380 lines
52 KiB
XML
380 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="A6C32E728C07E0960CF20DE90DD5B8EA" ID-CLB-Dataset="31577" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4347.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="49a11228-6c4d-478f-b958-52610eaab951" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1044772" ID-ZooBank="176D72B0-0DD6-4D51-83CA-D47C2268A3CF" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1510292974405" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Peña Cantero, Álvaro L. & Horton, Tammy" docDate="2017" docId="03F0943BFFD84D120BF8FE8BFEBD1380" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4347.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4347 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Amphinema biscayana" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FFC9EC43FFDC4D140B6FFFAEFFC61048" masterDocTitle="Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from bathyal and abyssal depths of the Northeast Atlantic held in the modern Discovery Collections" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698480972487" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4F4A0E3E66ADBC7914EC5D2391E04B25">Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from bathyal and abyssal depths of the Northeast Atlantic held in the modern Discovery Collections</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B4F5DF8381C8EA131D1911A89AD87317">Peña Cantero, Álvaro L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EFE4D4E1EC04E48C201D096868E4B870">Horton, Tammy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B5F7FB2B7B1B9C4D15C4FF22B0E48BD5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="71924BC16E9931767221CC4BABFC7E8C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6F284E67226EBF92FAAF4730AC20019F">
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<mods:date id="60E66148D91A13F8AF549A25C6FD798D">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="278AE4B2BCBFE599E413307A675841DA">2017-11-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3CDAE66F5E0C79F4AFBA38924B991C71">4347</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="71B01DE200AF2CE4D9C9216036FC90CF" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4347.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F0943BFFD84D120BF8FE8BFEBD1380" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5248568" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137255851" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5248568" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F0943BFFD84D120BF8FE8BFEBD1380" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F0943BFFD84D120BF8FE8BFEBD1380" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD84D100BF8FE8BFF2D1128" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BF8FE8BFDB61177" blockId="4.[151,624,293,352]" box="[151,624,293,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D0AE9241FFD84D100BF8FE8BFDB61177" bold="true" box="[151,624,293,319]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D100BF8FE8BFDB61177" authority="(Browne, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Browne" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[151,624,293,319]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Amphinema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biscayana">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BF8FE8BFDB61177" bold="true" box="[151,624,293,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BF8FE8BFE6C1177" bold="true" box="[151,426,293,319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Amphinema biscayana</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100AD5FE8BFDAE1177" author="Browne" box="[442,616,293,319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Browne, E. T. (1907) The Hydroida collected by the Huxley from northside of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K., 8, 15 - 37, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1907">Browne, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BF8FEE9FF2D1128" blockId="4.[151,624,293,352]" box="[151,235,327,352]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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(
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<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD84D100BF0FEE9FF251128" box="[159,227,327,352]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1360,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907): A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD84D100BF8FE3FFE141277" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BF8FE3FFEE1118C" blockId="4.[151,1436,400,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB490203FFD84D100BF8FE3FFEE1118C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D100BF8FE3FFDD011EE" authority="Browne, 1907: 15" authorityName="Browne" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,534,400,422]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Bimeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biscayana">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BF8FE3FFE9311EE" box="[151,341,400,422]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bimeria biscayana</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD84D100A32FE3FFDD011EE" author="Browne" box="[349,534,400,422]" page="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1907">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100A32FE3FFE3611EE" author="Browne" box="[349,496,400,422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Browne, E. T. (1907) The Hydroida collected by the Huxley from northside of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K., 8, 15 - 37, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1907">Browne, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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: 15
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, 16, 18, 21, fig. 1, pl. 1 figs 4–5;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD84D100801FE3EFBEA11EE" author="Stechow" box="[878,1068,400,422]" page="75" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1923">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100801FE3EFBC111EE" author="Stechow" box="[878,1031,400,422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Stechow, E. (1923) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete. II. Teil. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Oekologie und Geographie der Tiere, 47, 29 - 270." type="journal article" year="1923">Stechow, 1923</bibRefCitation>
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: 75
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD84D100F57FE3FFB0311EE" author="Rees" box="[1080,1221,400,422]" page="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100F57FE3FFB6A11EE" author="Rees" box="[1080,1196,400,422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Rees, W. J. (1938) Observations on British and Norwegian hydroids and their medusae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K., 23, 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400053923" type="journal article" year="1938">Rees, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 3
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 6;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD84D100F84FE3FFF29118C" author="Le" page="174" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1948">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100F84FE3FFA5E11EE" author="Le" box="[1259,1432,400,422]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Le Danois, E. (1948) Les profondeurs de la mer. Trente ans de recherches sur la faune sous-marine au large des cotes de France. Payot, Paris, 303 pp." type="book" year="1948">Le Danois, 1948</bibRefCitation>
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: 174
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 236.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BF8FE60FC4511AB" blockId="4.[151,1436,400,575]" box="[151,899,461,483]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB490203FFD84D100BF8FE60FC4511AB" box="[151,899,461,483]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D100BF8FE60FE9111AB" baseAuthorityName="Browne" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[151,343,461,483]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biscayana">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BF8FE60FE9111AB" box="[151,343,461,483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Garveia biscayana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD84D100A1FFE60FDF811AB" author="Vervoort" box="[368,574,461,483]" page="277" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1985">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100A1FFE60FDCD11AB" author="Vervoort" box="[368,523,461,483]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Vervoort, W. (1985) Deep-water hydroids. In: Laubier, L. & Monniot, C. (Eds.), Peuplements profonds du Golfe de Gascogne: campagnes BIOGAS. Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploration de la Mer, Brest, pp. 267 - 297." type="book chapter" year="1985">Vervoort, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 277
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; Van der
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF8033CFFD84D1009F2FE63FCB811AB" author="Land" box="[669,894,461,483]" page="118" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="2001">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D1009F2FE63FC8A11AB" author="Land" box="[669,844,461,483]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Van der Land, J., Vervoort, W., Cairns, S. C. & Schuchert, P. (2001) Hydrozoa. In: Costello, M. J., Emblow, C. & White, R. (Eds.), European Register of Marine Species. A check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines naturels, 50, pp. 112 - 119." type="journal article" year="2001">
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||
Land
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D1009B8FE60FCCC11AB" box="[727,778,461,483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 118
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BF8FE42FD5D124A" blockId="4.[151,1436,400,575]" box="[151,667,492,514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BF8FE42FEA1124A" box="[151,359,492,514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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||
‘Garveia’
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<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D100A6EFE42FEA1124A" baseAuthorityName="Browne" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[257,359,492,514]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biscayana">biscayana</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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—Altuna (Prados), 2007: 684.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BF8FDA4FE141277" blockId="4.[151,1436,400,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D100BF8FDA4FE441268" baseAuthorityName="Browne" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[151,386,522,544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Amphinema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biscayana">
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<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BF8FDA4FE441268" box="[151,386,522,544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Amphinema biscayana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
—
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100AF3FDA4FD8C1268" author="Schuchert" box="[412,586,522,544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 413, 415–417, fig. 3A–E; 2001: 21–22, fig. 11A–D; 2007: 317–319, fig. 51;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100BA8FD87FE5D1277" author="Bouillon" box="[199,411,553,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoirs du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
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||
Bouillon
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||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100A49FD84FE9F1277" box="[294,345,553,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2006
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 188.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD84D100BF8FDC2FEE71370" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BF8FDC2FEE71370" blockId="4.[151,1437,620,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BF8FDC2FE2412CD" bold="true" box="[151,482,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Material examined. 9753#4</emphasis>
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||
, one strongly polysiphonic stem
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD84D100805FDC2FC7B12CC" box="[874,957,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
high (broken into three fragments), with gonophores;
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||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100A40FD21FE5712E0" bold="true" box="[303,401,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">51416#1</emphasis>
|
||
, four strongly polysiphonic stems up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD84D1008E6FD21FC1912EF" box="[905,991,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, and two polysiphonic, distally truncated, stems 18 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD84D100AC9FD1BFE211284" box="[422,487,693,716]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, no gonophores;
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||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D10098DFD1AFCEE1285" bold="true" box="[738,808,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">51805</emphasis>
|
||
, two stems 65 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD84D100F6FFD1AFB891284" box="[1024,1103,692,717]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, no gonophores;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100E26FD1AFF0E12B8" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">JC011/ 0 17,</emphasis>
|
||
one stem
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD84D100A50FD79FE5612A7" box="[319,400,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, neither polyps nor gonophores;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D10082BFD79FC0612B8" bold="true" box="[836,960,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">JC011/023</emphasis>
|
||
, several stems up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD84D100FDBFD76FAC212A7" box="[1204,1284,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, neither polyps nor gonophores;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100AD5FD52FDFB135D" bold="true" box="[442,573,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">JC011/075,</emphasis>
|
||
several stems up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD84D10082DFD52FC5E135C" box="[834,920,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, in bad condition, neither polyps nor gonophores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD84D100BA8FCEAFACF147C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BA8FCEAFC7A1458" blockId="4.[151,1437,620,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BA8FCEAFE9E1315" bold="true" box="[199,344,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Strongly polysiphonic stems, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFD84D100994FCEAFC8A1314" box="[763,844,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="85.0">85 mm</quantity>
|
||
high. Branching irregular. In strongly polysiphonic portions, stem main tube completely surrounded by numerous, distinctly thinner accessory tubes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD84D100F86FCC9FA8313C8" box="[1257,1349,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1360,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907): A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distal part of stem and branches with main tube mostly naked, with few accessory tubes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD84D100F25FC22FB0013EC" box="[1098,1222,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1360,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907): A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Main tube with a sort of coarse network formed by thin layers of perisarc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD84D10087BFC01FCAA1380" box="[788,876,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1360,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907): A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Polyps with a basal cup of perisarc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD84D100E7AFC01FA571380" box="[1301,1425,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1360,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907): A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2C–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gonophores spherical, with perisarc envelop (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD84D1009A7FC7AFC8113A4" box="[712,839,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1360,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907): A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
), developing into an actinula-like form, one per gonophore, with four tentacles provided with desmonemes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD84D100858FC59FC771458" box="[823,945,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1360,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907): A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2F–G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BA8FBB2FACF147C" blockId="4.[151,1437,620,2013]" box="[199,1289,1052,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Cnidome consisting of microbasic euryteles (8–
|
||
<date id="FFE703EDFFD84D1009B0FBB2FCC4147C" box="[735,770,1052,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">9 x</date>
|
||
4 µm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD84D100833FBB2FC75147C" box="[860,947,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1360,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907): A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
) and desmonemes (
|
||
<date id="FFE703EDFFD84D100FFCFBB2FB70147C" box="[1171,1206,1052,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6 x</date>
|
||
4 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFD84D120BA8FB91FD171285" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BA8FB91FC60148C" blockId="4.[151,1437,620,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BA8FB91FEFD1410" bold="true" box="[199,315,1087,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100A19FB91FD681410" author="Schuchert" box="[374,686,1087,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert (2000: 415–417)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a wider description of the species. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D100FF9FBEEFAEF1410" baseAuthorityName="Browne" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[1174,1321,1087,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Amphinema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biscayana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100FF9FBEEFAEF1410" box="[1174,1321,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. biscayana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the axial tube of the side branches originates from auxiliary tubes of the main branch and not from the axial tube, in contrast with what happens in the similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D100944FB26FC7414E8" authority="(Browne, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Browne" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[555,946,1159,1184]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arborea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100944FB26FD2A14E8" box="[555,748,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Garveia arborea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D10086EFB26FC6F14E8" author="Browne" box="[769,937,1160,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Browne, E. T. (1907) The Hydroida collected by the Huxley from northside of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K., 8, 15 - 37, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1907">Browne, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the main tube of the branches originates from the main tube of the stem (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D1009CEFB02FC94148C" author="Schuchert" box="[673,850,1196,1221]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100831FB02FC5D148C" author="Schuchert" box="[862,923,1196,1220]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 114, 195 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80395" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BA8FB61FD8F1544" blockId="4.