749 lines
86 KiB
XML
749 lines
86 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1142-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="1D4BDF04F72B59B9984E00D0B4FB338D" ID-ZooBank="A1129EE50F9941CFB73AE771B66E2486" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1142-1" checkinTime="1674655519517" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Tongkerd, Piyoros, Tumpeesuwan, Sakboworn, Inkhavilay, Khamla, Prasankok, Pongpun, Jeratthitikul, Ekgachai, Panha, Somsak & Sutcharit, Chirasak" docDate="2023" docId="1CD077301DDB5B59AE5912B4EAD8F384" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1142: 1-144" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1142" docPubDate="2023-01-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097" docTitle="Rhiostoma Benson 1860" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="1D4BDF04F72B59B9984E00D0B4FB338D" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="1D4BDF04F72B59B9984E00D0B4FB338D" masterDocTitle="Systematic revision of the snorkel snail genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860 (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoridae) with descriptions of new species" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1674655828358" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Systematic revision of the snorkel snail genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860 (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoridae) with descriptions of new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tongkerd, Piyoros</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tumpeesuwan, Sakboworn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand & Present address: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Inkhavilay, Khamla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, National University of Laos, P. O. Box 7322, Dongdok, Vientiane, Laos</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Prasankok, Pongpun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jeratthitikul, Ekgachai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Panha, Somsak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">somsak.pan@chula.ac.th</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sutcharit, Chirasak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jirasak4@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-01-24</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1142</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>144</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1142-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A1129EE50F9941CFB73AE771B66E2486</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1CD077301DDB5B59AE5912B4EAD8F384" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1CD077301DDB5B59AE5912B4EAD8F384" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="7PFR7" ID-ENA="1316077" LSID="1CD07730-1DDB-5B59-AE59-12B4EAD8F384" authority="Benson, 1860" authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Rhiostoma Benson, 1860</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Rhiostoma</taxonomicName>
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Benson, 1860: 96.
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<bibRefCitation author="Pfeiffer, L" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="39 - 46" refId="B135" refString="Pfeiffer, L, 1862b. Diangoses de neuf especes nouvelles provenant de Siam. Journal de Conchyliologie 10: 39 - 46" title="Diangoses de neuf especes nouvelles provenant de Siam." volume="10" year="1862 b">Pfeiffer 1862b</bibRefCitation>
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: 45, 46.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936408681635" author="Blanford, WT" journalOrPublisher="Malayan Nature Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B19" refString="Blanford, WT, 1864. On the classification of the Cyclostomacea of Eastern Asia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3 13(78): 441-465. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936408681635" title="On the classification of the Cyclostomacea of Eastern Asia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3 13 (78): 441 - 465." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936408681635" year="1864">Blanford 1864</bibRefCitation>
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: 451.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10621" author="Pfeiffer, L" journalOrPublisher="Supplementum Secundum, Volume 3. Cassellis: Theodori Fischeri" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B136" refString="Pfeiffer, L, 1865. Monographia Pneumonopomorum viventium. Supplementum Secundum, Volume 3. Cassellis: Theodori Fischeri, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10621" title="Monographia Pneumonopomorum viventium." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10621" year="1865">Pfeiffer 1865</bibRefCitation>
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: 38.
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Martens, E von" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B91" refString="Martens, E von, 1867. Die Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien. Verlag der Koeniglichen Geheimen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, 477 pp." title="Die Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien. Verlag der Koeniglichen Geheimen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, 477 pp." year="1867">Martens 1867</bibRefCitation>
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: 63. Kobelt and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
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1897: 115.
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<bibRefCitation author="Kobelt, W" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 663" refId="B71" refString="Kobelt, W, 1902. Cyclophoridae. Das Tierreich 16: 1 - 663" title="Cyclophoridae." volume="16" year="1902">Kobelt 1902</bibRefCitation>
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: 176. Kobelt 1911: 754, 755.
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<bibRefCitation author="Gude, GK" editor="Shipley, AS" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet, Street, Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 386" refId="B52" refString="Gude, GK, 1921. Land operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae, Assiminidae, Helicinidae). In: Shipley, AS, Mashall, GAK, Eds., The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Mollusca III. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet, Street, Bombay: 1 - 386" title="Land operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae, Assiminidae, Helicinidae)." volumeTitle="The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Mollusca III." year="1921">Gude 1921</bibRefCitation>
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: 127, 128. Thiele 1929: 100.
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<bibRefCitation author="Wenz, W" editor="Schindewolf, OH" journalOrPublisher="Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 480" refId="B182" refString="Wenz, W, 1938. Teil 1: Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. In: Schindewolf, OH, Ed., Handbuch Der Palaeozoologie. Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin: 1 - 480" title="Teil 1: Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia." volumeTitle="Handbuch Der Palaeozoologie." year="1938">Wenz 1938</bibRefCitation>
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|
: 462.
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Egorov, R" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B38" refString="Egorov, R, 2009. A review of the genera of the recent terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Littoriniformes: Hainesiidae, Aciculidae, Cyclophoridae, Craspedopomatidae. Treasure of Russian Shells (Supplement 3, Part 2): 1-57." title="A review of the genera of the recent terrestrial pectinibranch molluscs (synopsis mainly based on published data). Littoriniformes: Hainesiidae, Aciculidae, Cyclophoridae, Craspedopomatidae. Treasure of Russian Shells (Supplement 3, Part 2): 1 - 57." year="2009">Egorov 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 36, 37.
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Preece, RC" journalOrPublisher="Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, new series" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B142" refString="Preece, RC, White, TS, Raheem, DC, Ketchum, H, Ablett, J, Taylor, H, Webb, K, Naggs, F, 2022. William Benson and the origins of the golden age of malacology in British India: Biography, illustrated catalogue and evaluation of his molluscan types. Tropical Natural History (Supplement 6): 1-434." title="William Benson and the origins of the golden age of malacology in British India: Biography, illustrated catalogue and evaluation of his molluscan types. Tropical Natural History (Supplement 6): 1 - 434." year="2022">Preece et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
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: 247.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pterocyclus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterocyclus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Pterocyclus</taxonomicName>
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[sic] (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Rhiostoma</taxonomicName>
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)-
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" author="Nevill, G" journalOrPublisher="Calcutta, Trustees" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B114" refString="Nevill, G, 1878. Hand list of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Calcutta, Trustees, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" title="Hand list of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, Calcutta." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11957" year="1878">Nevill 1878</bibRefCitation>
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: 262. Fischer 1885: 745.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma haughtoni" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haughtoni">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma haughtoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Benson, 1860 by original designation in
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936008697183" author="Benson, WH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B14" refString="Benson, WH, 1860. On Clostophis and Rhiostoma, new Burmese genera of land shells. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3 5(26): 95-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936008697183" title="On Clostophis and Rhiostoma, new Burmese genera of land shells. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3 5 (26): 95 - 97." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936008697183" year="1860">Benson (1860</bibRefCitation>
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: 96).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Shell small to large, and heliciform to depressed. Detached whorl absent or with short to long detached whorl, curved and descending. Breathing device prominently present with various types (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Schematic of shell morphology and terminology of the Rhiostoma A apertural view with shell terminology and measurements of coiled-whorl height B breathing device types as recognised in this revision: knob, incomplete tube, notch, canal and tubular C inner peristomal lip variation as recognised in this revision: incision and hole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799859" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1B</figureCitation>
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). Peristome double; lip thickened and expanded. Shell colour varying from uniform colour to zigzag pattern. Operculum calcareous, cup-shaped, and anticlockwise multispiral with elevated lamella (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Schematic of shell morphology and terminology of the Rhiostoma A apical view with shell terminology and measurements of coiled-whorl width and detached-whorl length B operculum showing side and cross-section views C apertural views showing various shell shapes as recognised in this revision: flattened, discoidal, sub-discoidal and heliciform." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799860" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of breathing device and operculum characteristics among the five genera that closely resemble Rhiostoma. The specimens and opercula represented herein are the type specimen or topotype of the respective type species of each genus; Pterocyclos: P. rupestris Benson, 1832 (lectotype UMZC I. 102070, no locality data), Spiraculum: S. hispidum Pearson, 1833 (specimen NHMUK 1906.4.4.72, from Khasi, Teria Ghat), Rhiostoma: R. haughtoni Benson, 1860 (syntype UMZC I. 103445, from Moulmein), Cyclotus: C. variegatus Pearson, 1833 (specimen NHMUK 1896.6.7.34 - 35, from Palawan), Opisthoporus: Cyclostoma taylorianum Pfeiffer, 1851 = junior synonym of Pterocyclos biciliatum Mousson, 1849 (specimen NHMUK 20210200 for shell, from Basan, Sarawak) and Pterocyclos tener Menke, 1856 (NHMUK ex. Cuming collection for operculum, from Cochin China), and Ptychopoma: Cyclophorus chinensis Moellendorff, 1875 (lectotype SMF 39415, from Lushan bei Kiukiang, China). Red arrows indicate the expansion of outer lip at upper junction of the peristome. Blue arrows indicate breathing tubes (apertural tube in Rhiostoma and sutural tubes in Spiraculum and Opisthoporus)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799863" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799863" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
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Comparison of breathing device and operculum characteristics among the five genera that closely resemble
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The specimens and opercula represented herein are the type specimen or topotype of the respective type species of each genus;
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1832" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pterocyclos" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterocyclos" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pterocyclos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. rupestris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rupestris">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. rupestris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Benson, 1832 (lectotype UMZC I.102070, no locality data),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1833" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Spiraculum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spiraculum" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiraculum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="S. hispidum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hispidum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. hispidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Pearson, 1833 (specimen NHMUK 1906.4.4.72, from Khasi, Teria Ghat),
|
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="R. haughtoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="haughtoni">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. haughtoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Benson, 1860 (syntype UMZC I.103445, from Moulmein),
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Cyclotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclotus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cyclotus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. variegatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="variegatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. variegatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Pearson, 1833 (specimen NHMUK 1896.6.7.34-35, from Palawan),
|
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson in Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1851" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Opisthoporus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthoporus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Opisthoporus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="L. Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1851" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Cyclostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclostoma taylorianum" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="taylorianum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cyclostoma taylorianum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Pfeiffer, 1851 = junior synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mousson" authorityYear="1849" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pterocyclos" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterocyclos biciliatum" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="biciliatum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pterocyclos biciliatum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Mousson, 1849 (specimen NHMUK 20210200 for shell, from Basan, Sarawak) and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Menke" authorityYear="1856" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pterocyclos" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterocyclos tener" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tener">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pterocyclos tener</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Menke, 1856 (NHMUK ex. Cuming collection for operculum, from Cochin