Estero, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Perrone s.n.</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cumbaré">Cumbare</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Castellanos 217</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cumbarí">Cumbari</normalizedToken>
(Catamarca, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">de Ance 81</emphasis>
; Corrientes, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ibarrola 2988</emphasis>
; La Rioja, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker 4807</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lají">Laji</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lorentz s.n.</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pipí">Pipi</normalizedToken>
(Formosa, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Morel 910</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Putaparió">Putapario</normalizedToken>
(Chaco, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gaillard s.n.</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cocucci 4966</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tucumán">Tucuman</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schreiter 1927</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Putaqueteparió">Putaquetepario</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hawkes et al. 3308</emphasis>
), Uchuca (Catamarca, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vervoorst 3535</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="cumbarí">cumbari</normalizedToken>
(Catamarca, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schickendantz 74</emphasis>
; Chaco, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schulz 2</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Castagnino s.n.</emphasis>
; La Rioja, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Giacomelli 130</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
chuca (Chaco, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">de Ance 81</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
fuerte (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Villafañe">Villafane</normalizedToken>
400
</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
picante (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Botta 115</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
quitucho (Catamarca, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capparelli 158</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
uchiquita (La Rioja, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker 4807</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
uchuco (Catamarca, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Falcone &amp; Castellanos</emphasis>
262), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
del campo (Chaco, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schulz 92</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Castellanos 217</emphasis>
; La Rioja, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker 5088</emphasis>
; San Luis, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anderson 1447</emphasis>
; Santa Fe, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Krapovickas 762</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
del monte (Catamarca, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cabrera 1132</emphasis>
; Chaco, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fortunato 1445</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spegazzini s.n.</emphasis>
; Salta, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Ayarde &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sidán">Sidan</normalizedToken>
299
</emphasis>
; Santiago del Estero, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bartlett 20435</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tucumán">Tucuman</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schreiter 1927</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
mala palabra (Santiago del Estero, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Crespo s.n.</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
puta 
<normalizedToken originalValue="parió">pario</normalizedToken>
(San Juan, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cortez 156</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
quitucho dulce (Salta, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker 1578</emphasis>
), Picante del monte (Jujuy, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Joergensen s.n.</emphasis>
), Pimiento del monte (Chaco, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Meyer 8561</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bolivia</emphasis>
: Aribibi (Santa Cruz, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Navarro</emphasis>
&amp; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vargas C. 261</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
del zorro (Chuquisaca, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Saravia Toledo 10343</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraguay</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boquerón">Boqueron</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">August 18</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cambarí">Cambari</normalizedToken>
(Central, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rojas 10821</emphasis>
), Cumbary (Capital, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rojas 14325</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="indigenous names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Indigenous names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Argentina</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Atéshuk">Ateshuk</normalizedToken>
(Chorote, 
<bibRefCitation author="Scarpa, GF" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="333 - 345" refId="B432" refString="Scarpa, GF, 2007. Plantas asociadas a la pesca y a sus recursos por los Indigenas Chorote del Chaco Semiarido (Argentina). Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 41 (3-4): 333 - 345" title="Plantas asociadas a la pesca y a sus recursos por los Indigenas Chorote del Chaco Semiarido (Argentina)." volume="41" year="2007">Scarpa 2007</bibRefCitation>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Awarañink¨i’¨i’">Awaranink¨i'¨i'</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tapieté">Tapiete</normalizedToken>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2016.41.684" author="Montani, MC" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana, nueva serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="12 - 30" refId="B303" refString="Montani, MC, Scarpa, GF, 2016. Recursos vegetales y practicas alimentarias entre indigenas tapiete del noreste de la provincia de Salta, Argentina. Darwiniana, nueva serie 4 (1): 12 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2016.41.684" title="Recursos vegetales y practicas alimentarias entre indigenas tapiete del noreste de la provincia de Salta, Argentina." url="https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2016.41.684" volume="4" year="2016">Montani and Scarpa 2016</bibRefCitation>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chemmak’-raík’">Chemmak'-raik'</normalizedToken>
(= picante) (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mocoví">Mocovi</normalizedToken>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v49.n4.9995" author="Scarpa, GF" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="623 - 647" refId="B433" refString="Scarpa, GF, Rosso, CN, 2014. La etnobotanica moqoit inedita de Raul Martinez Crovetto I: Descripcion, actualizacion y analisis de la nomenclatura indigena. Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 49 (4): 623 - 647, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v49.n4.9995" title="La etnobotanica moqoit inedita de Raul Martinez Crovetto I: Descripcion, actualizacion y analisis de la nomenclatura indigena." url="https://doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v49.n4.9995" volume="49" year="2014">Scarpa and Rosso 2014</bibRefCitation>
), Ke-ig (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guaraní">Guarani</normalizedToken>
, Corrientes, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ibarrola 2988</emphasis>
), Kodae (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pilagá">Pilaga</normalizedToken>
, Formosa, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
Crovetto 31, Arenas 3043
</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko’rae">Ko'rae</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pilagá">Pilaga</normalizedToken>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)01185-0" author="Filipov, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="181 - 193" refId="B152" refString="Filipov, A, 1994. Medicinal plants of the Pilaga of Central Chaco. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 44: 181 - 193, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)01185-0" title="Medicinal plants of the Pilaga of Central Chaco." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)01185-0" volume="44" year="1994">Filipov 1994</bibRefCitation>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ko’rai’">Ko'rai'</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pilagá">Pilaga</normalizedToken>
, Formosa, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Arenas 1956</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pájanak">Pajanak</normalizedToken>
(Chorote, 
<bibRefCitation author="Scarpa, GF" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="333 - 345" refId="B432" refString="Scarpa, GF, 2007. Plantas asociadas a la pesca y a sus recursos por los Indigenas Chorote del Chaco Semiarido (Argentina). Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 41 (3-4): 333 - 345" title="Plantas asociadas a la pesca y a sus recursos por los Indigenas Chorote del Chaco Semiarido (Argentina)." volume="41" year="2007">Scarpa 2007</bibRefCitation>
), Pa: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="nãn">nan</normalizedToken>
(Salta, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Arenas 2121</emphasis>
), Quihiy (Chaco, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Escobar 19</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bolivia</emphasis>
: Aguara keu (Santa Cruz, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bourdy 2000</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kî">Ki</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="mi’">mi'</normalizedToken>
(Santa Cruz, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">de Michel 2568</emphasis>
); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraguay</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Atés">Ates</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boquerón">Boqueron</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Arenas 1688</emphasis>
), Atic (Presidente Hayes, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Arenas 1546</emphasis>
), Ciaq taqatic (Presidente Hayes, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Arenas 2377</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hũpita">Hũpita</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boquerón">Boqueron</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Arenas 1853</emphasis>
), Naatikgit (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boquerón">Boqueron</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Arenas 436</emphasis>
), Yemade (Toba, Presidente Hayes, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Williams et al. 140</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The pungent fruits are locally used as spicy food additives for both local and indigenous people (
<bibRefCitation author="Nascimento Sousa, WR" journalOrPublisher="Acta Scientiarum, Agronomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B324" refString="National Research Council (1989) Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivatation.National Academic Press, Washington, 409 pp." year="2015">National Research Council 1989</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00576.x" author="Arenas, P" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="73 - 85" refId="B20" refString="Arenas, P, Scarpa, GF, 2007. Edible wild plants of the Chorote Indians, Gran Chaco, Argentina. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (1): 73 - 85, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00576.x" title="Edible wild plants of the Chorote Indians, Gran Chaco, Argentina." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00576.x" volume="153" year="2007">Arenas and Scarpa 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Biurrun, E" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 140" refId="B56" refString="Biurrun, E, Galetto, L, Anton, AM, Biurrun, F, 2007. Plantas silvestres comestibles utilizadas en poblaciones rurales de la Provincia de La Rioja (Argentina). Kurtziana 33: 121 - 140" title="Plantas silvestres comestibles utilizadas en poblaciones rurales de la Provincia de La Rioja (Argentina)." volume="33" year="2007">Biurrun et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Scarpa, GF" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="333 - 345" refId="B432" refString="Scarpa, GF, 2007. Plantas asociadas a la pesca y a sus recursos por los Indigenas Chorote del Chaco Semiarido (Argentina). Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 41 (3-4): 333 - 345" title="Plantas asociadas a la pesca y a sus recursos por los Indigenas Chorote del Chaco Semiarido (Argentina)." volume="41" year="2007">Scarpa 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.30972/bon.232259" author="Martinez Crovetto, RN" journalOrPublisher="Bonplandia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="119 - 131" refId="B276" refString="Martinez Crovetto, RN, 2014. Algunos datos sobre etnobotanica mocovi. Bonplandia 23 (2): 119 - 131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.30972/bon.232259" title="Algunos datos sobre etnobotanica mocovi." url="https://doi.org/10.30972/bon.232259" volume="23" year="2014">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
Crovetto 2014
