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<document id="3DF97F3DCFA0C7BFD16DD6EB01C60D90" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13210402" ID-ZooBank="BB7EE938-98DD-4D39-9BAA-68432A36515B" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1722788940935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio, Gómez-Tapia, José David, Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo, Song, Hojun, Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D. &amp; Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón" docDate="2024" docId="926A7070281BFFF0E0FBFEA4FACDFAF5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5486.2.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5486 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5486.4.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) N, Gómez-Tapia, Mariño-Pérez, Song, Vázquez-Reyes &amp; Sanabria-Urbán, 2024, subgen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="509" masterDocId="6E5308082813FFFAE06CFFCBFFDBFFC4" masterDocTitle="Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti &amp; Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae)" masterLastPageNumber="538" masterPageNumber="499" pageNumber="507" updateTime="1722901235342" updateUser="valdenar" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="ED053BB06B6115209ED5F54D5F04245E">Studies in Mexican grasshoppers: four new species of the genus Oaxaca Fontana Buzzetti &amp; Mariño-Pérez, 2011 with the erection of the subgenus Paraoaxaca (Caelifera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3FD2434586B3AA1A05B99374D8EF7240">Aguilar-Rolda ́ N, César Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3F66DAA25B068EBF22FCA20FCCA76C48">Gómez-Tapia, José David</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CB48714D35B340B2DB60FCB858CD6AD8">Mariño-Pérez, Ricardo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B9A441B1A1EDF23ABECB43BC29548690">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 3600 Varsity Drive, 48108 Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D458F43F6858E0E95EE9C2073E1EB475">Song, Hojun</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="11A031040CEB9B18A4C51639CF86DD8D">Department of Entomology, Texas A &amp; M University, 2475 TAMU, 77843 - 2475 College Station, TX, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C4A850A4F9B7FCDED72643DB1A5AFD28">Vázquez-Reyes, Leopoldo D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5D7856B30B574FFF8A97D0A41171AB68">Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios # 1, Tlalnepantla, México 54090, México.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="452273528284843D188F7E902291E2D2">Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="52D992ED281BFFF2E0FBFEA4FB20FE4D" box="[151,1275,366,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1A7CC166281BFFF2E0FBFEA4FB20FE4D" blockId="8.[151,1275,366,393]" box="[151,1275,366,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
<heading id="4134760A281BFFF2E0FBFEA4FB20FE4D" bold="true" box="[151,1275,366,393]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" reason="1">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E0FBFEA4FB20FE4D" bold="true" box="[151,1275,366,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E0FBFEA4FEF3FE4D" authorityName="Aguilar-RoldáN &amp; Gómez-Tapia &amp; Mariño-Pérez &amp; Song &amp; Vázquez-Reyes &amp; Sanabria-Urbán" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,296,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" status="subgen. nov." subGenus="Paraoaxaca">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E0FBFEA4FEF3FE4D" bold="true" box="[151,296,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3384A00F281BFFF2E15CFEA4FE12FE4D" box="[304,457,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="subGenus">subgen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Aguilar-Roldán, Gómez-Tapia, Mariño-Pérez &amp; Sanabria-Urbán
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="52D992ED281BFFF2E0F4FE7CFCBFFDF9" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1A7CC166281BFFF2E0F4FE7CFF3EFE31" blockId="8.[151,1437,439,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
<materialsCitation id="AAABCB3B281BFFF2E0F4FE7CFF3AFE31" collectionCode="SPECIES" collectorName="Aguilar-Roldan &amp; Gomez-Tapia &amp; Marino-Perez &amp; Sanabria-Urban" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="C5787FC4281BFFF2E0F4FE7CFF3AFE15" box="[152,225,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">TYPE</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="7CD259A3281BFFF2E086FE7CFE86FE15" box="[234,349,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">SPECIES</collectionCode>
.
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E100FE7CFD79FE14" authorityName="Aguilar-RoldáN &amp; Gómez-Tapia &amp; Mariño-Pérez &amp; Song &amp; Vázquez-Reyes &amp; Sanabria-Urbán" authorityYear="2024" box="[364,674,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ottei" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Paraoaxaca">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E100FE7CFE18FE15" box="[364,451,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Oaxaca</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E1B9FE7CFD79FE14" box="[469,674,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Paraoaxaca) ottei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E2C6FE7CFCDFFE15" bold="true" box="[682,772,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3384A00F281BFFF2E2C6FE7CFCDFFE15" box="[682,772,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<collectorName id="B736A4B0281BFFF2E367FE7CFC66FE15" box="[779,957,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Aguilar-Roldán</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="B736A4B0281BFFF2E3A6FE7CFBBEFE15" box="[970,1125,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Gómez-Tapia</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="B736A4B0281BFFF2E41DFE7CFAD0FE15" box="[1137,1291,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Mariño-Pérez</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="B736A4B0281BFFF2E55DFE7CFF3AFE31" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Sanabria-Urbán</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A7CC166281BFFF2E0A4FE34FCBFFDF9" blockId="8.[151,1437,439,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
COMPOSITION. This new subgenus comprises four new species:
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E3D0FE34FC35FDDC" authorityName="Aguilar-RoldáN &amp; Gómez-Tapia &amp; Mariño-Pérez &amp; Song &amp; Vázquez-Reyes &amp; Sanabria-Urbán" authorityYear="2024" box="[956,1006,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ottei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E3D0FE34FC35FDDC" box="[956,1006,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">ottei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E398FE34FB96FDDD" bold="true" box="[1012,1101,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3384A00F281BFFF2E398FE34FB96FDDD" box="[1012,1101,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E437FE34FB42FDDD" authorityName="Aguilar-RoldáN &amp; Gómez-Tapia &amp; Mariño-Pérez &amp; Song &amp; Vázquez-Reyes &amp; Sanabria-Urbán" authorityYear="2024" box="[1115,1177,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cohni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E437FE34FB42FDDD" box="[1115,1177,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">cohni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E4F3FE34FB23FDDD" bold="true" box="[1183,1272,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3384A00F281BFFF2E4F3FE34FB23FDDD" box="[1183,1272,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E56AFE34FAAFFDDD" authorityName="Aguilar-RoldáN &amp; Gómez-Tapia &amp; Mariño-Pérez &amp; Song &amp; Vázquez-Reyes &amp; Sanabria-Urbán" authorityYear="2024" box="[1286,1396,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuitlateca" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E56AFE34FAAFFDDD" box="[1286,1396,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">cuitlateca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E517FE34FF13FDF9" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3384A00F281BFFF2E517FE34FF13FDF9" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E16AFDE8FEAFFDF9" authorityName="Aguilar-RoldáN &amp; Gómez-Tapia &amp; Mariño-Pérez &amp; Song &amp; Vázquez-Reyes &amp; Sanabria-Urbán" authorityYear="2024" box="[262,372,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tlapaneca" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E16AFDE8FEAFFDF9" box="[262,372,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">tlapaneca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E117FDE8FE0EFDF9" bold="true" box="[379,469,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3384A00F281BFFF2E117FDE8FE0EFDF9" box="[379,469,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, all of them described in this study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="52D992ED281BFFF0E0A4FD8CFDD2FCD1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1A7CC166281BFFF2E0A4FD8CFE74FBB9" blockId="8.[151,1437,439,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
DIAGNOSIS AND TAXONOMIC AFFINITY. This new subgenus shares many characteristics with the previously described species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E2E9FDA0FD07FD41" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[645,732,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E2E9FDA0FD07FD41" box="[645,732,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Oaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However,
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E309FDA0FC35FD40" box="[869,1006,619,644]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Paraoaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E309FDA0FC35FD40" box="[869,1006,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grasshoppers generally have slightly larger body sizes and shorter metazona (less than half the length of prozona) than the other two species
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E566FD44FABAFD6D" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[1290,1377,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E566FD44FABAFD6D" box="[1290,1377,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Oaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E503FD44FF7CFD09" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1481,1505]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,1451]" captionTargetId="figure-23@9.[151,1436,181,1457]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Boxplots showing variation in body size measurements (length of body, pronotum and hind femur) and in relative proportion of metazona (metazona/prozona ratio) between males and females of Oaxaca species, including the four new ones belonging to the Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. In each boxplot, thick horizontal lines represent the median and the black dot the mean, while vertical lines represent the maximum and minimum values without outliers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210412/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="5741F4DD281BFFF2E0DEFD78FED8FD09" box="[178,259,691,717]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic comparison of species of Oaxaca and Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. Mean values of anatomical measurements are denoted in bold." pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Table 1</tableCitation>
). In addition, dorsomedial and dorsolateral light stripes of body, and lower areas of head and pronotum are ivory or yellow in subgenus
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E1A3FD1CFD83FD34" box="[463,600,727,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Paraoaxaca">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E1A3FD1CFD83FD34" box="[463,600,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while green or blue in the other congeneric species. Moreover, hind femora of
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E0DAFD30FEE4FCD0" box="[182,319,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Paraoaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E0DAFD30FEE4FCD0" box="[182,319,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals are almost entirely green instead showing some degree of red as in other species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E08CFCD4FEECFCFD" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[224,311,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E08CFCD4FEECFCFD" box="[224,311,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Oaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and these differences in coloration are evident in both females and males (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E4FDFCD4FB24FCFD" box="[1169,1279,798,825]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1908,1932]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox-0="[232,1355,228,1837]" captionTargetBox-1="[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetId-0="figure-23@11.[185,1402,181,1884]" captionTargetId-1="figure-34@12.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Coloration of live individuals of Oaxaca (A–B) and Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. (C–H) species. A) Oaxaca carinata male in dorsolateral view, B) Oaxaca colorata male in lateral view. Male (C) and female (D) of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. in dorsolateral view. Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Coloration of live individuals of Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species. Male (A &amp; C) and female (B &amp; D) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively). Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210414" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210418" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13210414/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13210418/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Figs. 4–5</figureCitation>
). Male sexual characters also distinguish
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E1A1FC88FD63FC99" box="[461,696,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Paraoaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E1A1FC88FD8DFC98" box="[461,598,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
The male cerci of subgenus
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E465FC88FB49FC98" box="[1033,1170,835,860]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Paraoaxaca">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E465FC88FB49FC98" box="[1033,1170,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are conical, elongated, and straight; while in the other species of
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E2E5FCACFD3CFC45" box="[649,743,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E2E5FCACFD38FC45" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[649,739,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oaxaca</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
male cerci can be triangular and flattened (
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E480FCACFAAAFC44" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[1260,1393,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E480FCACFAAAFC44" box="[1260,1393,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">O. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or conical elongated, but curved inwards (
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E238FC40FD0EFC61" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[596,725,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorata">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E238FC40FD0EFC61" box="[596,725,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">O. colorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Moreover, males of subgenus
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E42DFC40FB11FC60" box="[1089,1226,907,932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Paraoaxaca">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E42DFC40FB11FC60" box="[1089,1226,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be recognized by having a continuous bridge of epiphallus in association with a backwards directed rounded tooth in the anterior-internal portion of each lophus. Although this last character is shared with
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E391FC18FB5AFC28" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[1021,1153,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E391FC18FB5AFC28" box="[1021,1153,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">O. carinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in this later species the bridge of epiphallus is segmented in the middle. Lastly, although genus
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E3ADFC3CFBC3FBD5" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[961,1048,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E3ADFC3CFBC3FBD5" box="[961,1048,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Oaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in Southwestern
<collectingRegion id="D8070F84281BFFF2E52CFC3CFA43FBD5" box="[1344,1432,1015,1041]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Mexico</collectingRegion>
, the known geographic range of subgenus
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E20DFBD0FD31FBF0" box="[609,746,1051,1076]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Paraoaxaca">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E20DFBD0FD31FBF0" box="[609,746,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spans roughly lowlands from
<collectingRegion id="D8070F84281BFFF2E45BFBD0FB19FBF1" box="[1079,1218,1051,1077]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Colima state</collectingRegion>
to middle
<collectingRegion id="D8070F84281BFFF2E55BFBD0FF16FB9D" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Guerrero state</collectingRegion>
, while the current species of genus
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E233FBF4FD6DFB9D" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[607,694,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E233FBF4FD6DFB9D" box="[607,694,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Oaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distributed from midlands to highlands from middle
<collectingRegion id="D8070F84281BFFF2E55BFBF4FA47FB9D" box="[1335,1436,1087,1113]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
to
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281BFFF2E0D8FBA8FED3FBB9" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[180,264,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oaxaca</taxonomicName>
states (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E130FBA8FE7AFBB9" box="[348,417,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,996,1020]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,188,967]" captionTargetId="figure-23@13.[151,1435,181,973]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution of species of Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. and Oaxaca. Each symbol (circle or triangle) represents a sampling locality analyzed in this study and different colors and shapes of symbols indicate different taxa. Labels beside the symbols denote the locality number as described in the taxonomic descriptions and Appendix Table A1. Gray contour lines delimit biogeographic regions, while white contour lines delimit states of Mexico. Variation in altitude and relief across the Mexican territory is represented by the color gradient and shades on the map." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210422" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210422/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1A7CC166281BFFF0E0A4FB4CFDD2FCD1" blockId="8.[151,1437,439,1977]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,1329]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">
SUBGENERIC DESCRIPTION.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E237FB4DFD07FB64" bold="true" box="[603,732,1158,1184]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Coloration</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E281FB4CFC86FB65" box="[749,861,1158,1185]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1908,1932]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox-0="[232,1355,228,1837]" captionTargetBox-1="[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetId-0="figure-23@11.[185,1402,181,1884]" captionTargetId-1="figure-34@12.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 4. Coloration of live individuals of Oaxaca (A–B) and Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. (C–H) species. A) Oaxaca carinata male in dorsolateral view, B) Oaxaca colorata male in lateral view. Male (C) and female (D) of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. in dorsolateral view. Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5. Coloration of live individuals of Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species. Male (A &amp; C) and female (B &amp; D) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively). Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210414" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210418" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13210414/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13210418/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Figs. 4–5</figureCitation>
):
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E31FFB4CFB8EFB65" box="[883,1109,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">dorsal body surface</emphasis>
of males featuring two dark bands (dark brown or black) running parallel from head to about the 5
<superScript id="EDB66C2E281BFFF2E3F4FB61FC7EFB7C" attach="left" box="[920,933,1194,1208]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">th</superScript>
abdominal segment. These bands are divided by a dorsomedial light stripe and bordered on each side by two dorsolateral light stripes (yellow or ivory). The dorsomedial light stripe runs along the carina media and narrows in the head and pronotum (sometimes despairing) and widens as it reaches the abdomen tip. The dorsolateral light stripes are well-defined on the head and pronotum, widening and becoming less distinct towards the end of the abdomen. Similar color patterns can be seen in adult females (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E092FA94FEADFABD" box="[254,374,1374,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-34@12.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Coloration of live individuals of Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species. Male (A &amp; C) and female (B &amp; D) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively). Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210418/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fig. 5B, D</figureCitation>
) or alternatively, they may have a light brown dorsal surface without any dark bands and more less diffuse dorsolateral light stripes (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E25AFA48FD70FA59" box="[566,683,1410,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-34@12.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Coloration of live individuals of Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species. Male (A &amp; C) and female (B &amp; D) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively). Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210418/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fig. 5F, H</figureCitation>
). This alternative coloration has also been observed in few nymphal males (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E086FA6CFEB2FA05" box="[234,361,1446,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-34@12.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Coloration of live individuals of Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species. Male (A &amp; C) and female (B &amp; D) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively). Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210418/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fig. 5E, G</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E113FA6CFDB6FA05" box="[383,621,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Lateral body surface</emphasis>
of both sexes with dark bands (dark brown or black) on either side of the upper half. These lateral dark bands are wide and continuous from behind the eyes to thorax and narrowing and despairing towards the end of the abdomen. Lower half of head, pronotum and mesothoracic sternum lightly colored (yellow or ivory). Metathoracic episternum with oblique yellow or ivory stripe in the upper half.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E553F9D8FA47F9E9" box="[1343,1436,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Antenna</emphasis>
lightly colored (green, yellow, or light brown) almost entirely, except dark for distal quarter.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E4D0F9FCFB2AF994" box="[1212,1265,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Eyes</emphasis>
generally dark brown with lighter coloration in the front.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E217F990FD01F9B0" box="[635,730,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Tegmina</emphasis>
mostly dark (dark brown or black), except for the upper third that is lightly colored (ivory, light brown or yellow).
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E29EF9B4FC39F95D" box="[754,994,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fore and middle legs</emphasis>
entirely green or light brown (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E52DF9B4FF75F979" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1908,1932]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,228,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-23@11.[185,1402,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Coloration of live individuals of Oaxaca (A–B) and Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. (C–H) species. A) Oaxaca carinata male in dorsolateral view, B) Oaxaca colorata male in lateral view. Male (C) and female (D) of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. in dorsolateral view. Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210414" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210414/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fig. 4E, G</figureCitation>
), sometimes females show light brown on the dorsal and green on the ventral surface of the legs (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E57AF968FA4BF979" box="[1302,1424,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1908,1932]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,228,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-23@11.[185,1402,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Coloration of live individuals of Oaxaca (A–B) and Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. (C–H) species. A) Oaxaca carinata male in dorsolateral view, B) Oaxaca colorata male in lateral view. Male (C) and female (D) of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. in dorsolateral view. Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210414" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210414/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fig. 4F, H</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E0FBF90CFEFFF925" box="[151,292,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Hind femora</emphasis>
enterally green or light brown, except for the dark (brown to black) lobes of knees. Sometimes females show a lighter coloration in the upper basal half of the hind femora surrounded by dark stripes (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E4DFF920FAD7F8C1" box="[1203,1292,1770,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-34@12.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Coloration of live individuals of Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species. Male (A &amp; C) and female (B &amp; D) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively). Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210418/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E573F920FA47F8C1" box="[1311,1436,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Hind tibiae</emphasis>
bluish green or blue.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E1E7F8C5FD5EF8ED" bold="true" box="[395,645,1806,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">General morphology</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE3281BFFF2E2F9F8C4FCDAF8ED" box="[661,769,1807,1833]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStartId-0="14.[151,242,1928,1952]" captionStartId-1="15.[151,250,1908,1932]" captionTargetBox-0="[185,1402,201,1904]" captionTargetBox-1="[185,1402,181,1884]" captionTargetId-0="figure-34@14.[185,1402,201,1904]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@15.[185,1402,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Habitus of type material of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. (A–D) and Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. (E–H). Holotype male (A &amp; C) and allotype female (B &amp; D) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) otteisp. nov. in dorsal (A–B) and lateral (C–D) views. Holotype male (E &amp; G) and allotype female (F &amp; H) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. in dorsal (E–F) and lateral (G–H) views." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Habitus of type material of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. (A–D) and Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. (E–H). Holotype male (A &amp; C) and allotype female (B &amp; D) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. in dorsal (A–B) and lateral (C–D) views. Holotype male (E &amp; G) and allotype female (F &amp; H) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. in dorsal (E–F) and lateral (G–H) views." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210424" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210428" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13210424/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13210428/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Figs. 7–8</figureCitation>
):
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E377F8C4FC5FF8EC" box="[795,900,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">body size</emphasis>
ranging from
<quantity id="DD3B6C83281BFFF2E446F8C4FAD8F8ED" box="[1066,1283,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.423" metricValueMax="1.755" metricValueMin="1.091" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" unit="mm" value="14.23" valueMax="17.55" valueMin="10.91">10.91 to 17.55 mm</quantity>
in males and from
<quantity id="DD3B6C83281BFFF2E0BFF8F8FE79F889" box="[211,418,1842,1869]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.685" metricValueMax="2.059" metricValueMin="1.311" pageId="8" pageNumber="507" unit="mm" value="16.85" valueMax="20.59" valueMin="13.11">13.11 to 20.59 mm</quantity>
in females (
<tableCitation id="5741F4DD281BFFF2E24AF8F8FD54F889" box="[550,655,1843,1869]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic comparison of species of Oaxaca and Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. Mean values of anatomical measurements are denoted in bold." pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Table A1</tableCitation>
).
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E2CEF8F8FC45F889" box="[674,926,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Dorsal surface of body</emphasis>
slightly pubescent and uniformly rugose from head to abdomen in most cases or smoother on the abdomen.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E339F89CFB49F8B4" box="[853,1170,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Longitudinal median carina</emphasis>
on dorsal body surface well marked from head to abdomen, or less marked on head and pronotum than in the abdomen.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E4B9F8B0FAC9F851" box="[1237,1298,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Head</emphasis>
with arched vertex, slightly elevated above the pronotum in lateral view, more evident in males.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281BFFF2E426F854FB67F87C" box="[1098,1212,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="507">Fastigium</emphasis>
projecting forward, descending nearly at middle of the eyes in lateral view.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281AFFF3E375F90EFC95F91A" box="[793,846,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Eyes</emphasis>
globose and prominent, nearly twice as long as the infra-ocular portion of the gena in lateral view of head, nearly touching anteriorly and widely separated posteriorly in dorsal view of head.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281AFFF3E1F5F8C7FE2DF8E2" box="[409,502,1804,1830]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Antenna</emphasis>
filiform, nearly the length of head and pronotum together in females or the length of head, pronotum and metanotum together in males.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281AFFF3E2A1F8FAFCE7F88E" box="[717,828,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Pronotum</emphasis>
transversely convex, wider posteriorly than anteriorly, especially in females, dorsally straight to slightly arched; with two or three well-marked transverse sulci, in the latter case the anterior two sulci fuse and interrupt in the lateral-middle portion of pronotum; metazona generally less than half the length of prozona (average metazona/prozona ratio equal to
<quantity id="DD3B6C83281AFFF3E44DF857FBA9F872" box="[1057,1138,1948,1974]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0922" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" unit="in" value="0.43">0.43 in</quantity>
both males and females). Dorsal anterior and posterior margins of pronotal disc somewhat emarginated, more distinctly in the latter.
<emphasis id="28B71D74281AFFF3E551F80AFA47F81E" box="[1341,1436,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Tegmina</emphasis>
represented by small lateral tongues, wider in the posterior third than in the base and the apex, partially covering the tympanum or barely surpassing the posterior margin of the first abdominal segment.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E4E0FF70FAD6FF10" box="[1164,1293,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Hind wings</emphasis>
not evident.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E0FBFF14FF17FF3C" box="[151,204,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Legs</emphasis>
slightly pubescent, fore and middle femora more robust in males than in females, fore and middle tibiae with two rows of small dark spines on inner and outer margins of the lower surface of the distal half, hind tibiae with two rows of spines in dorsal surface, 8 spines in the outer,
<quantity id="DD3B6C832819FFF0E35CFEECFC5DFE85" box="[816,902,295,321]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.413" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="2.286" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" unit="in" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9–10 in</quantity>
the inner.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E392FEECFB64FE84" bold="true" box="[1022,1215,294,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Male terminalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE32819FFF0E4A3FEECFA91FE85" box="[1231,1354,295,321]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStart-2="FIGURE 11" captionStart-3="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,875,899]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1723,1747]" captionStartId-2="17.[151,250,874,898]" captionStartId-3="17.[151,250,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1411,186,851]" captionTargetBox-1="[211,1419,1031,1699]" captionTargetBox-2="[225,1424,181,850]" captionTargetBox-3="[152,1418,1030,1699]" captionTargetId-0="figure-34@16.[151,1436,181,851]" captionTargetId-1="figure-88@16.[151,1436,1031,1699]" captionTargetId-2="figure-23@17.[151,1436,181,850]" captionTargetId-3="figure-75@17.[151,1436,1030,1699]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Morphology of male and female terminalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. Dorsal portion of male terminalia in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view, and subgenital plate in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view (paratype #13). Female terminalia in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) view (paratype #50)." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Morphology of male and female terminalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. Dorsal portion of male terminalia in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view, and subgenital plate in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view (Holotype).Female terminalia in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) view (paratype #59)." captionText-2="FIGURE 11. Morphology of male and female terminalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. Dorsal portion of male terminalia in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view, and subgenital plate in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view (Holotype).Female terminalia in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) view (Allotype)." captionText-3="FIGURE 12. Morphology of male and female terminalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. Dorsal portion of male terminalia in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view, and subgenital plate in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view (Paratype # 18). Female terminalia in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) view (Paratype # 67)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210432" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210434" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210438" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210440" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13210432/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13210434/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13210438/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13210440/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Figs. 9–12</figureCitation>
, A–D):
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E0FBFE80FE88FEA1" box="[151,339,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">supra-anal plate</emphasis>
triangular with rounded or pointed apex.
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE52819FFF0E35DFE80FC51FEA1" box="[817,906,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Furcula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E35DFE80FC51FEA1" box="[817,906,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Furcula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
short, blunt rounded and sometimes flattened, nearly touching dorsally.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E1DCFEA4FE36FE4D" box="[432,493,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Cerci</emphasis>
conical and straight, tapering gradually towards the apex, nearly as long as the supra-anal plate.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E178FE58FE17FE69" box="[276,460,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Subgenital plate</emphasis>
spherical or subtriangular with a rounded posterior margin or produced in a pointy or a tongue-like process.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E1F0FE7CFDA2FE14" bold="true" box="[412,633,438,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Female terminalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE32819FFF0E2E0FE7CFCD3FE15" box="[652,776,439,465]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStart-2="FIGURE 11" captionStart-3="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="16.[151,250,875,899]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1723,1747]" captionStartId-2="17.[151,250,874,898]" captionStartId-3="17.[151,250,1723,1747]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1411,186,851]" captionTargetBox-1="[211,1419,1031,1699]" captionTargetBox-2="[225,1424,181,850]" captionTargetBox-3="[152,1418,1030,1699]" captionTargetId-0="figure-34@16.[151,1436,181,851]" captionTargetId-1="figure-88@16.[151,1436,1031,1699]" captionTargetId-2="figure-23@17.[151,1436,181,850]" captionTargetId-3="figure-75@17.[151,1436,1030,1699]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="17" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Morphology of male and female terminalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. Dorsal portion of male terminalia in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view, and subgenital plate in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view (paratype #13). Female terminalia in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) view (paratype #50)." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Morphology of male and female terminalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. Dorsal portion of male terminalia in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view, and subgenital plate in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view (Holotype).Female terminalia in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) view (paratype #59)." captionText-2="FIGURE 11. Morphology of male and female terminalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. Dorsal portion of male terminalia in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view, and subgenital plate in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view (Holotype).Female terminalia in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) view (Allotype)." captionText-3="FIGURE 12. Morphology of male and female terminalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. Dorsal portion of male terminalia in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view, and subgenital plate in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view (Paratype # 18). Female terminalia in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) view (Paratype # 67)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210432" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210434" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210438" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210440" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13210432/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13210434/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13210438/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13210440/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Figs. 9–12</figureCitation>
, E–F):
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E30CFE7CFBC6FE15" box="[864,1053,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">supra-anal plate</emphasis>
triangular.
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE52819FFF0E4CFFE7CFB27FE15" box="[1187,1276,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Furcula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E4CFFE7CFB27FE15" box="[1187,1276,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Furcula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
absent.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E533FE7CFA47FE15" box="[1375,1436,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Cerci</emphasis>
conical, wide in the basal quarter, tapering towards the apex, nearly half the length of the supra-anal plate.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E522FE10FEA9FDDC" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Dorsal valves of ovipositor</emphasis>
lanceolate with tips curved dorsally.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E37DFE34FB9FFDDC" box="[785,1092,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Ventral valves of ovipositor</emphasis>
with a ventral tooth projecting posteriorly tips curved ventrally.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E265FDE8FD6FFDF8" bold="true" box="[521,692,546,573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE32819FFF0E2AEFDE8FC97FDF9" box="[706,844,547,573]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 13" captionStart-1="FIGURE 14" captionStart-2="FIGURE 15" captionStart-3="FIGURE 16" captionStartId-0="18.[151,250,1286,1310]" captionStartId-1="19.[151,250,1285,1309]" captionStartId-2="20.[151,250,1885,1909]" captionStartId-3="23.[151,250,1281,1305]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,181,1262]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,182,1261]" captionTargetBox-2="[190,1398,849,1861]" captionTargetBox-3="[153,1436,181,1257]" captionTargetId-0="figure-34@18.[151,1436,181,1262]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@19.[151,1436,181,1261]" captionTargetId-2="figure-336@20.[189,1398,849,1861]" captionTargetId-3="figure-23@23.[151,1436,181,1257]" captionTargetPageId-0="18" captionTargetPageId-1="19" captionTargetPageId-2="20" captionTargetPageId-3="23" captionText-0="FIGURE 13. Male genitalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. Epiphallus in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view. Ectophallus and endophallus in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) (Paratype # 13)." captionText-1="FIGURE 14. Male genitalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. Epiphallus in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view. Ectophallus and endophallus in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) (Holotype specimen)." captionText-2="FIGURE 15. Male genitalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. Epiphallus in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view. Ectophallus and endophallus in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) (Holotype specimen)." captionText-3="FIGURE 16. Male genitalia of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. Epiphallus in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view. Ectophallus and endophallus in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) (paratype #18)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210444" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210448" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210452" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210454" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13210444/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13210448/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13210452/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13210454/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Figs. 13–16</figureCitation>
):
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E333FDE8FC0FFDF9" box="[863,980,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">epiphallus</emphasis>
well sclerotized (not segmented), bridge almost straight to notably curved anteriorly;
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E2FBFD8CFD28FDA4" box="[663,755,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">ancorae</emphasis>
short, triangular, and curved ventrally;
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E4D6FD8CFA47FDA4" box="[1210,1436,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">anterior projections</emphasis>
curved inwards, pointy, or rounded;
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E251FDA0FDACFD41" box="[573,631,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">lophi</emphasis>
prominent paddle-shaped or lobulated, in any case with a backwards directed rounded tooth in the anterior-internal portion of each lophus.
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E3DDFD44FBE4FD6D" box="[945,1087,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Endophallus</emphasis>
with dorsal valves sclerotized, variable in size and form, ranging from short and dorsally (or laterally) flattened to long and gutter-like. Ventral valves of endophallus nearly as long as the dorsal valves, also variable in form, ranging from subtriangular and pointed to elongated and slender.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="4EBC91EE281AFFF3E0FBFA02FBC2F98A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13210412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210412/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" startId="9.[151,250,1481,1505]" targetBox="[157,1430,187,1451]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="1A7CC166281AFFF3E0FBFA02FBC2F98A" blockId="9.[151,1436,1481,1614]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281AFFF3E0FBFA02FEC8FA26" bold="true" box="[151,275,1481,1506]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Boxplots showing variation in body size measurements (length of body, pronotum and hind femur) and in relative proportion of metazona (metazona/prozona ratio) between males and females of
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281AFFF3E3BDFA25FBA8F9C2" box="[977,1139,1518,1542]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281AFFF3E3BDFA25FBFBF9C1" box="[977,1056,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Oaxaca</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, including the four new ones belonging to the
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE5281AFFF3E12AF9D9FE19F9ED" authorityName="Aguilar-RoldáN &amp; Gómez-Tapia &amp; Mariño-Pérez &amp; Song &amp; Vázquez-Reyes &amp; Sanabria-Urbán" authorityYear="2024" box="[326,450,1554,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" status="subgen. nov." subGenus="Paraoaxaca">
<emphasis id="28B71D74281AFFF3E12AF9D9FE19F9ED" box="[326,450,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="28B71D74281AFFF3E1A6F9D9FD8BF9EE" bold="true" box="[458,592,1554,1578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3384A00F281AFFF3E1A6F9D9FD8BF9EE" box="[458,592,1554,1578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="508" rank="subGenus">subgen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
In each boxplot, thick horizontal lines represent the median and the black dot the mean, while vertical lines represent the maximum and minimum values without outliers.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="52D992ED2819FFF0E0A4FCD4FAB9FB01" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="1A7CC1662819FFF0E0A4FCD4FAB9FB01" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">
DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE. Based on the available records, the grasshoppers of this subgenus inhabit the lowlands (from sea level to 1,337 meters above sea level, masl) of the Pacific coast and the outer slopes of the Sierra Madre del Sur in Southwestern
<collectingRegion id="D8070F842819FFF0E385FCACFB99FC45" box="[1001,1090,871,897]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Mexico</collectingRegion>
.Their known geographic range spans roughly from central
<collectingRegion id="D8070F842819FFF0E1ABFC40FD89FC61" box="[455,594,907,933]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Colima state</collectingRegion>
to the northwestern half of
<collectingRegion id="D8070F842819FFF0E3EFFC40FBFAFC61" box="[899,1057,907,933]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Guerrero state</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE32819FFF0E443FC40FBA8FC61" box="[1071,1139,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="13.[151,250,996,1020]" captionTargetBox="[156,1428,188,967]" captionTargetId="figure-23@13.[151,1435,181,973]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution of species of Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. and Oaxaca. Each symbol (circle or triangle) represents a sampling locality analyzed in this study and different colors and shapes of symbols indicate different taxa. Labels beside the symbols denote the locality number as described in the taxonomic descriptions and Appendix Table A1. Gray contour lines delimit biogeographic regions, while white contour lines delimit states of Mexico. Variation in altitude and relief across the Mexican territory is represented by the color gradient and shades on the map." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210422" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210422/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). These grasshoppers have been found in weedy-bushy ruderal habitats, but usually at the edge of tropical deciduous forest and oak-pine forest (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE32819FFF0E0F3FC18FEF3FC29" box="[159,296,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[221,1366,229,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-34@24.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 17. Habitat (left) and plants (right) on which Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species were found sometimes feeding, copulating, or perching. Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. (A–B), Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. (C–D), Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. (E–F), and Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. (G–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210458/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Fig. 17A, C</figureCitation>
). They also have been collected in overgrown fields surrounded by thinned natural vegetation or even in cultivated areas (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE32819FFF0E11FFC3CFE20FBD5" box="[371,507,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[221,1366,229,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-34@24.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 17. Habitat (left) and plants (right) on which Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species were found sometimes feeding, copulating, or perching. Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. (A–B), Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. (C–D), Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. (E–F), and Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. (G–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210458/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Fig. 17E, G</figureCitation>
). Few observations exist of
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE52819FFF0E35BFC3CFC1BFBD4" box="[823,960,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Paraoaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E35BFC3CFC1BFBD4" box="[823,960,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grasshoppers feeding on composite plants (
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE52819FFF0E0CDFBD0FEEFFBF1" box="[161,308,1051,1077]" class="Echinoidea" family="Tithoniidae" genus="Tithonia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E0CDFBD0FF25FBF1" box="[161,254,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Tithonia</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE52819FFF0E101FBD0FE27FBF1" box="[365,508,1051,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Aldama" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E101FBD0FE1FFBF1" box="[365,452,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Aldama</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
) and climbing plants (
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE52819FFF0E291FBD0FC52FBF1" box="[765,905,1051,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E291FBD0FC8AFBF0" box="[765,849,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Ipomea</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE32819FFF0E3CDFBD0FBB6FBF1" box="[929,1133,1051,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[221,1366,229,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-34@24.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 17. Habitat (left) and plants (right) on which Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species were found sometimes feeding, copulating, or perching. Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. (A–B), Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. (C–D), Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. (E–F), and Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. (G–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210458/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Fig. 17B, D, F, H</figureCitation>
). These grasshoppers have been found from September to January, but their numbers seem to peak in September and October, when mating pairs have also been observed (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE32819FFF0E26BFBA8FDAFFBB9" box="[519,628,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[221,1366,229,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-34@24.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 17. Habitat (left) and plants (right) on which Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species were found sometimes feeding, copulating, or perching. Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) ottei sp. nov. (A–B), Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cohni sp. nov. (C–D), Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. (E–F), and Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. (G–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210458/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Fig. 17A</figureCitation>
). Abundance of these grasshoppers appears to decline as drier winter conditions set in. Interestingly, late-stage nymphs have been found throughout this period, from September all the way to January (
<figureCitation id="82F8DDE32819FFF0E13CFB60FE13FB01" box="[336,456,1194,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-34@12.[173,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Coloration of live individuals of Paraoaxaca subgen. nov. species. Male (A &amp; C) and female (B &amp; D) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) cuitlateca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively). Male (E &amp; G) and female (F &amp; H) specimens of Oaxaca (Paraoaxaca) tlapaneca sp. nov. in dorsal and lateral view (respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13210418" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13210418/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Fig. 5E, G</figureCitation>
), suggesting these grasshoppers can have more than a single generation each year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="52D992ED2819FFF0E0A4FB04FACDFAF5" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="1A7CC1662819FFF0E0A4FB04FACDFAF5" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">
ETYMOLOGY. This name is composed of the ancient Greek παρά (meaning next to or near) and the generic name
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE52819FFF0E0B4FB38FEF4FAC9" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[216,303,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E0B4FB38FEF4FAC9" box="[216,303,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Oaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.The name
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE52819FFF0E1C4FB38FDEAFAC8" box="[424,561,1267,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Paraoaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E1C4FB38FDEAFAC8" box="[424,561,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Paraoaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to both the adjacent distribution, and the close morphological resemblance between grasshoppers of this new subgenus and the currently known two species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="DDC3BAE52819FFF0E4D4FADCFAD4FAF5" authorityName="Fontana, Buzzetti &amp; Marino-Perez" authorityYear="2011" box="[1208,1295,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Oaxaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="28B71D742819FFF0E4D4FADCFAD4FAF5" box="[1208,1295,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="509">Oaxaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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