China), and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mollendorff" authorityYear="1885" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Ptychopoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptychopoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ptychopoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Mollendorff" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Cyclophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclophorus chinensis" order="Vetigastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chinensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cyclophorus chinensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1875 (lectotype SMF 39415, from Lushan bei Kiukiang, China). Red arrows indicate the expansion of outer lip at upper junction of the peristome. Blue arrows indicate breathing tubes (apertural tube in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and sutural tubes in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1833" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Spiraculum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spiraculum" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiraculum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson in Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1851" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Opisthoporus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthoporus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Opisthoporus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shell</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Shell flattened to heliciform, thick to thin, and widely umbilicate, showing all preceding whorls (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Schematic of shell morphology and terminology of the Rhiostoma A apertural view with shell terminology and measurements of coiled-whorl height B breathing device types as recognised in this revision: knob, incomplete tube, notch, canal and tubular C inner peristomal lip variation as recognised in this revision: incision and hole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799859" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Schematic of shell morphology and terminology of the Rhiostoma A apical view with shell terminology and measurements of coiled-whorl width and detached-whorl length B operculum showing side and cross-section views C apertural views showing various shell shapes as recognised in this revision: flattened, discoidal, sub-discoidal and heliciform." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799860" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
|
|
). Detached whorl absent or present and short to long and/or curved and/or descending. Periostracum thick or thin corneous to brownish and transparent. Shell colour uniformly brownish to purplish and/or with brownish variegated streaks or zigzag patterns. Peristome continuous, double, multi-layered, or sometimes with inconspicuous boundary, and circular; lip thickened and/or slightly expanded. Breathing device located at upper junction of peristome and with form varying by species, i.e., knob, notch, canal, incomplete tube, complete tube, or tubular. Operculum calcareous, cup-shaped, thickened, concave, and inside, anticlockwise multispiral with elevated lamella, lateral fringe straight, and diameter considerably smaller than aperture width.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Radula</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Typical taenioglossate teeth arranged in inverted V-shaped row, each transverse row containing 7 teeth (2-1-1-1-2). Central tooth large, symmetrical, and triangular, and with 2-4 well-developed cusps on each side. Lateral and marginal teeth slightly slender, inclining toward central tooth, and with three or four cusps. Shape of teeth and number of cusps on each tooth vary by species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">External features</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Examination of many living snails indicates that the body colour varies from blackish to whitish, with or without brown to grey mottled spots spread over the body. This vast variation was present both within and between populations and depended on the age of snails. The internal reproductive organs and the external penis appeared very similar and provided no informative characters for distinguishing species. Therefore, the type species
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. haughtoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="haughtoni">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. haughtoni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Figs
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. General anatomy of Rhiostoma haughtoni specimen CUMZ 10048 / 2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar A right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area B left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach C right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; h, heart; kd, kidney; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-C Internal anatomy of Rhiostoma housei specimen CUMZ 3982 from Tham Sriwilai, Saraburi, A inside view of lung cavity shows an arrangement of the kidney, circulatory system and the terminal part of the digestive tract B male genitalia and C female genitalia D spermatophore of Rhiostoma samuiense specimen CUMZ 4713 from Kanchanadit, Surat Thani with its cross sections showing spermatophore shape in each position. Abbreviations: an, anus; bc, bursa copulatrix; fc, faeces; go, genital opening; h, heart; kd, kidney; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; pg, prostate gland; re, rectum; sr, seminal receptacle; ut, uterus; v, vein; vd, vas deferens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7</figureCitation>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. housei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="housei">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. housei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Drawing of general anatomy of Rhiostoma housei specimen CUMZ 3982 from Saraburi Province, Thailand. A female B male. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix;; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; fc, faeces; int, intestine; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799878" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20</figureCitation>
|
|
) were selected as representative species for detailing the external and internal anatomical characters of the genus.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
|
General anatomy of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma haughtoni" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haughtoni">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma haughtoni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimen CUMZ 10048/2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
|
right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
|
left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
|
right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">bc</emphasis>
|
|
, bursa copulatrix;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cm</emphasis>
|
|
, columellar muscle;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ct</emphasis>
|
|
, cephalic tentacle;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dg</emphasis>
|
|
, digestive gland;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">es</emphasis>
|
|
, eyespot;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">f</emphasis>
|
|
, foot;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">h</emphasis>
|
|
, heart;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">kd</emphasis>
|
|
, kidney;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lc</emphasis>
|
|
, lung cavity;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mc</emphasis>
|
|
, mantle collar;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">od</emphasis>
|
|
, oviduct;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">op</emphasis>
|
|
, operculum;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ov</emphasis>
|
|
, ovary;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">p</emphasis>
|
|
, external penis;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pg</emphasis>
|
|
, prostate gland;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sg</emphasis>
|
|
, sperm groove;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sn</emphasis>
|
|
, snout;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">te</emphasis>
|
|
, testis;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ut</emphasis>
|
|
, uterus;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vd</emphasis>
|
|
, vas deferens;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vg</emphasis>
|
|
, vaginal groove.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C</emphasis>
|
|
Internal anatomy of
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haines" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma housei" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="housei">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma housei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimen CUMZ 3982 from Tham Sriwilai, Saraburi,
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
|
inside view of lung cavity shows an arrangement of the kidney, circulatory system and the terminal part of the digestive tract
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
|
male genitalia and
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
|
female genitalia
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
|
spermatophore of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tomlin" authorityYear="1932" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma samuiense" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="samuiense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma samuiense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
specimen CUMZ 4713 from Kanchanadit, Surat Thani with its cross sections showing spermatophore shape in each position. Abbreviations:
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">an</emphasis>
|
|
, anus;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">bc</emphasis>
|
|
, bursa copulatrix;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fc</emphasis>
|
|
, faeces;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">go</emphasis>
|
|
, genital opening;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">h</emphasis>
|
|
, heart;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">kd</emphasis>
|
|
, kidney;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mc</emphasis>
|
|
, mantle collar;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">od</emphasis>
|
|
, oviduct;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pg</emphasis>
|
|
, prostate gland;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">re</emphasis>
|
|
, rectum;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sr</emphasis>
|
|
, seminal receptacle;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ut</emphasis>
|
|
, uterus;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">v</emphasis>
|
|
, vein;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vd</emphasis>
|
|
, vas deferens.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Animal exhibits dark brown to blackish patches and/or mottles scattered on blackish, brownish, or greyish body, faded near mantle cavity (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. General anatomy of Rhiostoma haughtoni specimen CUMZ 10048 / 2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar A right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area B left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach C right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; h, heart; kd, kidney; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Drawing of general anatomy of Rhiostoma housei specimen CUMZ 3982 from Saraburi Province, Thailand. A female B male. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix;; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; fc, faeces; int, intestine; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799878" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20</figureCitation>
|
|
). Head with a pair of long cephalic tentacles (ct), each one with a dark eyespot (es) at the outer base; snout (sn) broad and furrowed. The anterior body is short, and on the right side has a genital groove running downwards from the anterior end of the pallial cavity. Posterior body long; foot broad, with longitudinal pedal groove, and operculum (op) attached dorsally to posterior body. Animals are dioecious, the female possessing only a vaginal groove (vg) on the right side (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. General anatomy of Rhiostoma haughtoni specimen CUMZ 10048 / 2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar A right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area B left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach C right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; h, heart; kd, kidney; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6C</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Drawing of general anatomy of Rhiostoma housei specimen CUMZ 3982 from Saraburi Province, Thailand. A female B male. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix;; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; fc, faeces; int, intestine; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799878" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20A</figureCitation>
|
|
); the male has both a long conical external penis (p) on the right side below cephalic tentacle and a sperm groove (sg) passing to tip of the external penis (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. General anatomy of Rhiostoma haughtoni specimen CUMZ 10048 / 2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar A right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area B left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach C right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; h, heart; kd, kidney; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Drawing of general anatomy of Rhiostoma housei specimen CUMZ 3982 from Saraburi Province, Thailand. A female B male. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix;; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; fc, faeces; int, intestine; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799878" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20B</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Internal features</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Kidney (kd) brownish, triangular (Figs
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. General anatomy of Rhiostoma haughtoni specimen CUMZ 10048 / 2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar A right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area B left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach C right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; h, heart; kd, kidney; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6B</figureCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-C Internal anatomy of Rhiostoma housei specimen CUMZ 3982 from Tham Sriwilai, Saraburi, A inside view of lung cavity shows an arrangement of the kidney, circulatory system and the terminal part of the digestive tract B male genitalia and C female genitalia D spermatophore of Rhiostoma samuiense specimen CUMZ 4713 from Kanchanadit, Surat Thani with its cross sections showing spermatophore shape in each position. Abbreviations: an, anus; bc, bursa copulatrix; fc, faeces; go, genital opening; h, heart; kd, kidney; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; pg, prostate gland; re, rectum; sr, seminal receptacle; ut, uterus; v, vein; vd, vas deferens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7A</figureCitation>
|
|
). Heart (h) located on the left side of the kidney (on the right in the figure), pericardium thin, atrium slightly larger than ventricle. Lung cavity (lc) with large vein (v) and reticulated vessels. Rectum (re) large, bonded with genital apparatus (male prostate gland or female uterus), containing elliptical-shaped faeces (fc) and anteriorly tapering to the anus (an), which opens near mantle collar edge. Ctenidium and osphradium absent. Mantle collar (mc) smooth and slightly thickened. Columellar muscle (cm) broad and thick (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. General anatomy of Rhiostoma haughtoni specimen CUMZ 10048 / 2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar A right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area B left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach C right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; h, heart; kd, kidney; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A, C</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Reproductive organs</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Testis (te) with branched tubules, bright orange, and occupying ~ 2-3 whorls from the apex (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. General anatomy of Rhiostoma haughtoni specimen CUMZ 10048 / 2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar A right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area B left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach C right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; h, heart; kd, kidney; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
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|
). Vas deferens (vd) a thin, straight tube attached to prostate gland at ~ 2/3 of its length proximal to genital opening. Prostate gland (pg) large, long, curved, pale yellowish in colour, and anterior end with a genital opening (go) located close to mantle collar (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-C Internal anatomy of Rhiostoma housei specimen CUMZ 3982 from Tham Sriwilai, Saraburi, A inside view of lung cavity shows an arrangement of the kidney, circulatory system and the terminal part of the digestive tract B male genitalia and C female genitalia D spermatophore of Rhiostoma samuiense specimen CUMZ 4713 from Kanchanadit, Surat Thani with its cross sections showing spermatophore shape in each position. Abbreviations: an, anus; bc, bursa copulatrix; fc, faeces; go, genital opening; h, heart; kd, kidney; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; pg, prostate gland; re, rectum; sr, seminal receptacle; ut, uterus; v, vein; vd, vas deferens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7B</figureCitation>
|
|
). Sperm groove (sg) narrow, distinct, and connecting to genital opening on right side of snail with tip of penis. External penis (p) with long cylindrical shape but pointed tip and situated posteriorly below cephalic tentacles (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. General anatomy of Rhiostoma haughtoni specimen CUMZ 10048 / 2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar A right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area B left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach C right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; h, heart; kd, kidney; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
|
|
).