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2016.41.684" author="Montani, MC" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana, nueva serie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="12 - 30" refId="B303" refString="Montani, MC, Scarpa, GF, 2016. Recursos vegetales y practicas alimentarias entre indigenas tapiete del noreste de la provincia de Salta, Argentina. Darwiniana, nueva serie 4 (1): 12 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2016.41.684" title="Recursos vegetales y practicas alimentarias entre indigenas tapiete del noreste de la provincia de Salta, Argentina." url="https://doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2016.41.684" volume="4" year="2016">Montani and Scarpa 2016</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v53.n1.19912" author="Saur Palmieri, V" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="115 - 133" refId="B424" refString="Saur Palmieri, V, Lopez, ML, Trillo, C, 2018. Aproximaciones etnobotanicas de las especies y practicas de frutos nativos comestibles de la actualidad. Aportes para la interpretacion del pasado prehispanico de Cerro Colorado (Cordoba, Argentina). Boletin de la Sociedad Argentina de Botanica 53 (1): 115 - 133, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v53.n1.19912" title="Aproximaciones etnobotanicas de las especies y practicas de frutos nativos comestibles de la actualidad. Aportes para la interpretacion del pasado prehispanico de Cerro Colorado (Cordoba, Argentina)." url="https://doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v53.n1.19912" volume="53" year="2018">Saur Palmieri et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). In regional markets, fruits are sold fresh or as pickles in oil or vinegar (Barboza, pers. obs.). Fruits are also used in traditional medicine (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Medicinal uses attributed to Capsicum species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0EA09D0128E47907025CB96BFC187AD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="0EA09D0128E47907025CB96BFC187AD1">3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation assessment.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
EOO (1,724,002 km2); AOO (952 km2). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum chacoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread across subtropical Chaco forests from Bolivia to Paraguay and is assigned the Least Concern (LC) category.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum chacoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the Baccatum clade (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 51" refId="B79" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Barfuss, MHJ, Sehr, EM, Barboza, GE, Samuel, R, Moscone, EA, Ehrendorfer, F, 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 118: 35 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" title="Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" volume="118" year="2016">
Carrizo 
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). It has a peculiar dwarf habit, profusely branched from the thick rootstock with small leaves, solitary flowers, entirely white corollas, filaments with conspicuous free auricles at point of insertion to the corolla and abundant red mature fruits per plant. Its most variable character is pubescence. Typically, plants are sparsely pubescent, but densely tomentose populations grow in north-eastern Argentina (Chaco) and Paraguay (Alto Paraguay), which, in the past, were recognised as a separate variety, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. chacoense subsp. var. var. tomentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="chacoense" subSpecies="var." variety="tomentosum">C. chacoense var. tomentosum</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="225 - 247" refId="B196" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1950. Estudios sobre Solanaceae. I: Sinopsis de las especies silvestres de Capsicum de Argentina y Paraguay. Darwiniana 9: 225 - 247" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae. I: Sinopsis de las especies silvestres de Capsicum de Argentina y Paraguay." volume="9" year="1950">Hunziker 1950</bibRefCitation>
). Some of these tomentose populations were included in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hunziker’s">Hunziker's</normalizedToken>
circumscription of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. microcarpum subsp. var. var. tomentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="microcarpum" subSpecies="var." variety="tomentosum">C. microcarpum var. tomentosum</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. rabenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rabenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rabenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="225 - 247" refId="B196" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1950. Estudios sobre Solanaceae. I: Sinopsis de las especies silvestres de Capsicum de Argentina y Paraguay. Darwiniana 9: 225 - 247" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae. I: Sinopsis de las especies silvestres de Capsicum de Argentina y Paraguay." volume="9" year="1950">Hunziker 1950</bibRefCitation>
), leading to confusion between the two taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A second variable feature is the number and degree of development of the calyx appendages. The most common condition is the presence of calyces with 10 unequal appendages, the five main ones longer and alternating with five shorter, all of them usually well-developed (that is, appendages exceed the truncate calyx edge). In some cases, the shorter appendages vary from 2-5, with some exceeding the calyx edge and others scarcely noticeable, reduced to a mucro. Calyces with this second pattern create confusion in the identification of fruiting specimens, especially when all short appendages are not well-developed. Often, these specimens are annotated in herbaria as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. baccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="baccatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. baccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from which 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. chacoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by its smaller and entirely white corollas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The fruits of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. chacoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are locally very appreciated for their flavour and high pungency (see references in Uses). However, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. chacoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is naturally polymorphic for the production of capsaicinoids, such that completely pungent and completely non-pungent individuals co-occur in some Bolivian populations (Tewskbury et al. 2006); non-pungent fruits have also been recorded in Argentinean populations (e.g. Salta, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker 1578</emphasis>
). 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802691105" author="Tewksbury, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="11808 - 11811" refId="B470" refString="Tewksbury, JJ, Reagan, KM, Machnicki, NJ, Carlo, TA, Haak, DC, Calderon Penaloza, AL, Levey, DJ, 2008b. Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 11808 - 11811, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802691105" title="Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies." url="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802691105" volume="105" year="2008 b">Tewksbury et al. (2008b)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that the pungency variation found in 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. chacoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be an adaptive response to selection by a microbial pathogen. Thus, capsaicinoids protect the fruits and seeds from fungal pathogens (
<taxonomicName class="Sordariomycetes" family="Nectriaceae" genus="Fusarium" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Fusarium" order="Hypocreales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fusarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) that severely reduce seed viability.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
There is little information about which birds, the most effective dispersers of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seeds, eat 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. chacoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fruits. Information from a herbarium label (Bolivia, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Debouck 3016</emphasis>
) suggests that small parrots eat the fruits of this species. Tewskbury et al. (2006) mentioned 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pelzeln" authorityYear="1868" class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" genus="Elaenia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elaenia parvirostris" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvirostris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Elaenia parvirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘fiofío">'fiofio</normalizedToken>
pico 
<normalizedToken originalValue="corto’">corto'</normalizedToken>
(Fam. 
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannidae</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabanis" authorityYear="1850" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Turdus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Turdus amaurochalinus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amaurochalinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Turdus amaurochalinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
'zorzal 
<normalizedToken originalValue="chalchalero’">chalchalero'</normalizedToken>
(Fam. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Turdidae</taxonomicName>
) as the major dispersers of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seeds in Bolivia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. chacoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Hunziker, AT" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="225 - 247" refId="B196" refString="Hunziker, AT, 1950. Estudios sobre Solanaceae. I: Sinopsis de las especies silvestres de Capsicum de Argentina y Paraguay. Darwiniana 9: 225 - 247" title="Estudios sobre Solanaceae. I: Sinopsis de las especies silvestres de Capsicum de Argentina y Paraguay." volume="9" year="1950">Hunziker (1950)</bibRefCitation>
indicated &quot;Typus speciei. (ATH)&quot; [Armando Teodoro Hunziker] referring to his own Herbarium now housed at CORD. In CORD, there are three mounted sheets of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker 7340</emphasis>
, two of them (sheets A and B) are labelled as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“holotype”">&quot;holotype&quot;</normalizedToken>
(barcodes CORD00003919, CORD00003920) and the third one (CORD00087962) has a label in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hunziker’s">Hunziker's</normalizedToken>
hand, indicating it is a duplicate specimen (probably with the intention to be donated elsewhere, but now mounted and accessioned at CORD). Sheet B contains a complete fruiting young individual with a label where the word Typus was handwritten by Hunziker as an indication that it should be the holotype; we are designating this sheet B (CORD00003920) as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure45" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695460" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 45" startId="F45">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 45.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum chacoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
root 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
fruiting branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
eglandular trichome of the leaf 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
sector of opened corolla 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
gynoecium 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
seed 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
seed, in cross section 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
embryo 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C-F</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker 18572</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, G-J</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker et al. 25388</emphasis>
. Drawn by N. de Flury. Published in 
<bibRefCitation author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B33" refString="Barboza, GE, 2013. Capsicum. In: Barboza GE (Coord.) Solanaceae. Flora Argentina. Vol. 13. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET, Buenos Aires, 21-25." title="Capsicum. In: Barboza GE (Coord.) Solanaceae. Flora Argentina. Vol. 13. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET, Buenos Aires, 21 - 25." year="2013">Barboza (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, courtesy of the Board of the Instituto Darwinion (San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina), reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695461" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 46" startId="F46">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 46.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum chacoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chacoense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum chacoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
plant 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
flower bud 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
flower, in pre-anthesis 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
flower, in front view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
immature fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
mature fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-F</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 4910</emphasis>
. Photos by G.E. Barboza.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. material 4: Appendix 4.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>