[151,1437,620,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The allocation of the species into the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D1009DFFB61FCF014A0" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[688,822,1231,1256]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Amphinema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D1009DFFB61FCF014A0" box="[688,822,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Amphinema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is provisional as no information on the mature medusa is available (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100A3EFB5AFDC21544" author="Schuchert" box="[337,516,1268,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 417).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BA8FAB9FD8F15AD" blockId="4.[151,1437,620,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100A0DFAB9FDD81578" author="Schuchert" box="[354,542,1303,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert (2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100945FAB6FDA01578" author="Schuchert" box="[554,614,1304,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 114, 195 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80395" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), gonophores develop into normal medusa (he had to dissect them out of their envelope to reveal their anatomy).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100906FA92FCAF151C" author="Schuchert" box="[617,873,1340,1365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert (2000: 417)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated that the oldest medusae “had a simple manubrium without appendages, four broad radial canals, two opposite strongly developed and large tentacle bulbs, elongated, conical, presumably without ocelli, each with one long tentacle without desmonemes. Other bulbs small or absent. Between larger tentacles (presumably at interradial positions) two very small tentacles (totally 4), their tips provided with desmonemes”.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BA8FA41FE37163C" blockId="4.[151,1437,620,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The gonophores found in our material differ from those described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D10088AFA41FB671640" author="Schuchert" box="[997,1185,1519,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert (2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100FC0FA5EFB2A1640" author="Schuchert" box="[1199,1260,1520,1544]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 114, 195 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80395" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Even when at first sight the general appearance and presence of four tentacles reminds a medusa, there is no sign of radial canals, manubrium or sub-umbrellar cavity. Instead, its massive structure and tentacles seems to correspond with an actinula-like form (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136239A8FFD84D100A00F9F2FE23163C" box="[367,485,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1360,193,1882]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907): A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D100BA8F9D1FA501705" blockId="4.[151,1437,620,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The differences with Schuchert’s (2000, 2007) material could indicate that our material belongs to a different species, but they could be related to development or sexual dimorphism. The young medusa described by Schuchert, which was still inside its perisarc envelop, could undergo a transformation into a polyp, with a loss of the manubrium and the perradial tentacles, and a further development of the four small interradial tentacles he described. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100AD5F8A1FDBC1760" author="Schuchert" box="[442,634,1807,1832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert (2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D1009E5F8BEFD021760" author="Schuchert" box="[650,708,1808,1832]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 114, 195 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80395" type="journal article" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the tips of these four interradial tentacles are provided with desmonemes. In our material, the four tentacles of the actinula-like form are also provided with these nematocysts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD84D120BA8F8F9FD8510B0" blockId="4.[151,1437,620,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
This could be a case of ontogeny reversal, with direct transformation of isolated medusa buds into polyps. This phenomenon, which has been described for several species (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100803F8D2FB8217DD" author="Piraino" box="[876,1092,1916,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Piraino, S., Boero, F., Aeschbach, B. & Schmid, V. (1996) Reversing the life cycle: medusae transforming into polyps and cell transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Biological Bulletin, 190, 302 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1543022" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Piraino
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D1008AAF8D3FC3917DD" box="[965,1023,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), can happen either before the medusa liberation (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D100AF1F831FCE517F0" authority="M. Sars, 1846" authorityName="M. Sars" authorityYear="1846" box="[414,803,1951,1976]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Podocoryna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carnea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100AF1F831FDBA17F0" box="[414,636,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Podocoryna carnea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D1009ECF80FFCE517F0" author="Sars" box="[643,803,1951,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Sars, M. (1846) Fauna littoralis Norvegiae 1. Johann dahl, Christiania, 94 pp." type="book" year="1846">M. Sars, 1846</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100836F831FC2017F0" author="Muller" box="[857,998,1951,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Muller, H. C. (1913) Die Regeneration der Gonophoren bei Hydroiden und anschliessende biologische Beobachtungen. Wilhelm Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, 37, 319 - 419. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02162135" type="journal article" year="1913">Müller 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or in newly liberated medusae (e.g. in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD84D100BF8F86BFDF11795" authority="McCrady, 1859" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,567,1988,2013]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clavidae" genus="Turritopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D100BF8F86BFEB91795" box="[151,383,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Turritopsis nutricula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100AE9F86AFDF11795" author="McCrady" box="[390,567,1988,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100903F86AFCAD1794" author="Bavestrello" box="[620,875,1988,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Bavestrello, G., Sommer, C. & Sara, M. (1992) Bi-directional conversion in Turritopsis nutricula. Scientia Marina, 56 (2 - 3), 137 - 140." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Bavestrello
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D10099DF86BFCEC1795" box="[754,810,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFD84D100818F86AFB8F1795" author="Piraino" box="[887,1097,1988,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Piraino, S., Boero, F., Aeschbach, B. & Schmid, V. (1996) Reversing the life cycle: medusae transforming into polyps and cell transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Biological Bulletin, 190, 302 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1543022" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Piraino
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD84D1008A1F86BFBC01795" box="[974,1030,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This ontogeny reversal has even been reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFDA4D120AF2FF39FDF710F8" authorityName="" authorityYear="1992" box="[413,561,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Leptothecata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D12098FFF36FC1D10F8" author="Carre" box="[736,987,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Carre, D. & Carre, C. (1990) Complex reproductive cycle in Eucheilota paradoxica (Hydrozoa: Leptomedusae): medusae, polyps and frustules produced from medusa stage. Marine Biology, 104, 303 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01313272" type="journal article" year="1990">Carré & Carré (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described how medusae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFDA4D120E4CFF39FE74109C" authority="Mayer, 1900" authorityName="Mayer" authorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Eucheilota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="paradoxica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFDA4D120E4CFF39FED1109D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Eucheilota paradoxica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120A4FFF13FE74109C" author="Mayer" box="[288,434,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Mayer, A. G. (1900) Some medusae from the Tortugas, Florida. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 37, 13 - 82, pls. 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1900">Mayer, 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differentiate into one or two polyps, which develop progressively whereas the mother medusa undergoes gradual regression.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2675A5FFD94D110BF8F8C9FC271792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1044776/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[268,1320,252,1839]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFD94D110BF8F8C9FC271792" blockId="5.[151,1436,1895,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD94D110BF8F8C9FED01734" bold="true" box="[151,278,1895,1917]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFD94D110A4EF8C9FD7B1735" authority="(Browne, 1907)" authorityName="Browne" authorityYear="1907" baseAuthorityName="Browne" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[289,701,1895,1917]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Amphinema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biscayana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFD94D110A4EF8C9FDCC1735" box="[289,522,1895,1917]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Amphinema biscayana</emphasis>
|
||
(Browne, 1907)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A, cross section of polysiphonic stem, showing main axial tube and accessory ones; B, cross section of a distal main tube (note inner network of perisarc); C, Polyp perisarc cup originating from auxiliary tube. D, polyp emerging from perisarc cup; E-F, gonophores; G, actinula-like form; H, microbasic eurytele nematocyst (arrow). Scale bars: 200 µm (A-B, D, E-F), 100 µm (C, G), 10 µm (H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFDA4D120BA8FEAAFDE31198" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
On the other hand, it is also possible that the actinula-like form observed in our material resulted from development of a fertilised egg. It is known in certain hydroids that the planula continues its development within the gonophore, either partially (producing an actinula) or completely (producing a normal polyp), for example in
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFDA4D120BF8FEC1FEC011C0" box="[151,262,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tubularia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120A63FEC1FE7F11C0" author="Linnaeus" box="[268,441,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 823 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFDA4D120A80FEC1FCF711C0" authority="Allman, 1844" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1844" box="[495,817,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Clavidae" genus="Cordylophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFDA4D120A80FEC1FD4B11C0" box="[495,653,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cordylophora</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D1209FBFEC1FCF711C0" author="Allman" box="[660,817,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Allman, G. J. (1844) Synopsis of the genera and species of zoophytes inhabiting the fresh waters of Ireland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 13, 328 - 331. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484409442614" type="journal article" year="1844">Allman, 1844</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120897FEC1FB1A11C0" author="Bouillon" box="[1016,1244,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoirs du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFDA4D120F0FFEDFFB5F11C0" box="[1120,1177,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In our material, development from a fertilised egg would imply that the retained female medusa only develops an egg, because all gonophores develop a single polyp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFDA4D120BA8FE73FD171285" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120BA8FE73FEB211BC" author="Browne" box="[199,372,476,500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Browne, E. T. (1907) The Hydroida collected by the Huxley from northside of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K., 8, 15 - 37, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1907">Browne (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
expected that this species would have fixed sporosacs as gonophores and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120FB7FE72FA5A11BC" author="Schuchert" box="[1240,1436,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated that it was surprising for a deep-water species forming large colonies to produce medusa, although he pointed out that there are other examples, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFDA4D1209CFFD8BFBFF1275" authority="(M. Sars, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="M. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[672,1081,548,573]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tiarannidae" genus="Stegopoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plicatile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFDA4D1209CFFD8BFCB91275" box="[672,895,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Stegopoma plicatile</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D1208E1FD8AFBF71275" author="Sars" box="[910,1073,548,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Sars, M. (1863) Bemaerkninger over fire norske Hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselscabet i Kristiania, 1862, 25 - 39." type="journal article" year="1863">M. Sars, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our material seems to indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFDA4D120BA3FDE6FEA71228" baseAuthorityName="Browne" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[204,353,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Amphinema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hydroida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biscayana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFDA4D120BA3FDE6FEA71228" box="[204,353,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A. biscayana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not liberate medusa, but a polyp form, as it would be expected for a large deep-water species. However, our observations do not dismiss the possibility that this species could under other circumstances liberate medusa. As observed in other species, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C595EAEFFDA4D12098EFD3FFB4212E0" authority="(Carre & Carre 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Carre & Carre" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[737,1156,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Eucheilota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="paradoxica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFDA4D12098EFD3FFC4412E0" box="[737,898,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E. paradoxica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D1208FDFD3EFBBA12E0" author="Carre" box="[914,1148,656,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Carre, D. & Carre, C. (1990) Complex reproductive cycle in Eucheilota paradoxica (Hydrozoa: Leptomedusae): medusae, polyps and frustules produced from medusa stage. Marine Biology, 104, 303 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01313272" type="journal article" year="1990">Carré & Carré 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, different environmental conditions induce different reproductive strategies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34376A6FFDA4D120BA8FD79FEBD1380" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFDA4D120BA8FD79FE411314" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92DF93FFFDA4D120BA8FD79FE3212B8" bold="true" box="[199,500,727,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This is a deep-water species, found at depths between 754 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120FE2FD76FAE112B8" author="Browne" box="[1165,1319,728,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Browne, E. T. (1907) The Hydroida collected by the Huxley from northside of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K., 8, 15 - 37, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1907">Browne 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFDA4D120E0BFD76FF6B135C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.074" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="2074.0">2074 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120BD2FD52FEB2135C" author="Schuchert" box="[189,372,764,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The present material ranges from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA188C8FFDA4D120863FD52FC02135C" box="[780,964,764,788]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3609999999999998" metricValueMax="2.7800000000000002" metricValueMin="1.9419999999999997" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="2361.0" valueMax="2780.0" valueMin="1942.0">
|
||
<date id="FFE703EDFFDA4D120863FD52FC65135C" box="[780,931,764,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" value="1942" valueMax="2780">1942 to 2780</date>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, notably increasing its lower bathymetric limit. Collected with medusa buds in August (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D1209C1FCB1FCA21370" author="Schuchert" box="[686,868,799,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and April (present material). Found growing on coral (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120BB2FCEAFEBD1314" author="Browne" box="[221,379,836,860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Browne, E. T. (1907) The Hydroida collected by the Huxley from northside of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K., 8, 15 - 37, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1907">Browne 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6252DFFDA4D120BA8FCC9FEBD1380" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The species is only known from the northeast Atlantic: Bay of Biscay (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120F4DFCC6FB0213C8" author="Browne" box="[1058,1220,872,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Browne, E. T. (1907) The Hydroida collected by the Huxley from northside of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K., 8, 15 - 37, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1907">Browne 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), south of Iceland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120BF1FC22FE9313EC" author="Schuchert" box="[158,341,908,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85, 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592" type="journal article" year="2000">Schuchert 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Rockall Plateau (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC858DCFFDA4D120930FC22FCDF13EC" author="Schuchert" box="[607,793,908,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Schuchert, P. (2007) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 114, 195 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80395" type="journal article" year="2007">Schuchert 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our material comes from Porcupine Seabight and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |