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<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6DB68C9DACEFABA1847FAEB" box="[197,549,1300,1324]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6DB68C9DACEFABA1847FAEB" blockId="224.[197,549,1300,1324]" box="[197,549,1300,1324]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">
<heading id="D0B1DB27F6DB68C9DACEFABA1847FAEB" box="[197,549,1300,1324]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9DACEFABA1847FAEB" ID-CoL="3K7" authority="Ameghino, 1889" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1889" box="[197,549,1300,1324]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Microbiotheria Ameghino, 1889</taxonomicName>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6DB68C9DA87FAE81B57FAB8" blockId="224.[108,636,1350,1639]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">
CONTENTS:
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9DB21FAE91BCCFA99" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[298,430,1351,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Microbiotheriidae" genus="Dromiciops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6DB68C9DB21FAE91BCCFA99" box="[298,430,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">Dromiciops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fig. 43) and †
<emphasis id="B932B059F6DB68C9DA72FAC91B57FAB8" box="[121,309,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9DA72FAC91B53FAB8" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[121,305,1383,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Microbiotheriidae" genus="Microbiotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microbiotherium</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6DB68C9DA87FA261895FE58" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6DB68C9DA87FA261ACEFA06" blockId="224.[108,636,1350,1639]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">STEM AGE: 45.6 Mya (95% HPD: 41.448.8 Mya).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6DB68C9DA87FA641ACFF9C4" blockId="224.[108,636,1350,1639]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">CROWN AGE: 17.3 Mya (95% HPD: 14.021.8 Mya).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6DB68C9DA87F9A21895FE58" blockId="224.[108,636,1350,1639]" lastBlockId="224.[684,1213,225,1738]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">UNAMBIGUOUS CRANIODENTAL SYNAPOMORPHIES: Basisphenoid with a distinct sagittal keel (char. 48: 0→1; ci = 1.000); auditory bulla large, contacting rostral process of petrosal (char. 55: 1→2; ci = 0.300); caudal and rostral tympanic processes of petrosal seamlessly fused, forming a petrosal plate (char. 68: 0→2; ci = 0.154); and five upper incisors present (char. 103: 2→0; ci = 0.333).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C3FC0F6DB68CBD8C7FE061B28FEDC" lastPageId="226" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6DB68C9D8C7FE061927FBB1" blockId="224.[684,1213,225,1738]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">
COMMENTS: Of the four unambiguous morphological synapomorphies supporting monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9D93EFE44198FFDC5" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1889" box="[821,1005,490,514]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Microbiotheria</taxonomicName>
(equivalent to
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9D8A7FDA51919FDE4" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[684,891,523,547]" class="Mammalia" family="Microbiotheriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Microbiotheriidae</taxonomicName>
in our analyses), two occur homoplastically in other marsupial groups and one appears questionable because it is a reversal in the number of upper incisors from three back to the ancestral metatherian complement of five. However, presence of a basiphenoid with a distinct sagittal keel is a distinctive cranial apomorphy that is apparently unique to microbiotherians (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D98CFCBA1E0CFCEB" author="Hershkovitz, P." box="[903,1134,788,812]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="181 - 213" refId="ref208638" refString="Hershkovitz, P. 1992 a. Ankle bones: the Chilean opossum Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, and marsupial phylogeny. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage 43: 181 - 213." type="journal article" year="1992">Hershkovitz, 1992a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9DE74FCBA1ED5FCEB" author="Hershkovitz, P." box="[1151,1207,788,812]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref208825" refString="Hershkovitz, P. 1999. Dromiciops gliroides Thomas, 1894, last of the Microbiotheria (Marsupialia), with a review of the family Microbiotheriidae. Fieldiana Zoology 93: 1 - 60." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D8A7FC9B19D7FC8A" author="Giannini, N. P. &amp; F. Abdala &amp; D. A. Flores" box="[684,949,821,845]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref204905" refString="Giannini, N. P., F. Abdala, and D. A. Flores. 2004. Comparative postnatal ontogeny of the skull in Dromiciops gliroides (Marsupialia: Microbiotheriidae). American Museum Novitates 3460: 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="2004">Giannini et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D9C2FC9B1ED2FC8A" author="Wible" box="[969,1200,821,845]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wible" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="113 - 164" refId="ref234024" refString="Wible, J. R., S. L. Shelley, and G. W. Rougier. 2018. The mammalian parasphenoid: Its occurrence in marsupials. Annals of Carnegie Museum 85 (2): 113 - 164." type="journal article" year="2018">Wible et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Although several genera of fossil microbiotherians are known from South America (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9DE8AFCD91944FC77" author="Marshall, L. G." pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref215337" refString="Marshall, L. G. 1982. Systematics of the South American marsupial family Microbiotheriidae. Fieldiana Geology 10: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1982">Marshall, 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D939FC361E51FC77" author="Goin, F. J. &amp; M. A. Abello" box="[818,1075,920,944]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="51 - 78" refId="ref205887" refString="Goin, F. J., and M. A. Abello. 2013. Los Metatheria sudamericanos de comienzos del Neogeno (Mioceno temprano, edad mamifero Colhuehuapense). Parte 2: Microbiotheria y Polydolopimorphia. Ameghiniana 50 (1): 51 - 78." type="journal article" year="2013">Goin and Abello, 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9DE34FC36188AFC16" author="Goin, F. J. &amp; M. O. Woodburne &amp; A. N. Zimicz &amp; G. M. Martin &amp; L. Chornogubsky" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" refId="ref207099" refString="Goin, F. J., M. O. Woodburne, A. N. Zimicz, G. M. Martin, and L. Chornogubsky. 2016. A brief history of South American metatherians: Evolutionary contexts and intercontinental dispersals. Dordrecht: Springer." type="book" year="2016">Goin et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
), all except †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9D975FC171E58FC16" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[894,1082,953,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Microbiotheriidae" genus="Microbiotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6DB68C9D975FC171E58FC16" box="[894,1082,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">Microbiotherium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for which cranial material, including a specimen [MACN A 8505] preserving the part of the basisphenoid sagittal keel, is known;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9DE1CFBB21ED5FBF3" author="Segall" box="[1047,1207,1052,1076]" firstAuthor="Segall" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="489 - 501" refId="ref227007" refString="Segall, W. 1969 b. The middle ear region of Dromiciops. Acta Anatomica 73: 489 - 501." type="journal article" year="1969" yearSuffix="b">Segall, 1969b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D8A7FB931909FB92" author="Marshall, L. G." box="[684,875,1085,1109]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref215337" refString="Marshall, L. G. 1982. Systematics of the South American marsupial family Microbiotheriidae. Fieldiana Geology 10: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1982">Marshall, 1982</bibRefCitation>
) are known from dental remains only.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF96C4BF6DB68CBD8C5FB2E1B28FEDC" blockId="224.[684,1213,225,1738]" lastBlockId="226.[108,636,226,283]" lastPageId="226" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">
As already discussed (see Australidelphia above), the oldest definitive member of the order described to date is probably the woodburnodontid †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9D953FB4D1E2BFB3D" box="[856,1097,1251,1275]" class="Mammalia" family="Woodburnodontidae" genus="Woodburnodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="casei">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6DB68C9D953FB4D1E2BFB3D" box="[856,1097,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">Woodburnodon casei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Cucullaea I Allomember of the La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, off the Antarctic Penninsula. Based on current evidence, the age of †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9D8B1FAC61975FAB8" box="[698,791,1384,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Woodburnodontidae" genus="Woodburnodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="casei">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6DB68C9D8B1FAC61975FAB8" box="[698,791,1384,1407]" italics="true" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">W. casei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be ~40 Mya (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9DE35FAC91973FA67" author="Douglas, P. M." pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="6582 - 6587" refId="ref200562" refString="Douglas, P. M., et al. 2014. Pronounced zonal heterogeneity in Eocene southern high-latitude sea surface temperatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (18): 6582 - 6587." type="journal article" year="2014">Douglas et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D92BFA261E45FA67" author="Amenabar, C. R. &amp; M. Montes &amp; F. Nozal &amp; S. Santillana" box="[800,1063,1416,1440]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="351 - 366" refId="ref188835" refString="Amenabar, C. R., M. Montes, F. Nozal, and S. Santillana. 2019. Dinoflagellate cysts of the La Meseta Formation (middle to late Eocene), Antarctic Peninsula: implications for biostratigraphy, palaeoceanography and palaeoenvironment. Geological Magazine 157 (3): 351 - 366." type="journal article" year="2019">Amenábar et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9DE3DFA271885FA06" author="Mors, T. &amp; M. Reguero &amp; D. Vasilyan" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="5051" refId="ref217290" refString="Mors, T., M. Reguero, and D. Vasilyan. 2020. First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia. Scientific Reports 10: 5051." type="journal article" year="2020">Mörs et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
). Most recent studies have concluded that the early or middle Palaeocene †
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9DE14FA641962F9C4" authorityName="Marshall &amp; de Muizon" authorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Microbiotheriidae" genus="Khasia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cordillerensis">
<emphasis id="B932B059F6DB68C9DE14FA641962F9C4" italics="true" pageId="224" pageNumber="224">Khasia cordillerensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not a member of
<taxonomicName id="4C4617C8F6DB68C9DE07FA451ED9F9C4" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1889" box="[1036,1211,1515,1539]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Microbiotheria" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Microbiotheria</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D8BFF9A219B9F9E3" author="Oliveira and Goin" box="[692,987,1548,1572]" firstAuthor="Oliveira" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="299 - 320" refId="ref220101" refString="Oliveira, E. V., and F. J. Goin. 2006. Marsupiais do inicio do Terciario do Brasil: origem, irradiacao e historia biogeografica. In N. C. Caceres and E. L. A. Monteiro Filho (editors), Os Marsupiais do Brasil: biologia, ecologia e evolucao: 299 - 320. Campo Grande: UFMS." type="book chapter" year="2006">Oliveira and Goin, 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D9E0F9A21EDAF9E3" author="Goin, F. J. &amp; M. O. Woodburne &amp; A. N. Zimicz &amp; G. M. Martin &amp; L. Chornogubsky" box="[1003,1208,1548,1572]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" refId="ref207099" refString="Goin, F. J., M. O. Woodburne, A. N. Zimicz, G. M. Martin, and L. Chornogubsky. 2016. A brief history of South American metatherians: Evolutionary contexts and intercontinental dispersals. Dordrecht: Springer." type="book" year="2016">Goin et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D8A7F98319C7F982" author="Carneiro, L. M. &amp; E. V. Oliveira &amp; F. J. Goin" box="[684,933,1581,1605]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="120 - 131" refId="ref196583" refString="Carneiro, L. M., E. V. Oliveira, and F. J. Goin. 2018. Austropediomys marshalli gen. et sp. nov., a new Pediomyoidea (Mammalia, Metatheria) from the Paleogene of Brazil: paleobiogeographic implications. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 21 (2): 120 - 131." type="journal article" year="2018">Carneiro et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
; but see
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9DE1DF983188AF9A0" author="Muizon, C. de &amp; S. Ladeveze &amp; C. Selva &amp; R. Vignaud &amp; F. Goussard" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="363 - 459" refId="ref218213" refString="Muizon, C. de, S. Ladeveze, C. Selva, R. Vignaud, and F. Goussard. 2018. Allqokirus australis (Sparassodonta, Metatheria) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia) and the rise of the metatherian carnivorous radiation in South America. Geodiversitas 40 (16): 363 - 459." type="journal article" year="2018">Muizon et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
), and putative microbiotherian specimens reported from the early Eocene Las
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Fauna (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD711BAF6DB68C9D963F93E1998F96E" author="Goin, F. J." box="[872,1018,1680,1705]" pageId="224" pageNumber="224" pagination="30 - 42" refId="ref205827" refString="Goin, F. J. 2003. Early marsupial radiations in South America. In M. Jones, C. Dickman, and M. Archer (editors), Predators with pouches: the biology of carnivorous marsupials: 30 - 42. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization)." type="book chapter" year="2003">Goin, 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
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;
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) have yet to be formally described (see Australidelphia above).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>