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Ovary (ov) bright orange with multilobulated glands embedded within brownish digestive glands (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. General anatomy of Rhiostoma haughtoni specimen CUMZ 10048 / 2 from Dhammatat Cave, Myanmar A right side of male testis and external penis and with enlargement of cephalic area B left side of male shows lung cavity and stomach C right side of female shows ovary and vaginal groove, and with enlargement of cephalic area. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; cm, columellar muscle; ct, cephalic tentacle; dg, digestive gland; es, eyespot; f, foot; h, heart; kd, kidney; lc, lung cavity; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; op, operculum; ov, ovary; p, external penis; pg, prostate gland; sg, sperm groove; sn, snout; te, testis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6C</figureCitation>
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|
). Oviduct (od) a thin tube connecting ovary and uterus near base of seminal receptacle. Bursa copulatrix (bc) peanut-shaped, creamy to whitish in colour, and ~ 1/2 the length of uterus. Seminal receptacle (sr) small, pale orange, and located at the posterior end of the uterus. Uterus (ut) large, long, curved; posterior end rounded, and anterior end tapered, with a genital opening (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-C Internal anatomy of Rhiostoma housei specimen CUMZ 3982 from Tham Sriwilai, Saraburi, A inside view of lung cavity shows an arrangement of the kidney, circulatory system and the terminal part of the digestive tract B male genitalia and C female genitalia D spermatophore of Rhiostoma samuiense specimen CUMZ 4713 from Kanchanadit, Surat Thani with its cross sections showing spermatophore shape in each position. Abbreviations: an, anus; bc, bursa copulatrix; fc, faeces; go, genital opening; h, heart; kd, kidney; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; pg, prostate gland; re, rectum; sr, seminal receptacle; ut, uterus; v, vein; vd, vas deferens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7C</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
Spermatophores of two species, namely
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. samuiense" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="samuiense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. samuiense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. furfurosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="furfurosum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. furfurosum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. nov., were examined. They appeared whitish, with a coiled cylindrical shape, and ~ 10 mm long (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. A-C Internal anatomy of Rhiostoma housei specimen CUMZ 3982 from Tham Sriwilai, Saraburi, A inside view of lung cavity shows an arrangement of the kidney, circulatory system and the terminal part of the digestive tract B male genitalia and C female genitalia D spermatophore of Rhiostoma samuiense specimen CUMZ 4713 from Kanchanadit, Surat Thani with its cross sections showing spermatophore shape in each position. Abbreviations: an, anus; bc, bursa copulatrix; fc, faeces; go, genital opening; h, heart; kd, kidney; mc, mantle collar; od, oviduct; pg, prostate gland; re, rectum; sr, seminal receptacle; ut, uterus; v, vein; vd, vas deferens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7D</figureCitation>
|
|
). Anterior part slightly flat with compressed sperm sac, and bearing keels on both sides (see cross-section). The middle part has a swollen sperm sac (rounded in cross-section) and one prominent keel. Posterior part tapered, with a pointed end, and tiny sperm sac.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
The genus
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
seems to have a limited distribution, occurring only in mainland Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, peninsular Malaysia, and southern China (
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936008697183" author="Benson, WH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B14" refString="Benson, WH, 1860. On Clostophis and Rhiostoma, new Burmese genera of land shells. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3 5(26): 95-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936008697183" title="On Clostophis and Rhiostoma, new Burmese genera of land shells. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3 5 (26): 95 - 97." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222936008697183" year="1860">Benson 1860</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Moellendorff, OF von" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="146 - 156" refId="B98" refString="Moellendorff, OF von, 1894. On a collection of land-shells from the Samui Islands, Gulf of Siam. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 62: 146 - 156" title="On a collection of land-shells from the Samui Islands, Gulf of Siam." volume="62" year="1894">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
|
|
1894
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ancey, C-F" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Musee ďHistoire Naturelle de Marseille" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="125 - 150" refId="B3" refString="Ancey, C-F, 1898. Observations sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillies dans I'Indo-Chine et particulaierement au Laos, par M. Henri Counillon, accompagnees de remarques sur ďautres mollusques de cette region. Bulletin du Musee ďHistoire Naturelle de Marseille 1: 125 - 150" title="Observations sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillies dans I'Indo-Chine et particulaierement au Laos, par M. Henri Counillon, accompagnees de remarques sur ďautres mollusques de cette region." volume="1" year="1898">Ancey 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065943" author="Blanford, WT" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="34 - 35" refId="B20" refString="Blanford, WT, 1902. On Rhiostoma dalyi n. sp. and Sesara megalodon n. sp., obtained by the late Mr. W. M. Daly in Siam. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 5: 34 - 35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065943" title="On Rhiostoma dalyi n. sp. and Sesara megalodon n. sp., obtained by the late Mr. W. M. Daly in Siam." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065943" volume="5" year="1902">Blanford 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Kobelt, W" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 663" refId="B71" refString="Kobelt, W, 1902. Cyclophoridae. Das Tierreich 16: 1 - 663" title="Cyclophoridae." volume="16" year="1902">Kobelt 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, 1911-1914;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Bavay, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="279 - 288" refId="B8" refString="Bavay, A, Dautzenberg, P, 1909a. Description de coquilles nouvelles de ľIndo-Chine (6e suite). Journal de Conchyliologie 57: 279 - 288" title="Description de coquilles nouvelles de ľIndo-Chine (6 e suite)." volume="57" year="1909 a">Bavay and Dautzenberg 1909a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Bavay, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal de Conchyliologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="229 - 251" refId="B9" refString="Bavay, A, Dautzenberg, P, 1909b. Molluscorum terrestrum tonkinorum diagnoses. Journal de Conchyliologie 56 (1908): 229 - 251" title="Molluscorum terrestrum tonkinorum diagnoses." volume="56" year="1909 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gude, GK" editor="Shipley, AS" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet, Street, Bombay" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 386" refId="B52" refString="Gude, GK, 1921. Land operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae, Assiminidae, Helicinidae). In: Shipley, AS, Mashall, GAK, Eds., The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Mollusca III. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet, Street, Bombay: 1 - 386" title="Land operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae, Assiminidae, Helicinidae)." volumeTitle="The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Mollusca III." year="1921">Gude 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a064044" author="Tomlin, JR le B" journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the Malacological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="227 - 228" refId="B172" refString="Tomlin, JR le B, 1932. Two new species of Rhiostoma. Proceeding of the Malacological Society of London 19: 227 - 228, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a064044" title="Two new species of Rhiostoma." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a064044" volume="19" year="1932">Tomlin 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Tomlin, JR le B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Conchology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="73 - 75" refId="B173" refString="Tomlin, JR le B, 1938. New Malay land shell. Journal of Conchology 21: 73 - 75" title="New Malay land shell." volume="21" year="1938">1938</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Salisbury, AE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="41 - 42" refId="B149" refString="Salisbury, AE, 1949. A new species of Rhiostoma. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 28: 41 - 42" title="A new species of Rhiostoma." volume="28" year="1949">Salisbury 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Solem, A" journalOrPublisher="Sapolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 110" refId="B155" refString="Solem, A, 1966. Some non-marine mollusks from Thailand, with notes on classification of the Helicarionidae. Sapolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 24: 1 - 110" title="Some non-marine mollusks from Thailand, with notes on classification of the Helicarionidae." volume="24" year="1966">Solem 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). A few shells from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China, were collected and examined in this study. Within the overall limits of its total geographical distribution (Table
|
|
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparative shell morphology among six genera that are superficially similar to Rhiostoma. The characters are mainly based on the type species. The tribe classification for each genus follows Bouchet et al. (2017). References: 1 Benson (1860); 2 Moellendorff (1885), Kobelt (1906) and Yen (1939); 3 Kobelt (1902), Thiele (1929), Wenz (1938) and Egorov (2009); 4 Kobelt (1912), and Low and Tan (2017); 5 Gude (1921) and Kobelt (1911)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5C627C074495CF042BE4EF8AEAD76EAF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="5C627C074495CF042BE4EF8AEAD76EAF">2</tableCitation>
|
|
),
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
occupies a more restricted area than other cyclophorids such as
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1832" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pterocyclos" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterocyclos" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pterocyclos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Cyclotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclotus" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cyclotus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The boundary of the genus is demarcated in the west with the endemic genera
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pearson" authorityYear="1833" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Spiraculum" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spiraculum" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiraculum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Nevill" authorityYear="1878" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Theobaldius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theobaldius" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Theobaldius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Nevill, 1878 of South Asia; in the north with
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mollendorff" authorityYear="1885" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Ptychopoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptychopoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ptychopoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. T. Blanford" authorityYear="1863" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Scabrina" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scabrina" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scabrina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blandford, 1863 of China (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Yen, T-C" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 234" refId="B187" refString="Yen, T-C, 1939. Die chinesischen land- und Suesswasser-Gastropoden des Natur-Museums Senckenberg. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 444: 1 - 234" title="Die chinesischen land- und Suesswasser-Gastropoden des Natur-Museums Senckenberg." volume="444" year="1939">Yen 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
|
); and in the south, with the dominant and closely related
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1832" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pterocyclos" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterocyclos" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pterocyclos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Greater Sunda Islands and the Philippines.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
The reproductive anatomy of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1832" class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Cyclophoroidea">Cyclophoroidea</taxonomicName>
|
|
is little known and reports are scattered (i.e.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sarasin, P" journalOrPublisher="Materialien zur Naturgeschichte der Insel Celebes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 248" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/171555" refId="B150" refString="Sarasin, P, Sarasin, F, 1899. Die land-mollusken von Celebes. Materialien zur Naturgeschichte der Insel Celebes 2: 1 - 248, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/171555" title="Die land-mollusken von Celebes." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/171555" volume="2" year="1899">Sarasin and Sarasin 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Weber, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Ceylon-Reise" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="497 - 538" refId="B181" refString="Weber, L, 1925. Die mantel- und geschlechtsorgane von Cyclophorus ceylanicus (Sowerby). Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Ceylon-Reise 2: 497 - 538" title="Die mantel- und geschlechtsorgane von Cyclophorus ceylanicus (Sowerby)." volume="2" year="1925">Weber 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Tielecke, H" journalOrPublisher="Neue Folge" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="317 - 371" refId="B170" refString="Tielecke, H, 1940. Anatomie, phylogenie und tiergeographie der Cyclophoriden. Archiv fuer Systematische Zoologie. Neue Folge 9: 317 - 371" title="Anatomie, phylogenie und tiergeographie der Cyclophoriden. Archiv fuer Systematische Zoologie." volume="9" year="1940">Tielecke 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05002002" author="Jonges, K" journalOrPublisher="Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="292 - 302" refId="B68" refString="Jonges, K, 1980. Genital ducts in several species of the cyclophorid genus Leptopoma (Mollusca, Mesogastropoda). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 50 (2): 292 - 302, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05002002" title="Genital ducts in several species of the cyclophorid genus Leptopoma (Mollusca, Mesogastropoda)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-05002002" volume="50" year="1980">Jonges 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.287.4617" author="Kongim, B" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="19 - 40" refId="B77" refString="Kongim, B, Sutcharit, C, Naggs, F, Panha, S, 2013a. Taxonomic revision of the elephant pupinid snail genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856 (Prosobranchia, Pupinidae). ZooKeys 287: 19 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.287.4617" title="Taxonomic revision of the elephant pupinid snail genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856 (Prosobranchia, Pupinidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.287.4617" volume="287" year="2013 a">Kongim et al. 2013a</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Sutcharit, C" journalOrPublisher="The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="330 - 338" refId="B159" refString="Sutcharit, C, Tongkerd, P, Panha, S, 2014. The land snail genus Pterocyclos Benson, 1832 (Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoridae) from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, with description of two new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 330 - 338" title="The land snail genus Pterocyclos Benson, 1832 (Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoridae) from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, with description of two new species." volume="62" year="2014">Sutcharit et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 220" refId="B123" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Sajan, S, Tripathy, B, Meng, K, Asami, T, Ablett, JD, 2020b. Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue. ZooKeys 981: 1 - 220, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" title="Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" volume="981" year="2020 b">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 2020b
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). A relatively comprehensive review of genitalic morphology of various cyclophorid genera was published by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Tielecke, H" journalOrPublisher="Neue Folge" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="317 - 371" refId="B170" refString="Tielecke, H, 1940. Anatomie, phylogenie und tiergeographie der Cyclophoriden. Archiv fuer Systematische Zoologie. Neue Folge 9: 317 - 371" title="Anatomie, phylogenie und tiergeographie der Cyclophoriden. Archiv fuer Systematische Zoologie." volume="9" year="1940">Tielecke (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, and includes a brief note (without figures) of only one pterocyclinid species.
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Tumpeesuwan, S" journalOrPublisher="Master Thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B175" refString="Tumpeesuwan, S, 2001. Taxonomy of snorkel snails genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860 in Thailand. Master Thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University" title="Taxonomy of snorkel snails genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860 in Thailand." year="2001">Tumpeesuwan (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
examined the reproductive anatomy of various
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species and reported that it is relatively conserved, and that the only distinction observed was in the shape of bursa copulatrix in females. The length of the male genital opening of the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
tended to be longer than the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1832" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pterocyclos" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterocyclos" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pterocyclos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. In addition, a well-developed seminal vesicle in male
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Montfort" authorityYear="1810" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Cyclophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclophorus" order="Vetigastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cyclophorus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
seems to be the main character distinguishing it from the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1832" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Pterocyclos" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterocyclos" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pterocyclos</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which do not have this character (see
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Weber, L" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Ceylon-Reise" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="497 - 538" refId="B181" refString="Weber, L, 1925. Die mantel- und geschlechtsorgane von Cyclophorus ceylanicus (Sowerby). Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Ceylon-Reise 2: 497 - 538" title="Die mantel- und geschlechtsorgane von Cyclophorus ceylanicus (Sowerby)." volume="2" year="1925">Weber 1925</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Tumpeesuwan, S" journalOrPublisher="Master Thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B175" refString="Tumpeesuwan, S, 2001. Taxonomy of snorkel snails genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860 in Thailand. Master Thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University" title="Taxonomy of snorkel snails genus Rhiostoma Benson, 1860 in Thailand." year="2001">Tumpeesuwan 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). However, the taxonomic importance of the reproductive anatomical characters needs to be verified by further observations from various taxa. Nevertheless, the dissection of cyclophoroidian reproductive organs is difficult due to the indistinct organ boundary and watery or soft texture present in fresh specimens, whereas the ethanol-preserved specimens are far more fragile (S. Panha pers. obs.;
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" author="Pall-Gergely, B" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 220" refId="B123" refString="Pall-Gergely, B, Sajan, S, Tripathy, B, Meng, K, Asami, T, Ablett, JD, 2020b. Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue. ZooKeys 981: 1 - 220, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" title="Genus-level revision of the Alycaeidae (Gastropoda, Cyclophoroidea), with an annotated species catalogue." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.981.53583" volume="981" year="2020 b">
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páll-Gergely">Pall-Gergely</normalizedToken>
|
|
et al. 2020b
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
The following species groupings are mainly based on the similarity in length of their detached whorl and in the shape of their breathing devices (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Box-and-whisker plots showing variation in the ratio of detached-whorl width to aperture width in some Rhiostoma species. Boxes show the median, 25 th and 75 th percentiles, whiskers show minimum and maximum observations, and circles show outliers. See text for the explanation of species grouping. 1 = topotype of Rhiostoma samuiense s. s. from Samui Island. 2 = topotype of " Rhiostoma chupingense " from Bukit Chuping, Malaysia. 3 = specimens of " proboscis " morphotype from Surat Thani, Thailand." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799866" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8</figureCitation>
|
|
). This informal subdivision is composed of four groups, and may assist in species identifications. No formal names or descriptions are provided, only the general characteristics of each group are provided.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799866" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
|
Box-and-whisker plots showing variation in the ratio of detached-whorl width to aperture width in some
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
species. Boxes show the median, 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers show minimum and maximum observations, and circles show outliers. See text for the explanation of species grouping. 1 = topotype of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tomlin" authorityYear="1932" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma samuiense" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="samuiense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma samuiense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
s. s. from Samui Island. 2 = topotype of "
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tomlin" authorityYear="1938" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma chupingense" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chupingense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma chupingense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
" from Bukit Chuping, Malaysia. 3 = specimens of
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“proboscis”">"proboscis"</normalizedToken>
|
|
morphotype from Surat Thani, Thailand.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Group I</emphasis>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benson" authorityYear="1860" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma haughtoni" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="haughtoni">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma haughtoni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. This group can be recognised by a short to long detached whorl, and knob- or notch-shaped breathing device (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Schematic of shell morphology and terminology of the Rhiostoma A apertural view with shell terminology and measurements of coiled-whorl height B breathing device types as recognised in this revision: knob, incomplete tube, notch, canal and tubular C inner peristomal lip variation as recognised in this revision: incision and hole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799859" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1B</figureCitation>
|
|
). This group is composed of three species:
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. haughtoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="haughtoni">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. haughtoni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Benson, 1860;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. samuiense" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="samuiense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. samuiense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tomlin, 1932; and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. rhothonotaphrosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rhothonotaphrosa">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. rhothonotaphrosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Panha, sp. nov.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Group II</emphasis>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haines" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma housei" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="housei">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma housei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. Usually having a medium to long detached whorl, and breathing device as an incomplete tube or tubular (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Schematic of shell morphology and terminology of the Rhiostoma A apertural view with shell terminology and measurements of coiled-whorl height B breathing device types as recognised in this revision: knob, incomplete tube, notch, canal and tubular C inner peristomal lip variation as recognised in this revision: incision and hole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799859" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1B</figureCitation>
|
|
). This group contains ten species:
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. housei" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="housei">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. housei</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Haines, 1855);
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. hainesi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hainesi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. hainesi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Pfeiffer, 1862;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. simplicilabre" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="simplicilabre">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. simplicilabre</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Pfeiffer, 1862;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. marioni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="marioni">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. marioni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Ancey, 1898);
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. dalyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dalyi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. dalyi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Blanford, 1902;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. jalorensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="jalorensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. jalorensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Sykes, 1903;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. thachi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="thachi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. thachi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Huber in Thach, 2018;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. ebenozostera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ebenozostera">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. ebenozostera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Panha, sp. nov.;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. lannaense" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lannaense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. lannaense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Tumpeesuwan, sp. nov.; and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. tigrina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tigrina">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. tigrina</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Tumpeesuwan, sp. nov.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Group III</emphasis>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moellendorff" authorityYear="1893" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma asiphon" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="asiphon">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma asiphon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. This group is characterised by a short detached whorl, and breathing device as an incomplete tube or notch (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Schematic of shell morphology and terminology of the Rhiostoma A apertural view with shell terminology and measurements of coiled-whorl height B breathing device types as recognised in this revision: knob, incomplete tube, notch, canal and tubular C inner peristomal lip variation as recognised in this revision: incision and hole." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1142.90097.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/799859" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1B</figureCitation>
|
|
). There are seven species belonging to this group:
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. asiphon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="asiphon">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. asiphon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1893;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. strubelli" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="strubelli">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. strubelli</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möllendorff">Moellendorff</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1899;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. abletti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="abletti">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. abletti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Thach, 2016;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. anceyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="anceyi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. anceyi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Inkhavilay, sp. nov.;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. breviocollar" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="breviocollar">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. breviocollar</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Tumpeesuwan, sp. nov.;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. furfurosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="furfurosum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. furfurosum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Panha, sp. nov.; and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. platymorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="platymorpha">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. platymorpha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Tumpeesuwan, sp. nov.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Group IV</emphasis>
|
|
:
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dautzenberg & Fischer" authorityYear="1906" class="Gastropoda" family="Cyclophoridae" genus="Rhiostoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhiostoma morleti" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="morleti">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhiostoma morleti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group. The heliciform or flattened shell is generally without a detached whorl (rarely very short) and with a notch- or canal-shaped breathing device. However, some species have a wide canal-shaped breathing device, in which the columellar side is completely attached to the preceding whorl, causing the whorl to appear attached. There are seven species belonging to this group:
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. cochinchinensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cochinchinensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. cochinchinensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Pfeiffer, 1857);
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. cambodjense" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cambodjense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. cambodjense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Morelet, 1875);
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. morleti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="morleti">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. morleti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. prestoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="prestoni">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. prestoni</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Bavay & Dautzenberg, 1909;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. cheliopegma" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cheliopegma">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. cheliopegma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Tumpeesuwan, sp. nov.;
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. gnomus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gnomus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. gnomus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Panha, sp. nov.; and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. laosense" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="laosense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. laosense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Tongkerd & Inkhavilay, sp. nov.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |