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<mods:title id="F1151946EB1E099E863F0D3FCB125EF1">An annotated checklist of Myerslopiidae with notes on the distribution and origin of the group (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha)</mods:title>
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Distribution of 
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<paragraph id="8B8DA2690B26FFC4F6339210FAEF4642" blockId="5.[264,1324,852,1878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Biogeographers have long been attracted by disjunct distributions of organisms, and transoceanic disjunctions seem to be particularly favoured. Extant 
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have an “Antarctic” or “Gondwanan” distributional pattern (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B26FFC4F47892E0FC2D408A" author="Nielson, M. W." box="[835,1001,932,958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="322 - 326" refId="ref4265" refString="Nielson, M. W. (1996) A New Species of Myerslopia From Chile (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Entomological News, 107 (5), 322 - 326." type="journal article" year="1996">Nielson 1996</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B26FFC4F4C292E0FADA408A" author="Nielson, M. W. &amp; Knight, W. J." box="[1017,1310,932,958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="81 - 156" refId="ref4299" refString="Nielson, M. W. &amp; Knight, W. J. (2000) Distributional patterns and possible origin of leafhoppers (Homoptera, Cicadellidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 17 (1), 81 - 156." type="journal article" year="2000">Nielson &amp; Knight 2000</bibRefCitation>
). This pattern of distribution (
<figureCitation id="1309BEEC0B26FFC4F55D9288FD6B40D2" box="[614,687,972,998]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="9.[264,367,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[279,1307,321,1867]" captionTargetId="figure-28@9.[279,1307,321,1867]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 1. Recent distribution of Myerslopiidae and fossil site where Ovojassini have been found." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5028050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5028050/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) is frequently regarded as evidence of antiquity of recent fauna. It also suggests a transantarctic dispersal route, which is believed impossible for flightless arthropods after the Lower Cretaceous break up of Gondwanaland. Only a few family­group taxa have so limited an austral distribution as 
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, e.g., the caddisflies Rhynchopsychidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B26FFC4F5BE9528FCCC47B2" author="Ross, H. H." box="[645,776,1132,1158]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="169 - 206" refId="ref4492" refString="Ross, H. H. (1967) The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 12, 169 - 206." type="journal article" year="1967">Ross 1967</bibRefCitation>
) and Kokiridae (Eskov &amp; Golovatch 1989). More common are families found in 
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, 
<collectingCountry id="F325E2F90B26FFC4F43595D0FC6A479A" box="[782,942,1172,1198]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, 
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, 
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, and mainland 
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(Eskov &amp; Golovatch 1989, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B26FFC4F40B95F8FC2147E2" author="Hamilton, K. G. A." box="[816,997,1212,1238]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="207 - 235" refId="ref4023" refString="Hamilton, K. G. A. (1999) The ground-dwelling leafhoppers Myerslopiidae, new family and Sagmatiini, new tribe (Homoptera: Membracoidea). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 13 (2), 207 - 235." type="journal article" year="1999">Hamilton 1999</bibRefCitation>
). The origin of recent trans­ Pacific disjunctions is discussed in detail by Eskov (1987) and Eskov &amp; Golovatch (1989), while various points of view and hypotheses are also discussed in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B26FFC4F3109448FE9E467A" author="Humphries, C. J. &amp; Parenti, L. R." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref4064" refString="Humphries, C. J. &amp; Parenti, L. R. (1999) Cladistic Biogeography. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Cambridge, MA, viii + 187 pp." type="book" year="1999">Humphries &amp; Parenti (1999)</bibRefCitation>
. The most famous case is that of the flightless coleorrhynchan hemipterans 
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; the origin and evolution of this group is discussed in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B26FFC4F4FD9418FAE34642" author="Popov, Yu. A. &amp; Shcherbakov, D. E." box="[966,1319,1372,1398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="9 - 30" refId="ref4396" refString="Popov, Yu. A., Shcherbakov, D. E. (1996) Origin and Evolution of the Coleorrhyncha as Shown by the Fossil Record. In: Schaefer, C. W. (ed.) Studies on Hemipteran Phylogeny. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America, Maryland, pp. 9 - 30." type="book chapter" year="1996">Popov &amp; Shcherbakov (1996)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DA2690B26FFC7F60394C0FB7F400A" blockId="5.[264,1324,852,1878]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1323,284,1350]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Regarding 
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and distribution of extant forms, I agree with Hamilton and others, that 
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are a very old group. On the other hand, recent forms, even if retaining primitive characters, seem to be highly specialized. I subscribe to the view that 
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originated in former Gondwanaland during the Mesozoic. The question whether the 
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were true ancestors of 
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needs further research to collect more data on fossils from the southern hemisphere. I suppose that in Mesozoic­Early Cenozoic times, 
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had a wider distribution in the austral zone, but due to geologic and climatic events they are recently highly restricted in distribution. Before the glaciation in the Miocene­Pliocene was complete, Antarctic peripheries might have served as effective stepping­stones between 
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and 
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for ancestors of recent 
<taxonomicName id="4C32D9EA0B26FFC4F3DA97A8FEB2441A" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1957" class="Insecta" family="Myerslopiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Myerslopiidae</taxonomicName>
. 
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, like 
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, seem to be connected with 
<taxonomicName id="4C32D9EA0B26FFC4F37D9650FB094419" box="[1094,1229,1812,1837]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9467E7B0B26FFC4F37D9650FB094419" box="[1094,1229,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forests. The history of 
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<emphasis id="B9467E7B0B26FFC4F6869678FD804461" box="[445,580,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nothofagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rather well documented by fossil pollen, leaves, and wood (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B25FFC7F62B9058FE734202" author="Romero, E. J." box="[272,439,284,310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="276 - 283" refId="ref4461" refString="Romero, E. J. (1986) Fossil evidence regarding the evolution of Nothofagus Blume. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 73, 276 - 283." type="journal article" year="1986">Romero 1986</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B25FFC7F6FD9058FD944202" author="Tanai, T." box="[454,592,284,310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="505 - 582" refId="ref4692" refString="Tanai, T. (1986) Phytogeographic and phylogenetic history of the genus Nothofagus Bl. (Fagaceae) in the Southern Hemisphere. Journal of the Faculty of Science Hokkaido University, (4) 21: 505 - 582." type="journal article" year="1986">Tanai 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Its biogeography was recently analysed by Linder &amp; Crisp (1995) and the results discussed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B25FFC7F5969000FB87426A" author="Ladiges, P. Y. &amp; Nelson, G. &amp; Grimes, J." box="[685,1091,324,350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="125 - 129" refId="ref4130" refString="Ladiges, P. Y., Nelson, G. &amp; Grimes, J. (1997) Subtree Analysis, Nothofagus and Pacific Biogeography. Cladistics, 13, 125 - 129." type="journal article" year="1997">Ladiges, Nelson &amp; Grimes (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. One of the reasons for limited distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C32D9EA0B25FFC7F5019028FD2742B2" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1957" box="[570,739,364,390]" class="Insecta" family="Myerslopiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Myerslopiidae</taxonomicName>
could be the fact that intensive glaciation of 
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, as well as the uplift of the Andes, caused aridization in Patagonia and most of 
<collectingCountry id="F325E2F90B25FFC7F3C990D0FE8342E2" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and hence a probable reduction (extinction in some areas?) of 
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about the Middle Miocene. On the other hand, some forms living at this time in 
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could be preadapted to the severe conditions of glaciation and migrated northwards. It is worth noting that during the Pliocene the orogenesis started in 
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and that Pleistocene glaciations covered 
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as well as southern parts of 
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, so the ancestors of recent taxa of 
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could survive in particular conditions in 
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and South America or migrate northwards in the latter. I believe that 
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species are descendants of survivors from the ice age(s) and that the diversity of species in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C32D9EA0B25FFC7F63393B8FE4A4021" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1999" box="[264,398,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Myerslopiidae" genus="Pemmation" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9467E7B0B25FFC7F63393B8FE4A4021" box="[264,398,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pemmation</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be a result of post­glaciation speciation. By contrast, species of the genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C32D9EA0B25FFC7F6339260FE494009" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1947" box="[264,397,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Myerslopiidae" genus="Myerslopia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9467E7B0B25FFC7F6339260FE494009" box="[264,397,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Myerslopia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F325E2F90B25FFC7F6889260FD94400A" box="[435,592,804,830]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C32D9EA0B25FFC7F5B29260FCC14009" authorityName="Szwedo" authorityYear="2004" box="[649,773,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Myerslopiidae" genus="Mapuchea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9467E7B0B25FFC7F5B29260FCC14009" box="[649,773,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mapuchea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F325E2F90B25FFC7F4119260FCAD400A" box="[810,873,804,830]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chile</collectingCountry>
are limited to refugial areas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8DA2690B25FFC7F6039208FE904672" blockId="6.[264,1323,284,1350]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
A similar view that southern hemisphere trans­oceanic disjunctions have resulted from Mesozoic integrity of the southern continents and their subsequent fragmentation and drift is regarded as common­place. Still, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B25FFC7F59192D8FC8C4082" author="Eskov, K. Yu." box="[682,840,924,950]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="311 - 328" refId="ref3723" refString="Eskov, K. Yu. (1992) Archaeid spiders from Eocene Baltic amber (Chelicerata: Araneida: Archaeidae) with remarks on the so-called &quot; Gondwanan &quot; ranges of recent taxa. Neues Jahrbucher fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 185 (3), 311 - 328." type="journal article" year="1992">Eskov (1992)</bibRefCitation>
criticizes this statement on the ground of both facts and methodology. According to him, disjunct ranges have resulted from an extinction of “intermediate links” in the northern continents, which he believes to be a fundamental regularity among terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B25FFC7F31C9550FB7D471A" author="Eskov, K. Yu." box="[1063,1209,1044,1070]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="311 - 328" refId="ref3723" refString="Eskov, K. Yu. (1992) Archaeid spiders from Eocene Baltic amber (Chelicerata: Araneida: Archaeidae) with remarks on the so-called &quot; Gondwanan &quot; ranges of recent taxa. Neues Jahrbucher fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 185 (3), 311 - 328." type="journal article" year="1992">Eskov 1992</bibRefCitation>
). He proposes a mechanism which implies a gradual reduction of the pancontinental range to a bipolar (amphitropical) range and, in consequence, to a “Gondwanan” distribution due to the disappearance of the northern “semicircle” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B25FFC7F47095C8FC1A4792" author="Eskov, K. Yu." box="[843,990,1164,1190]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="24 - 92" refId="ref3671" refString="Eskov, K. Yu. (1984) Dreif materikov i problema isoricheskoi biogeografii. [Continental drift and problems of historical biogeography.] In: Faunogeneza i filocenogeneza. [Faunogenesis and Phylocenogenesis.] &quot; Nauka &quot;, Moskva, 24 - 92. [In Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1984">Eskov 1984</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B25FFC7F4D595C8FBE84792" author="Eskov, K. Yu." box="[1006,1068,1164,1190]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="311 - 328" refId="ref3723" refString="Eskov, K. Yu. (1992) Archaeid spiders from Eocene Baltic amber (Chelicerata: Araneida: Archaeidae) with remarks on the so-called &quot; Gondwanan &quot; ranges of recent taxa. Neues Jahrbucher fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 185 (3), 311 - 328." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B25FFC7F30095C8FE8347FA" author="Eskov, K. Y. &amp; Golovatch, S. I." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="265 - 285" refId="ref3776" refString="Eskov, K. Y. &amp; Golovatch, S. I. (1986). On the origin of Trans-Pacific Disjunctions. Zoologische Jahrbuch fur Systematik, 113, 265 - 285." type="journal article" year="1986">Eskov &amp; Golovatch 1986</bibRefCitation>
). However, this concept of “ousted relicts” cannot be applied to 
<taxonomicName id="4C32D9EA0B25FFC7F34195F0FAE347FA" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1957" box="[1146,1319,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Myerslopiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Myerslopiidae</taxonomicName>
. There is no record of fossil 
<taxonomicName id="4C32D9EA0B25FFC7F56C9598FCC447C2" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1957" box="[599,768,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Myerslopiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Myerslopiidae</taxonomicName>
in the northern hemisphere, and the only supposed fossils of this group are known from Lower Cretaceous strata of 
<collectingCountry id="F325E2F90B25FFC7F3599440FB6D462A" box="[1122,1193,1284,1310]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3DF980B25FFC7F3819440FE834672" author="Hamilton, K. G. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="82 - 122" refId="ref3972" refString="Hamilton, K. G. A. (1990) Homoptera. In: Grimaldi, D. A. (ed.) Insects from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 195, 82 - 122." type="journal article" year="1990">Hamilton 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>