treatments-xml/data/07/0F/05/070F05612910FFE25EE1849BFE84FE0F.xml
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<document id="67B63A2129BEE4BD4D0246C24E6B16EE" ID-CLB-Dataset="295278" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5446.3.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="35f8a88f-305e-4cf7-ba45-f6e381415c28" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11101945" ID-ZooBank="531387F2-B008-40B6-9621-C1A2B5E8ACF0" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1714635378383" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dixit, Sudhanshu &amp; Sreeraj, Chemmencheri Ramakrishnan" docDate="2024" docId="070F05612910FFE25EE1849BFE84FE0F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5446.3.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5446 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5446.3.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pseudoceros bifascia Dixit &amp; Sreeraj 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="416" masterDocId="FB367D192918FFE95E768508FFE2FFDE" masterDocTitle="Two new polyclad (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) flatworm species from the Lakshadweep Islands, India" masterLastPageNumber="419" masterPageNumber="405" pageNumber="413" updateTime="1715280890715" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="50985866515D2FA25133EDC2ED39198B">Two new polyclad (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) flatworm species from the Lakshadweep Islands, India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7EBB93409C5321F438A623A2D6B5A88F">Dixit, Sudhanshu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5B4A2C6F0970C9EB11BECF03A1B868DB">Applied Research Centre for Environment and Marine Studies, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran - 31261, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C3656081E14BC785122BEF3C156960B1">Sreeraj, Chemmencheri Ramakrishnan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CE6544E020003C50300E0A50B5F35788">Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Horticulture Road, Haddo, Port Blair - 744102, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="8CF9B7B41298DB8FDE52B812827A0AF0">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="070F05612910FFE25EE1849BFE84FE0F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101973" ID-GBIF-Taxon="228874518" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11101973" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:070F05612910FFE25EE1849BFE84FE0F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/070F05612910FFE25EE1849BFE84FE0F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="416" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<subSubSection id="C7BCE7FC2910FFE15EE1849BFE1BFE73" box="[151,505,403,430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE1849BFE1BFE73" blockId="8.[151,505,403,466]" box="[151,505,403,430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<heading id="D451031B2910FFE15EE1849BFE1BFE73" bold="true" box="[151,505,403,430]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" reason="1">
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15EE1849BFE1BFE73" bold="true" box="[151,505,403,430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42910FFE15EE1849BFE77FE70" authority="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj, 2024" authorityName="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,405,403,430]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifascia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15EE1849BFE77FE70" bold="true" box="[151,405,403,430]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Pseudoceros bifascia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A6E1D51E2910FFE15FEA849BFE1BFE73" box="[412,505,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C7BCE7FC2910FFE15EE184BFFED3FE0C" box="[151,305,439,466]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" type="description">
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE184BFFED3FE0C" blockId="8.[151,505,403,466]" box="[151,305,439,466]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
(
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15EE984BFFECAFE0C" box="[159,296,439,466]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="9.[152,255,1896,1920]" captionStartId-1="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionStartId-2="11.[152,255,1561,1585]" captionTargetBox-0="[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1429,492,1528]" captionTargetId-0="figure-17@9.[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetId-1="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId-2="figure-160@11.[151,1436,489,1537]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. (A) Holotype (live); (B) Holotype (in vivo); (CF) preserved specimen; (C) dorsal surface (D) ventral surface; (E) cerebral eyes and pseudotentacles; (F) tentacular eyes on ventral side of pseudotentacles. ce, cerebral eyes; fp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pt, pseudotentacles; su, sucker; te, tentacular eyes." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Diagrammatic representation of sagittal sections showing arrangement of male and female reproductive structures, anterior to the right. cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; in, intestine; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; va, vagina." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101959" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101963" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11101959/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11101963/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Figures 57</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7BCE7FC2910FFE15EE184F7FC77FCCB" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE184F7FEA4FDC7" blockId="8.[151,326,511,537]" box="[151,326,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
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<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15EE184F7FEA4FDC7" bold="true" box="[151,326,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<typeStatus id="501D0AD52910FFE15EE184F7FF36FDC7" box="[151,212,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Type</typeStatus>
material
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE1874FFEC8FD77" blockId="8.[151,1437,583,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<materialsCitation id="3FCEBE2A2910FFE15EE1874FFEC8FD77" collectingDate="2019-10-27" country="India" latitude="10.868275" location="Near Eastern Jetty" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="72.20351" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="501D0AD52910FFE15EE1874FFF1DFDBF" box="[151,255,583,609]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(10 x
<quantity id="485E19922910FFE15F31874FFE6FFDBF" box="[327,397,583,609]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
): as sagittal sections; Regn. No. ZSI/WGRC/I.R.-Inv.22072; reproductive structures in seven slides; Agatti Island (
<geoCoordinate id="EA92D2B02910FFE15FFF8763FDC9FD58" box="[393,555,619,646]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" precision="1" seconds="5.79" value="10.868275">10°525.79”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EA92D2B02910FFE15C4E8763FD06FD5B" box="[568,740,619,645]" degrees="72" direction="east" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" precision="1" seconds="12.64" value="72.20351">72°1212.64”E</geoCoordinate>
; Lakshadweep,
<collectingCountry id="F7B1F4E72910FFE15DEC8763FC35FD5B" box="[922,983,619,645]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">India</collectingCountry>
;
<location id="8A79E2AC2910FFE15D928764FB57FD58" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:070F05612910FFE25EE1849BFE84FE0F:8A79E2AC2910FFE15D928764FB57FD58" box="[996,1205,620,646]" country="India" latitude="10.868275" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="72.20351" name="Near Eastern Jetty" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Near Eastern Jetty</location>
,
<date id="FB1892B72910FFE15AB78763FABBFD5B" box="[1217,1369,619,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" value="2019-10-27">
<collectingDate id="EB5C6B5F2910FFE15AB78763FABBFD5B" box="[1217,1369,619,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" value="2019-10-27">Oct 27, 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
, Coll. Sreeraj C.R.)
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EB187BBFC77FCCB" blockId="8.[151,1437,583,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
Other material:
<specimenCount id="99A07FFE2910FFE15FF687BBFDC4FD13" box="[384,550,691,717]" count="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" type="generic">One specimen</specimenCount>
, damaged during the course of tissue collection for DNA studies (specimen became very soft after coming in contact with ice and was damaged beyond recognition).
<quantity id="485E19922910FFE15AFE87DFFB35FD2C" box="[1160,1239,727,754]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
approx., used for DNA studies (no result), photographs used for colour determination.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7BCE7FC2910FFE15EE1866FFD52FC33" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE1866FFEFCFC5F" blockId="8.[151,286,871,897]" box="[151,286,871,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<heading id="D451031B2910FFE15EE1866FFEFCFC5F" bold="true" box="[151,286,871,897]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" reason="1">
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15EE1866FFEFCFC5F" bold="true" box="[151,286,871,897]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE186A7FD52FC33" blockId="8.[151,1436,943,1006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
The specific name refers to the presence of two-coloured bands (black and orange) on pseudotentacles (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15B6986A7FA76FC17" box="[1311,1428,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[152,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,417,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-122@3.[292,1296,417,1912]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraplanocera kalpeniensis sp. nov. (A) Holotype (live, in vivo); (B) preserved holotype (C) ventral surface (holotype); (D) tentacles and tentacular eyes. bc, bursa copulatrix; cs, cirrus sac; fp, female gonopore; lv, Langs vesicle; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pv, prostatic vesicle; te, tentacular eyes, tn, tentacles." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101949/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 2B, E</figureCitation>
) i.e., two (
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15F7486DBFEFAFC33" box="[258,280,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">bi</emphasis>
in Latin) and band (
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15F8B86DBFDA2FC33" box="[509,576,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">fascia</emphasis>
in Latin).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7BCE7FC2910FFE15EE18137FC6DFB7F" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE18137FEA1FB87" blockId="8.[151,323,1087,1113]" box="[151,323,1087,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<heading id="D451031B2910FFE15EE18137FEA1FB87" bold="true" box="[151,323,1087,1113]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" reason="1">
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15EE18137FEA1FB87" bold="true" box="[151,323,1087,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<typeStatus id="501D0AD52910FFE15EE18137FF36FB87" box="[151,212,1087,1113]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Type</typeStatus>
Locality
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE1818FFC6DFB7F" blockId="8.[151,911,1159,1186]" box="[151,911,1159,1186]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
Agatti Island (
<geoCoordinate id="EA92D2B02910FFE15F4E818FFE38FB7C" box="[312,474,1159,1186]" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" precision="1" seconds="5.79" value="10.868275">10°525.79”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EA92D2B02910FFE15F93818FFD73FB7F" box="[485,657,1159,1185]" degrees="72" direction="east" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" precision="1" seconds="12.64" value="72.20351">72°1212.64”E</geoCoordinate>
),
<collectingCountry id="F7B1F4E72910FFE15CD3818FFCA0FB7F" box="[677,834,1159,1185]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Lakshadweep</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F7B1F4E72910FFE15D3B818FFC68FB7F" box="[845,906,1159,1185]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C7BCE7FC2910FFE15EE181FBFAE8F824" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" type="description">
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE181FBFECAFAD3" blockId="8.[151,296,1267,1293]" box="[151,296,1267,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<heading id="D451031B2910FFE15EE181FBFECAFAD3" bold="true" box="[151,296,1267,1293]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" reason="1">
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15EE181FBFECAFAD3" bold="true" box="[151,296,1267,1293]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EE1803DFCB3FA00" blockId="8.[151,1437,1332,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15EE1803DFF32FA90" box="[151,208,1333,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Live:</emphasis>
Body small (
<quantity id="485E19922910FFE15F12803CFE4FFA91" box="[356,429,1332,1359]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="15.0">15mm</quantity>
x
<quantity id="485E19922910FFE15FB1803DFDEBFA91" box="[455,521,1333,1359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
) and oval with smooth margin. White background colour with black pattern on the dorsum; thin interrupted orange marginal band followed by a wide white rim (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15D8C8050FB91FAAD" box="[1018,1139,1368,1395]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. (A) Holotype (live); (B) Holotype (in vivo); (CF) preserved specimen; (C) dorsal surface (D) ventral surface; (E) cerebral eyes and pseudotentacles; (F) tentacular eyes on ventral side of pseudotentacles. ce, cerebral eyes; fp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pt, pseudotentacles; su, sucker; te, tentacular eyes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101959/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
). A thin longitudinal stripe line runs from cerebral eyespot cluster to the posterior end without touching the orange marginal band (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15B608074FA6CFA49" box="[1302,1422,1404,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. (A) Holotype (live); (B) Holotype (in vivo); (CF) preserved specimen; (C) dorsal surface (D) ventral surface; (E) cerebral eyes and pseudotentacles; (F) tentacular eyes on ventral side of pseudotentacles. ce, cerebral eyes; fp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pt, pseudotentacles; su, sucker; te, tentacular eyes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101959/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
). Pseudotentacles black-tipped, followed by an orange band and are simple folding of the anterior margin. Cerebral eye cluster horseshoe-shaped. Ventral surface cream in colour.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EB180E0FAB7F94C" blockId="8.[151,1437,1332,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15EB180E0FEA3F9DC" box="[199,321,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Preserved:</emphasis>
Specimen yellowish after fixation (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15C9580E0FCDDF9DD" box="[739,831,1512,1539]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. (A) Holotype (live); (B) Holotype (in vivo); (CF) preserved specimen; (C) dorsal surface (D) ventral surface; (E) cerebral eyes and pseudotentacles; (F) tentacular eyes on ventral side of pseudotentacles. ce, cerebral eyes; fp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pt, pseudotentacles; su, sucker; te, tentacular eyes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101959/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
).
<collectingRegion id="4D627A952910FFE15D2080E0FC72F9DC" box="[854,912,1512,1538]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Male</collectingRegion>
and female gonopores
<quantity id="485E19922910FFE15AD580E1FB1EF9DD" box="[1187,1276,1513,1539]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
apart; female gonopore and sucker
<quantity id="485E19922910FFE15FF18305FE3EF9F9" box="[391,476,1549,1575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
apart (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15C5C8304FD62F9F9" box="[554,640,1548,1575]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. (A) Holotype (live); (B) Holotype (in vivo); (CF) preserved specimen; (C) dorsal surface (D) ventral surface; (E) cerebral eyes and pseudotentacles; (F) tentacular eyes on ventral side of pseudotentacles. ce, cerebral eyes; fp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pt, pseudotentacles; su, sucker; te, tentacular eyes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101959/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15CF68304FD6BF9F8" bold="true" box="[640,649,1548,1574]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">)</emphasis>
. Pharynx
<quantity id="485E19922910FFE15C8D8305FCB3F9F9" box="[763,849,1549,1575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
long, ruffled with six to seven folds.
<collectingRegion id="4D627A952910FFE15A848304FACEF9F8" box="[1266,1324,1548,1574]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Male</collectingRegion>
gonopore situated very close to last pair of pharyngeal folds (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15CA68338FCC7F995" box="[720,805,1584,1611]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. (A) Holotype (live); (B) Holotype (in vivo); (CF) preserved specimen; (C) dorsal surface (D) ventral surface; (E) cerebral eyes and pseudotentacles; (F) tentacular eyes on ventral side of pseudotentacles. ce, cerebral eyes; fp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pt, pseudotentacles; su, sucker; te, tentacular eyes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101959/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15D508338FCD4F994" bold="true" box="[806,822,1584,1610]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">),</emphasis>
and
<quantity id="485E19922910FFE15D1D8339FC23F995" box="[875,961,1585,1611]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
from anterior margin. Cerebral eye cluster with ~4550 eyes (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15F18835CFE23F9B1" box="[366,449,1620,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. (A) Holotype (live); (B) Holotype (in vivo); (CF) preserved specimen; (C) dorsal surface (D) ventral surface; (E) cerebral eyes and pseudotentacles; (F) tentacular eyes on ventral side of pseudotentacles. ce, cerebral eyes; fp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pt, pseudotentacles; su, sucker; te, tentacular eyes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101959/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15FB7835CFE28F9B0" bold="true" box="[449,458,1620,1646]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">)</emphasis>
. Ventral tentaclular eyes distributed in limited area (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15A60835CFB8BF9B1" box="[1046,1129,1620,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[164,1423,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. (A) Holotype (live); (B) Holotype (in vivo); (CF) preserved specimen; (C) dorsal surface (D) ventral surface; (E) cerebral eyes and pseudotentacles; (F) tentacular eyes on ventral side of pseudotentacles. ce, cerebral eyes; fp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pt, pseudotentacles; su, sucker; te, tentacular eyes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101959/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="BDD268652910FFE15A1F835CFB90F9B0" bold="true" box="[1129,1138,1620,1646]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">)</emphasis>
. Dorsal epidermis thick in comparison to ventral epidermis; dorsal epidermis thickness 47 to 51 µm; ventral epidermis 5 to 8 µm thick.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EB18394FA6FF8B4" blockId="8.[151,1437,1332,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
<collectingRegion id="4D627A952910FFE15EB18394FEE3F968" box="[199,257,1692,1718]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Male</collectingRegion>
reproductive system single, consists of ventrally scattered testes (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15D958394FBD9F968" box="[995,1083,1692,1718]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
), seminal vesicle, free prostatic vesicle, penis papilla in thick penis sheath housed in male atrium, which opens to the outside via male gonopore (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15EE983ECFF1EF920" box="[159,252,1764,1790]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). An elongated slender-shaped, thick-walled seminal vesicle present, 470 µm long and 210 µm wide at widest point (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15F478200FE49F8FD" box="[305,427,1800,1827]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6A, B</figureCitation>
). Oval, thin-walled prostatic vesicle, 183µm long and 85 µm wide, present anterior to the seminal vesicle (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15F238224FE52F898" box="[341,432,1836,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Prostatic vesicle with smooth granular epithelial lining, ~3 to 5 µm thick.
<collectingRegion id="4D627A952910FFE15B678224FAA9F898" box="[1297,1355,1836,1862]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Male</collectingRegion>
atrium simple without folds (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15FFB8258FE00F8B4" box="[397,482,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
) housing unarmed conical penis papilla surrounded by thick penis sheath (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15B5E8258FA63F8B4" box="[1320,1409,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772910FFE15EB1827CFAE8F824" blockId="8.[151,1437,1332,2043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">
Female reproductive system consists of dorsally scattered ovaries (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15DB2827CFBFCF850" box="[964,1054,1908,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
), oviducts, vagina, cement pouch surrounded by numerous cement glands and female atrium (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15D358290FC7FF86C" box="[835,925,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Vagina oriented towards the posterior body region, connecting to the oviducts (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15C5682B4FD9AF808" box="[544,632,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Vagina opens to short female atrium via cement pouch, which receives the secretion from cement glands. Female atrium opens to the exterior via female gonopore (
<figureCitation id="179DA8F22910FFE15AD282E8FB1FF824" box="[1188,1277,2016,2042]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetId="figure-25@10.[151,1436,181,1288]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Pseudoceros bifascia sp. nov. Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DBD9E4FF2911FFE05EEE8260FF29F832" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11101959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101959/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" startId="9.[152,255,1896,1920]" targetBox="[164,1423,181,1872]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8F19B4772911FFE05EEE8260FF29F832" blockId="9.[151,1436,1896,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">
<emphasis id="BDD268652911FFE05EEE8260FEFBF85E" bold="true" box="[152,281,1896,1920]" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42911FFE05F698260FE15F85E" authority="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj, 2024" authorityName="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj" authorityYear="2024" box="[287,503,1896,1920]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifascia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BDD268652911FFE05F698260FE15F85E" box="[287,503,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">Pseudoceros bifascia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="BDD268652911FFE05F8B8260FDACF85E" bold="true" box="[509,590,1896,1920]" pageId="9" pageNumber="414">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A6E1D51E2911FFE05F8B8260FDACF85E" box="[509,590,1896,1920]" pageId="9" pageNumber="414" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(A) Holotype (live); (B) Holotype (in vivo); (CF) preserved specimen; (C) dorsal surface (D) ventral surface; (E) cerebral eyes and pseudotentacles; (F) tentacular eyes on ventral side of pseudotentacles. ce, cerebral eyes; fp, female gonopore; m, mouth; mp, male gonopore; p, pharynx; pt, pseudotentacles; su, sucker; te, tentacular eyes.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DBD9E4FF2912FFE35EEE8028FF00FA16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11101961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11101961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11101961/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" startId="10.[152,255,1312,1336]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1288]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8F19B4772912FFE35EEE8028FF00FA16" blockId="10.[151,1437,1312,1480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35EEE8028FEF9FAE6" bold="true" box="[152,283,1312,1336]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42912FFE35F558028FE1FFAE6" authority="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj, 2024" authorityName="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj" authorityYear="2024" box="[291,509,1312,1336]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifascia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35F558028FE1FFAE6" box="[291,509,1312,1336]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Pseudoceros bifascia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35C708028FDBBFAE6" bold="true" box="[518,601,1312,1336]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A6E1D51E2912FFE35C708028FDBBFAE6" box="[518,601,1312,1336]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Sagittal sections, anterior to the right (A) showing arrangement of reproductive structures; (B) male and female reproductive system (magnified); (C) section showing testes (ventral) and ovaries (dorsal). cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; fp, female gonopore; ma, male atrium; mp, male gonopore; ov, ovaries; ovd, oviduct; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; sv, seminal vesicle; tst, testes; va, vagina.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C7BCE7FC2912FFE25EE18312FE84FE0F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="416" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8F19B4772912FFE35EE18312FE73F9EA" blockId="10.[151,401,1562,1588]" box="[151,401,1562,1588]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">
<heading id="D451031B2912FFE35EE18312FE73F9EA" bold="true" box="[151,401,1562,1588]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" reason="1">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35EE18312FE73F9EA" bold="true" box="[151,401,1562,1588]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Taxonomic remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772912FFE35EE1836AFE35F8D3" blockId="10.[151,1437,1634,2020]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">
The colour pattern of
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42912FFE35FEC836AFD69F9A2" authority="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj, 2024" authorityName="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj" authorityYear="2024" box="[410,651,1634,1660]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifascia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35FEC836AFD69F9A2" box="[410,651,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Pseudoceros bifascia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35CE3836AFD11F9A2" bold="true" box="[661,755,1634,1660]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A6E1D51E2912FFE35CE3836AFD11F9A2" box="[661,755,1634,1660]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is distinct (white background with irregular black pattern; fluorescent longitudinal stripe and margins made up of interrupted orange band and white rim) thus, differentiating it from other congeners. However, three species, viz.
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42912FFE35CA483A3FB46F91A" authority="Newman &amp; Cannon, 1994" authorityName="Newman &amp; Cannon" authorityYear="1994" box="[722,1188,1706,1733]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scintillatus">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35CA483A3FC95F91A" box="[722,887,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Ps. scintillatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EB37C9862912FFE35D0B83A3FB46F91A" author="Newman, L. J. &amp; Cannon, L. R. G." box="[893,1188,1706,1733]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" pagination="205 - 266" refId="ref6482" refString="Newman, L. J. &amp; Cannon, L. R. G. (1994) Pseudoceros and Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Pseudocertotidae) from eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 37 (1), 205 - 266." type="journal article" year="1994">Newman &amp; Cannon, 1994</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42912FFE35AD983A3FEB2F936" authority="Newman &amp; Cannon, 1998" authorityName="Newman &amp; Cannon" authorityYear="1998" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scriptus">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35AD983A3FAD3F91A" box="[1199,1329,1707,1732]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Ps. scriptus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EB37C9862912FFE35B4183A3FEB2F936" author="Newman, L. J. &amp; Cannon, L. R. G." pageId="10" pageNumber="415" pagination="293 - 323" refId="ref6651" refString="Newman, L. J. &amp; Cannon, L. R. G. (1998) Pseudoceros (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from the Indo-Pacific with twelve new species from the Australia and Papua New Guinea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 46 (2), 293 - 323." type="journal article" year="1998">Newman &amp; Cannon, 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42912FFE35FF383C7FD4DF936" authority="(Leuckart, 1828)" baseAuthorityName="Leuckart" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[389,687,1742,1768]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35FF383C7FE0FF936" box="[389,493,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Ps. zebra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EB37C9862912FFE35F8D83C6FD45F936" author="Leuckart, F. S." box="[507,679,1742,1768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" pagination="12" refId="ref6330" refString="Leuckart, F. S. (1828) n. k. In: Ruppell, E. D. &amp; Leuckart, F. S., Neue wirbellose Thiere des rothen Meers. Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika, 1828, pp. 12." type="journal article" year="1828">Leuckart, 1828</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
possess colours of orange/yellow, black and white but are different in arrangement and patterns.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772912FFE35EB1821EFD32F8A6" blockId="10.[151,1437,1634,2020]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42912FFE35EB1821EFE35F8EE" authorityName="Newman &amp; Cannon" authorityYear="1994" box="[199,471,1814,1840]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scintillatus">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35EB1821EFE35F8EE" box="[199,471,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Pseudoceros scintillatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a velvety black background with irregularly sized yellow-green maculae encircled with white and has an orange marginal band while
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42912FFE35CAF8233FCBFF88A" authority="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj, 2024" authorityName="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj" authorityYear="2024" box="[729,861,1850,1876]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifascia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35CAF8233FCBFF88A" box="[729,861,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Ps. bifascia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35D128232FC5DF88A" bold="true" box="[868,959,1850,1876]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A6E1D51E2912FFE35D128232FC5DF88A" box="[868,959,1850,1876]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has white background with an interrupted orange marginal band followed by wide white rim.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772912FFE35EB1828AFE89F83A" blockId="10.[151,1437,1634,2020]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42912FFE35EB1828AFE54F842" authorityName="Newman &amp; Cannon" authorityYear="1998" box="[199,438,1922,1948]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scriptus">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35EB1828AFE54F842" box="[199,438,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Pseudoceros scriptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a cream-yellow background with black irregular maculae on the dorsum; white near the margin followed by an orange rim, but
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42912FFE35C0B82AFFCE3F81E" authority="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj, 2024" authorityName="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj" authorityYear="2024" box="[637,769,1958,1984]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifascia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35C0B82AFFCE3F81E" box="[637,769,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">Ps. bifascia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="BDD268652912FFE35D7F82AEFC81F81E" bold="true" box="[777,867,1958,1984]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A6E1D51E2912FFE35D7F82AEFC81F81E" box="[777,867,1958,1984]" pageId="10" pageNumber="415" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has an interrupted orange marginal band followed by wide white rim.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772913FFE25EB1859FFD1CFF27" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42913FFE25EB1859FFE79FF6F" baseAuthorityName="Leuckart" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[199,411,151,177]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="zebra">
<emphasis id="BDD268652913FFE25EB1859FFE79FF6F" box="[199,411,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">Pseudoceros zebra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a white background with irregular black bands or patches; wide yellow marginal band interrupted by white markings while
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42913FFE25C3585B3FD2BFF0B" authority="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj, 2024" authorityName="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj" authorityYear="2024" box="[579,713,187,213]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifascia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BDD268652913FFE25C3585B3FD2BFF0B" box="[579,713,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">Ps. bifascia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="BDD268652913FFE25CA585B3FCCDFF0B" bold="true" box="[723,815,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A6E1D51E2913FFE25CA585B3FCCDFF0B" box="[723,815,187,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
though have white background and black patches, its marginal band is orange followed by a wide white rim.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F19B4772913FFE25EB1840BFE84FE0F" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">
In addition, the newly described species features a simple male atrium as opposed to the folded male atrium of
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42913FFE25EE1842FFEDFFE9F" authorityName="Newman &amp; Cannon" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,317,295,321]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scintillatus">
<emphasis id="BDD268652913FFE25EE1842FFEDFFE9F" box="[151,317,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">Ps. scintillatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="BDD268652913FFE25F02842FFE1CFE9E" box="[372,510,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42913FFE25F02842FFE18FE9E" authorityName="Newman &amp; Cannon" authorityYear="1998" box="[372,506,295,320]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="scriptus">Ps. scriptus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A specimen comparable to
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42913FFE25D4E842FFC59FE9F" authority="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj, 2024" authorityName="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj" authorityYear="2024" box="[824,955,295,321]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifascia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="BDD268652913FFE25D4E842FFC59FE9F" box="[824,955,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">Ps. bifascia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="BDD268652913FFE25DB5842FFBFFFE9F" bold="true" box="[963,1053,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A6E1D51E2913FFE25DB5842FFBFFFE9F" box="[963,1053,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was photographed in the Red Sea (
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42913FFE25ED78443FEB6FEBB" box="[161,340,331,357]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="BDD268652913FFE25ED78443FECDFEBB" box="[161,303,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">Pseudoceros</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
19,
<bibRefCitation id="EB37C9862913FFE25FF48443FD7DFEBB" author="Newman, L. J. &amp; Cannon, L. R. G." box="[386,671,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" refId="ref6705" refString="Newman, L. J. &amp; Cannon, L. R. G. (2003) Marine Flatworms. The World of Polyclads. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton, 97 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9780643101197" type="book" year="2003">Newman &amp; Cannon 2003</bibRefCitation>
, Pg. 80 &amp; 2005) and there has been no record of any similar specimen in literature or in any websites after then. This species was considered rare by
<bibRefCitation id="EB37C9862913FFE25A758467FACCFE57" author="Newman, L. J. &amp; Cannon, L. R. G." box="[1027,1326,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" refId="ref6705" refString="Newman, L. J. &amp; Cannon, L. R. G. (2003) Marine Flatworms. The World of Polyclads. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton, 97 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9780643101197" type="book" year="2003">Newman &amp; Cannon (2003</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 80 &amp; 2005). Thus, in light of the above-mentioned characters and comparisons, we describe
<taxonomicName id="48A6CFF42913FFE25A2A849BFAA8FE73" authorityName="Dixit &amp; Sreeraj" authorityYear="2024" box="[1116,1354,403,429]" family="Pseudocerotidae" genus="Pseudoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polycladida" pageId="11" pageNumber="416" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bifascia">
<emphasis id="BDD268652913FFE25A2A849BFAA8FE73" box="[1116,1354,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="416">Pseudoceros bifascia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as new species to science.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>