335 lines
35 KiB
XML
335 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="DA46C3C740DB26F061AEAD947CEA2E30" ID-CLB-Dataset="54227" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5249.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cb8d7554-93de-47b0-886b-0a89dc8c6273" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7685232" ID-ZooBank="6AD83534-E480-4CA2-99AE-785E25133F76" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1677570912606" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Eiseman, Charles S., Namayandeh, Armin, Linden, John Van Der & Palmer, Michael W." docDate="2023" docId="03FB87AC8902FFB1FF4AEB0993F3FDED" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5249.1.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5249 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.1.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Paraphaenocladius exagitans subsp. exagitans" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="FFC2FFD48917FFA6FFDDEF139076FFF4" masterDocTitle="Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1699475894610" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
|
||
<mods:mods id="53161F3BC3A43E2AB253FCE498B49EAD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="57F213920D78C4D838544465901D529C">
|
||
<mods:title id="7115D9BCDFFE6753383D26771E207F18">Metriocnemus erythranthei sp. nov. and Limnophyes viribus sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae): leafminers of monkeyflowers, speedwells, and other herbaceous plants, with new observations on the ecology and habitats of other leaf-mining Chironomidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="032DE2C49C1B2A3A41C486F70E8931D4" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="842274F6D23AD5629837B13F799EAE8E">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4E7E6E7951A4275EF545C76FB7CBF2EB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="ED81CC3135D97D0ADE45ED51674018BD">Eiseman, Charles S.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3A17D50AB8E2DBCDE665B6BD69AD860E" type="ORCID">0000-0001-5496-9114</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A73FF2FDA1F7B8616252DE4E949EB965" type="email">ceiseman@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="AA9C54780017677344512EC3EB180825" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="443369E9804CE05911D9D6729B71D3F9">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="469B34A917BF5DAF2616118EA89893AC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="271D2583E9F172A9BEFB35391A348AEB">Namayandeh, Armin</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CB91FA7A4B935F55A4C1AAA1CB5C33BC" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2136-0497</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="01E6A4B782EFC92E95F2569573C62BB6" type="email">arminnamayandeh@trentu.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="0BAAC09E6ED880AC04693F5D53B9EE48" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="EE0D937E8D89A7BF19E8FFBDFF14C490">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="051AD35FF4F260596D19BB7020381A92">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="AF33B6DFAE5325734A36D687AFBFD8DB">Linden, John Van Der</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C413EC238F34143FF49EA6660A2078D0" type="ORCID">0000-0003-2651-0634</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="F0C71F471A04B65DD108B06380D34943">1815 Whitetail Rd., Decorah, IA 52101, U. S. A. johnbvdl @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2651 - 0634</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0073A9D428FD5157FA3BCF3E8088C005" type="email">johnbvdl@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="8FDDDE3326135AB85C5CC5DD2A77C493" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A7FF23105B10737715425B244AEF9712">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4225BC3075173892826F17BDEBA2563D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="C655AF32AF3A4A13178B24335C522DF5">Palmer, Michael W.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2B0AAC2C37E524DCD28992B370DBE796" type="ORCID">0000-0001-5496-9114</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="7B7743324D32CEE9E4D6954EDFCCEC44">PBEE, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, U. S. A. Current address: Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97311, U. S. A. mike. palmer @ okstate. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1452 - 2152 Corresponding author. arminnamayandeh @ trentu. ca</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2FECF9203C7DE0F6F330BE9D20F6C8C9" type="email">ceiseman@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="F1FCFF51E9C32BAA200E7011E7B7E9D1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="1C8B6B05C3AD11B5EEB9066058D99677" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="85E7CAA4113AB392EF6F29D06852268E">
|
||
<mods:title id="E889E02B568634CC0F44E5515F421112">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="8D2319672613B5F75890CCAC66EBB69E">
|
||
<mods:date id="AF1B17D3148C19BEEB1987361994BAE9">2023</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="729D3B2EACF34EC7F55689C386885798" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="29D5AB2D33ACA3318269A7DBCAA451E8">2023-02-28</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="150ACDE1BEDB9A0002C269655B202405" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="BFA2719FAAF8D5C18F71BF3964927A0D">5249</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="9A4C3298BAA7EF1B0AACC66B2C4C5A0E" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="78D9CD66412479426A06C72F369A2D8E">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="287A213C8ED10963A95C819F107F6A5B" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="69799D8477C9D17B1F7F27D8FFF3C7B9">41</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="3591B80A3470424D300C1A2E89C9C42E">68</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="628BD20F0C6D334CA00B9768B0B1BF82">
|
||
<mods:url id="5EC2A3DF348742B92545183F0D1313AA">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.1.3</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="FBA5DFC3084C7B4E225FFAA961A266C5">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F86E3E62508AD02DE42D768F1CE8E752" type="CLB-Dataset">54227</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="45948FF997E7AAED1ED593044C3B4346" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5249.1.3</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C7BBBEF7A7379B04DBADF826E0BFF1BC" type="GBIF-Dataset">cb8d7554-93de-47b0-886b-0a89dc8c6273</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B724E9E2235630E682E70723CB81D653" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="96D5DB91EEA4328B2E83972761C45C78" type="Zenodo-Dep">7685232</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="251232256061A248FE0F1321AEFCE82E" type="ZooBank">6AD83534-E480-4CA2-99AE-785E25133F76</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03FB87AC8902FFB1FF4AEB0993F3FDED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7688356" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209383815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7688356" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FB87AC8902FFB1FF4AEB0993F3FDED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FB87AC8902FFB1FF4AEB0993F3FDED" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34865318902FFB3FF4AEB099307FBC0" box="[151,881,1050,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED36BA8902FFB3FF4AEB099307FBC0" blockId="21.[151,1436,1050,1149]" box="[151,881,1050,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<heading id="D0A581D68902FFB3FF4AEB099307FBC0" bold="true" box="[151,881,1050,1077]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FF4AEB099307FBC0" ID-CoL="4D7TC" ID-ENA="611588" authority="(Johannsen, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[151,881,1050,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exagitans" subSpecies="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FF4AEB099307FBC0" bold="true" box="[151,881,1050,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FF4AEB0992F6FBC1" bold="true" box="[151,640,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Paraphaenocladius exagitans exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
(Johannsen, 1905)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34865318902FFB3FCA1EB089138FBAC" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED36BA8902FFB3FCA1EB089138FBAC" blockId="21.[151,1436,1050,1149]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FCA1EB089138FBAC" bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FC6AEB099138FBAC" ID-CoL="76375" authority="(Walker, 1856)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="impensus" subSpecies="impensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FC6AEB0995EAFBC1" bold="true" box="[951,1436,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Paraphaenocladius impensus impensus</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker, 1856)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34865318902FFB3FF4AEB70908FFB89" box="[151,249,1123,1149]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED36BA8902FFB3FF4AEB70908FFB89" blockId="21.[151,1436,1050,1149]" box="[151,249,1123,1149]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13692A3F8902FFB3FF42EB709086FB89" box="[159,240,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1192,1216]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,561,1169]" captionTargetId="figure-205@23.[152,1436,561,1169]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 13. Paraphaenocladius exagitans. a. frass-covered cocoon and pupal exuviae on Marchantia polymorpha thallus; b. adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7685268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7685268/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34865318902FFB3FF4AEBB9920FFA69" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED36BA8902FFB3FF4AEBB9920FFA69" blockId="21.[151,1437,1194,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FF4AEBB991F7FB30" bold="true" box="[151,385,1194,1220]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345762A8902FFB3FE54EBB891B3FB31" box="[393,453,1195,1221]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4996F8588902FFB3FE0CEBB89269FB31" box="[465,543,1195,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">IOWA</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Allamakee Co., Yellow River State Forest,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE66507D8902FFB3FBCCEBB894FDFB31" box="[1041,1163,1195,1221]" degrees="43.174434" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" precision="1" value="43.174435">43.174434</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE66507D8902FFB3FB4AEBB8956FFB31" box="[1175,1305,1195,1221]" degrees="91.221148" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" precision="1" value="-91.221146">-91.221148</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8902FFB3FAF8EBB895E1FB31" box="[1317,1431,1195,1221]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" value="2017-10-13">13.x.2017</date>
|
||
, em.
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8902FFB3FF14EBDC9135FB1D" box="[201,323,1231,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" value="2017-11-23">23.xi.2017</date>
|
||
, J. van der Linden, ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FD91EBDC9329FB1D" box="[588,863,1231,1257]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Marchantiaceae" genus="Marchantia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Marchantiophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FD91EBDC9329FB1D" box="[588,863,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Marchantia polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D54FD338902FFB3FCA9EBDC93E3FB1D" box="[884,917,1231,1257]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FC79EBDC9499FB1D" authority=", ANC" authorityName="ANC" box="[932,1263,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exagitans" subSpecies="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FC79EBDC94D6FB1C" box="[932,1184,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. exagitans exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
, ANC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); same but em.
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8902FFB3FF4AEBE0917FFAF9" box="[151,265,1267,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" value="2017-12-02">2.xii.2017</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D54FD338902FFB3FEC1EBE0914BFAF9" box="[284,317,1267,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FE96EBE092DFFAF9" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[331,681,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exagitans" subSpecies="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FE96EBE09232FAF8" box="[331,580,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. exagitans exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
, USNM
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); same but em.
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8902FFB3FC84EBE093C3FAF9" box="[857,949,1267,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" value="2018-01-01">1.i.2018</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D54FD338902FFB3FC15EBE0939FFAF9" box="[968,1001,1267,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FC2AEBE09539FAF9" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[1015,1359,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="impensus" subSpecies="impensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FC2AEBE0949DFAF8" box="[1015,1259,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. impensus impensus</emphasis>
|
||
, USNM
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); same but em.
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8902FFB3FF28EA059128FAC5" box="[245,350,1302,1329]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" value="2018-01-15">15.i.2018</date>
|
||
(1Ô,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FE7FEA04929AFAC5" authority=", ANC" authorityName="ANC" box="[418,748,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exagitans" subSpecies="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FE7FEA0492E8FAC4" box="[418,670,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. exagitans exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
, ANC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); same but em.
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8902FFB3FC42EA04947FFAC5" box="[927,1033,1303,1329]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" value="2018-01-29">29.i.2018</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D54FD338902FFB3FBC0EA049448FAC5" box="[1053,1086,1303,1329]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FB90EA0495E6FAC5" authority=", ANC" authorityName="ANC" box="[1101,1424,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="impensus" subSpecies="impensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FB90EA049534FAC4" box="[1101,1346,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. impensus impensus</emphasis>
|
||
, ANC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); same but em.
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8902FFB3FEEDEA2891D4FAA1" box="[304,418,1339,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" value="2018-02-12">12.ii.2018</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D54FD338902FFB3FE69EA2891A3FAA1" box="[436,469,1339,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FE3CEA28934AFAA1" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[481,828,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exagitans" subSpecies="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FE3CEA2892AEFAA0" box="[481,728,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. exagitans exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
, USNM
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4996F8588902FFB3FC93EA2893B1FAA1" box="[846,967,1339,1365]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">OREGON</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Lane Co., Blue River,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE66507D8902FFB3FB14EA299551FAA1" box="[1225,1319,1338,1365]" degrees="44.1535" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" precision="5" value="44.1535">44.1535</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE66507D8902FFB3FAECEA2895EEFAA1" box="[1329,1432,1339,1365]" degrees="122.328" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" precision="55" value="-122.328">-122.328</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8902FFB3FF4AEA4C9166FA8D" box="[151,272,1375,1401]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" value="2022-04-28">28.iv.2022</date>
|
||
, em.
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8902FFB3FE93EA4C918EFA8D" box="[334,504,1375,1401]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" value="2022-04-29" valueMax="2022-05-07" valueMin="2022-04-29">29.iv–7.v.2022</date>
|
||
, leg. M. W. Palmer, ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FCD8EA4C93C7FA8D" box="[773,945,1375,1401]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Marchantiaceae" genus="Marchantia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Marchantiophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FCD8EA4C93FEFA8D" box="[773,904,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Marchantia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2ÔÔ,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D54FD338902FFB3FBD4EA4C945AFA8D" box="[1033,1068,1375,1401]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D54FD338902FFB3FBE1EA4C94FBFA8D" box="[1084,1165,1375,1401]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="larva">1 larva</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FB44EA4C909AFA69" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exagitans" subSpecies="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FB44EA4C95E3FA8C" box="[1177,1429,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. exagitans exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
, USNM
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 1Ô,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FEF5EA90921BFA69" authority=", ANC" authorityName="ANC" box="[296,621,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exagitans" subSpecies="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FEF5EA909257FA68" box="[296,545,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. exagitans exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
, ANC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34865318902FFB1FF1AEAB593F3FDED" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED36BA8902FFB3FF1AEAB592CCF981" blockId="21.[151,1437,1194,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FF1AEAB591FCFA35" bold="true" box="[199,394,1446,1473]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Biological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
The nominate subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FD0FEAB4932CFA34" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[722,858,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FD0FEAB4932CFA34" box="[722,858,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from Ontario and throughout the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345762A8902FFB3FA9AEAB4950BFA35" box="[1351,1405,1447,1473]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
as well as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345762A8902FFB3FF32EAD89144FA11" box="[239,306,1483,1509]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345762A8902FFB3FEB6EAD891D8FA11" box="[363,430,1483,1509]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It has previously been reared from moist soil at the margins of rivers, streams, seepage, and springs, but none of the published label data mention herbivory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC34B4B8902FFB3FC72EAFC94DAF9FD" author="Saether, O. A. & Wang, X." box="[943,1196,1518,1545]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" pagination="3 - 69" refId="ref21177" refString="Saether, O. A. & Wang, X. (1995) Revision of the genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of the world (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 48, 3 - 69." type="journal article" year="1995">Saether & Wang 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FB1CEAFC9089F9D8" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="impensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FB1CEAFC9089F9D8" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Paraphaenocladius impensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21557D38902FFB3FED5E9009132F9D9" box="[264,324,1555,1581]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is recorded from Manitoba, Minnesota,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345762A8902FFB3FCCDE90093FEF9D9" box="[784,904,1555,1581]" name="Greenland" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and northern Europe, where it has been found in moist soil at the margins of lakes, springs, meadows, and alder carr; there have likewise been no observations of herbivory in this species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC34B4B8902FFB3FE6BE94892DBF981" author="Saether, O. A. & Wang, X." box="[438,685,1626,1653]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" pagination="3 - 69" refId="ref21177" refString="Saether, O. A. & Wang, X. (1995) Revision of the genus Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924 of the world (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 48, 3 - 69." type="journal article" year="1995">Saether & Wang 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED36BA8902FFB1FF1AE96C92ADFF0D" blockId="21.[151,1437,1194,2013]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Nematoceran larvae were found mining in thalli of the liverwort
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FC7DE96C94C7F96D" box="[928,1201,1663,1689]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Marchantiaceae" genus="Marchantia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Marchantiophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FC7DE96C94C7F96D" box="[928,1201,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Marchantia polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FB3DE96C95E3F96D" box="[1248,1429,1663,1689]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Marchantiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Marchantiophyta" rank="family">Marchantiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4996F8588902FFB3FF6AE9B09099F949" box="[183,239,1699,1725]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
in mid-October 2017. The habitat was a ditch in which the soil varied from saturated to submerged in several centimeters of standing water. The larvae initially formed digitate mines with short radiating galleries, and later formed brown blotches. Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FDEFE9F892A4F8F0" box="[562,722,1771,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FDEFE9F892A4F8F0" box="[562,722,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Metriocnemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mines, which have frass scattered throughout, these mines were mostly clean with frass accumulating around the rim of the entry hole. The first adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FB55E81C9566F8DC" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1160,1296,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FB55E81C9566F8DC" box="[1160,1296,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emerged on 23 November from an oblong, dark brown cocoon, composed of frass, which was formed on the surface of a thallus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13692A3F8902FFB3FF42E844915EF885" box="[159,296,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1192,1216]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,561,1169]" captionTargetId="figure-205@23.[152,1436,561,1169]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 13. Paraphaenocladius exagitans. a. frass-covered cocoon and pupal exuviae on Marchantia polymorpha thallus; b. adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7685268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7685268/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Figs. 13a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its pupal exuviae were left on the surface of the cocoon. The frass appeared to have been produced by the larva feeding on the surface of the thallus. Two other adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FC46E8689457F860" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[923,1057,1915,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FC46E8689457F860" box="[923,1057,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and three of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FB6EE8689540F860" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1203,1334,1915,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impensus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FB6EE8689540F860" box="[1203,1334,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">P. impensus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emerged over the next few months. Two larvae were observed mining in fresh thallus growth in late December. Unfortunately, none of the larvae were preserved, and we are unable to confirm that either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398902FFB3FBC2E8D09520F829" box="[1055,1366,1987,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88902FFB3FBC2E8D0948CF829" box="[1055,1274,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="62">Paraphaenocladius</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds as a thallus miner. The photographed larvae are all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398900FFB1FD06EF849330FF45" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[731,838,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Sciaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sciaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and although this rearing effort did not produce any adult sciarids, in 2022 JvdL reared adult sciarids from similar larvae found mining liverwort thalli at another site in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4996F8588900FFB1FF4AEFCC90A5FF0D" box="[151,211,223,249]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="23" pageNumber="64">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The sciarid larvae pupated inside their mines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2D66328901FFB0FF4AE8849153F80C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7685266" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7685266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7685266/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="63" startId="22.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[186,1401,181,1919]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED36BA8901FFB0FF4AE8849153F80C" blockId="22.[151,1437,1943,2040]" pageId="22" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88901FFB0FF4AE8849169F85B" bold="true" box="[151,287,1943,1967]" pageId="22" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Secondary inhabitants in leaf mines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398901FFB0FD74E88B93CAF844" authorityName="Eiseman & Namayandeh & Linden & Palmer" authorityYear="2023" box="[681,956,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythranthei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88901FFB0FD74E88B93CAF844" box="[681,956,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="63">Metriocnemus erythranthei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398901FFB0FC3DE88B942AF85B" box="[992,1116,1944,1967]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Veronica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88901FFB0FC3DE88B944FF85B" box="[992,1081,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="63">Veronica</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a., larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398901FFB0FB0DE88B9523F85B" baseAuthorityName="Holmgren" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[1232,1365,1944,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurynotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88901FFB0FB0DE88B9523F85B" box="[1232,1365,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="63">M. eurynotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(upper left) and two larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398901FFB0FE5AE8AF9251F820" authorityName="Eiseman & Namayandeh & Linden & Palmer" authorityYear="2023" box="[391,551,1980,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Metriocnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythranthei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88901FFB0FE5AE8AF9251F820" box="[391,551,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="63">M. erythranthei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(center and upper right); b., larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398901FFB0FC70E8AF943AF827" box="[941,1100,1980,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Limnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88901FFB0FC70E8AF9451F820" box="[941,1063,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="63">Limnophyes</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(prob.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398901FFB0FB44E8AF948DF820" authorityName="Eiseman & Namayandeh & Linden & Palmer" authorityYear="2023" box="[1177,1275,1980,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Limnophyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viribus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88901FFB0FB44E8AF948DF820" box="[1177,1275,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="63">L. viribus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (lower left) in vacated mine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED36BA8900FFB1FF1AEE1093F3FDED" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,537]" pageId="23" pageNumber="64">
|
||
A collection of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398900FFB1FEA8EE1092DDFEE9" box="[373,683,259,285]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Marchantiaceae" genus="Marchantia" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" phylum="Marchantiophyta" rank="species" species="polymorpha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88900FFB1FEA8EE10918EFEE9" box="[373,504,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="64">Marchantia</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88900FFB1FDF9EE1092DDFEE9" box="[548,683,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="64">polymorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4996F8588900FFB1FD12EE109355FEE9" box="[719,803,259,285]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="23" pageNumber="64">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
in late
|
||
<date id="FFEC107A8900FFB1FCABEE109386FEE9" box="[886,1008,259,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" value="2022-04">April 2022</date>
|
||
produced
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D54FD338900FFB1FBBAEE1094A9FEE9" box="[1127,1247,259,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" type="adult">four adults</specimenCount>
|
||
and a larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398900FFB1FA55EE109103FEB4" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="exagitans" subSpecies="exagitans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88900FFB1FA55EE109103FEB4" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="64">P. exagitans exagitans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D54FD338900FFB1FDDCEE3492F5FEB5" box="[513,643,295,321]" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" type="adult">eight adults</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398900FFB1FD74EE3493EBFEB5" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[681,925,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Boreochlus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persimilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88900FFB1FD74EE3493EBFEB5" box="[681,925,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="64">Boreochlus persimilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although some empty mines of an unknown insect were seen in a nearby colony of this plant, none were observed in the collected sample, and since the rhizoids of the collected plants were thick and encompassed a substantial amount of mucky organic matter, it is unclear what these midges were feeding on as larvae. The repeated rearing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398900FFB1FC43EE80940FFE59" authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1924" box="[926,1145,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraphaenocladius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88900FFB1FC43EE80940FFE59" box="[926,1145,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="64">Paraphaenocladius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults from collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C524D398900FFB1FF4AEEA4916CFE25" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[151,282,439,465]" class="Marchantiopsida" family="Marchantiaceae" genus="Marchantia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Marchantiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" phylum="Marchantiophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926EAA88900FFB1FF4AEEA4916CFE25" box="[151,282,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="64">Marchantia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests more than a casual association with this plant, but further investigation is required to determine whether the larvae feed as thallus miners, as secondary inhabitants in sciarid mines, as external feeders on the thallus surface or concealed in the rhizoids, or some combination of these.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |