plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/90/D9/0390D93D7B05FFAFFF5BFB28FEF27F3D.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

345 lines
34 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="543227884BE6F9027B64242EDB56AF62" ID-CLB-Dataset="28153" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4563.1.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0d849a4d-5dd1-4f60-9036-939f4486fe72" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2601017" ID-ZooBank="8E2935BD-3608-4BE1-B565-AE50966EE510" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553171272592" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Martins, Ananda Regina P., Duarte, Marcelo &amp; Robbins, Robert K." docDate="2019" docId="0390D93D7B05FFAFFF5BFB28FEF27F3D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4563.1.6.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4563 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Theritas Hubner 1818" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="FFA9A1457B00FFA9FFCCFF8FFFB87C05" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic Classification of the Atlides Section of the Eumaeini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="119" pageNumber="124" updateTime="1698703033999" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="EB756C9D0B825D5699246A0E67D5079F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="98DD4B50F48FE45CFD954BD8E2378E02">
<mods:title id="DDC41F630E88A0D0AAAC4B1F0B4F795B">Phylogenetic Classification of the Atlides Section of the Eumaeini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="8F88E0169DF76AE9828A77494A97D325" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4C37389C5134D20DB98338F2EBDB0985">
<mods:roleTerm id="D5F15BAECE6ECBA3C37EC6722DFB3A24">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1A08A5DC8AEB8069A638AD4B505CFC5E">Martins, Ananda Regina P.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9BEE347418C296198122D27E25E7F1A6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="176EB12FC585972FAAF7CA02F5AAAB2B">
<mods:roleTerm id="70D4B4FE7991A725FC4F6BEF9A7D8418">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="74E24E9C450B8572BDAD1C0CE43AE7F4">Duarte, Marcelo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7DD76BBFECAFFE2536E74ED7366F1CFA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CDD31E1A16054AE80CE2752E41991288">
<mods:roleTerm id="525BF780679F93BB71EE9E3B7D47E3DC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8FD602D90F63B2C8AC51CD48BAC1B7C9">Robbins, Robert K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="A73831C3A6239B089DCE3792C103662D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="C34070FD54ED45AEC6245C506438D435" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="BDF2F80E75DBD67BB1DD2F74F3FE48CA">
<mods:title id="7A3DD2B5A754BB86E5F25DEC2D0F12B7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="40EC15146DFDE912200A085F1439BA50">
<mods:date id="6B58A5B50ED2F67332672FAD41A9A0BE">2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="C9810AC3401FCD2DD9C474AD2CF15F30" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="7C72321FAD5BCFC1AAAABAF4FB607092">2019-02-28</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="7122BE380F13D9DC9B17B4A32B85B08F" type="volume">
<mods:number id="4336FBBEC5683FD7BC6B5B7739F802F6">4563</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="1258469778D9FFB970F8E1AE04BC06DD" type="issue">
<mods:number id="BFF94EB8424EAA31C7B0B36B43E81100">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="1EC55FC440A5263BAFC7B7B9E752C940" unit="page">
<mods:start id="D81388944F345659654E1E518A78AF48">119</mods:start>
<mods:end id="2F174204C5FCD29CCF08ADB578E17AB4">134</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="54ABFEB1C9915EE9851CB36AEEAEC346">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B1E8DF80B5DD8132DF4A6E365A1C9DF9" type="CLB-Dataset">28153</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6AF2A3189C4A9F8CB8D508CC641AE409" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4563.1.6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5E9CC8AAA3055A5A8F47013E6F5CA940" type="GBIF-Dataset">0d849a4d-5dd1-4f60-9036-939f4486fe72</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="12DDC8B250576B0640B3281D0E67FF1D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="512D388972462BE1F5363829AA88829E" type="Zenodo-Dep">2601017</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B147A7EE60081242AEB965EF36CB5AC9" type="ZooBank">8E2935BD-3608-4BE1-B565-AE50966EE510</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="0390D93D7B05FFAFFF5BFB28FEF27F3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5932756" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154474488" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5932756" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0390D93D7B05FFAFFF5BFB28FEF27F3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0390D93D7B05FFAFFF5BFB28FEF27F3D" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<subSubSection id="C3233BA07B05FFACFF5BFB28FE1378C4" box="[151,427,1191,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF5BFB28FE1378C4" blockId="5.[151,427,1191,1217]" box="[151,427,1191,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<heading id="D0CEDF477B05FFACFF5BFB28FE1378C4" bold="true" box="[151,427,1191,1217]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFF5BFB28FE1378C4" ID-CoL="9CM8R" authority="Hubner, 1818" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[151,427,1191,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF5BFB28FE1378C4" bold="true" box="[151,427,1191,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF5BFB28FF4478C4" bold="true" box="[151,252,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Theritas</emphasis>
Hübner, 1818
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3233BA07B05FFACFF5BFB60FACB7994" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF5BFB60FDA57901" blockId="5.[151,541,1262,1284]" box="[151,541,1262,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B05FFACFF5BFB60FF717901" box="[151,201,1263,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFEEAFB61FDA57901" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[294,541,1262,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mavors">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFEEAFB61FE747901" box="[294,460,1262,1284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Theritas mavors</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF5BFABFFACB7994" blockId="5.[151,1437,1328,1641]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFF5BFABFFF4D794C" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[151,245,1328,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF5BFABFFF4D794C" box="[151,245,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Theritas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as reclassified here is a small, widespread Neotropical genus of five species.
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFB42FABFFAF0794C" box="[1166,1352,1328,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mavors">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFB42FABFFAF0794C" box="[1166,1352,1328,1353]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Theritas mavors</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFA4BFABDFF437968" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triquetra">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFA4BFABDFF437968" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">T. triquetra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are common, primarily lowland forest species that replace each other geographically.
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFB75FADBFAC27968" box="[1209,1402,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paupera">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFB75FADBFAC27968" box="[1209,1402,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Theritas paupera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFA4BFAD9FF437994" baseAuthorityName="A. G. Weeks" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harrietta">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFA4BFAD9FF437994" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">T. harrietta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFEF4FAF5FE227994" baseAuthorityName="Lathy" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[312,410,1400,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drucei">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFEF4FAF5FE227994" box="[312,410,1400,1425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">T. drucei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are South American montane forest species that also replace each other geographically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3233BA07B05FFACFF0BFA13FC857AFC" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF0BFA13FAA57A6C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1328,1641]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFF0BFA13FE9D79B0" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[199,293,1436,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF0BFA13FE9D79B0" box="[199,293,1436,1461]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Theritas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFE7CFA12FE4979B1" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1832" box="[432,497,1437,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Arcas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFE7CFA12FE4979B1" box="[432,497,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Arcas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and is characterized by five synapomorphies (
<tableCitation id="C6BB5D907B05FFACFBC2FA13FBDE79B0" box="[1038,1126,1436,1461]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,1013,1036]" captionText="TABLE 1. List of synapomorphies from the phylogenetic analysis of the Atlides Section (Martins et al. 2018)." pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130274AE7B05FFACFBBBFA13FB0579B0" box="[1143,1213,1436,1461]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionText="FIGURE 8. Cladogram modified from Martins et al. (2018)." pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). It is most readily recognized by the color of its wings, despite the substantial variability within species. Males are greenish-blue dorsally and have a distinctive muted green ground color ventrally (
<figureCitation id="130274AE7B05FFACFC6CFA6BFC5779F8" box="[928,1007,1508,1533]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–7" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1302,1324]" captionTargetBox="[177,1418,731,1267]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1437,695,1270]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–7. Male wing pattern in the Atlides Section. Dorsal and ventral surfaces. 1. Theritas mavors. 2. Arcas imperialis. 3. Lucilda crines. 4. Pseudolycaena marsyas. 5. Brangas caranus. 6. Atlides halesus. 7. Denivia deniva." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601019/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="130274AE7B05FFACFBE5FA6AFBF079F8" box="[1065,1096,1509,1533]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1027,1049]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,412,991]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1437,397,1006]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 9–15. Hindwing anal lobe cleft (black arrows). 9. Arcas imperialis, 10. Brangas getus, 11. Atlides cosa (with a forewing double scent pad in the discal cell—red arrow), 12. Theritas drucei, 13. Lucilda danaus, 14. Pseudolycaena damo, 15. Denivia silma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2601021/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">12</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFB92FA69FAA379F8" box="[1118,1307,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Denivia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phegeus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFB92FA69FAA379F8" box="[1118,1307,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Denivia phegeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only other
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFF14F987FE9E7A24" box="[216,294,1544,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF14F987FE9E7A24" box="[216,294,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Atlides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Section species with superficially similar male coloration. Females have brown scaling dorsally and ventrally (except for
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFE69F9A1FD907A43" box="[421,552,1581,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harrieta">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFE69F9A1FE0A7A40" box="[421,434,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">T</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFE00F9A2FD907A43" box="[460,552,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">harrieta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In flight, the brown females somewhat resemble satyrine butterflies (
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFF52F9DFFE847A6C" box="[158,316,1616,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFE82F9DDFE407A6C" baseAuthorityName="Cramer" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[334,504,1616,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Denivia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemon">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFE82F9DDFE407A6C" box="[334,504,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Denivia hemon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only other
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFD70F9DFFCB27A6C" box="[700,778,1616,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Atlides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFD70F9DFFCB27A6C" box="[700,778,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Atlides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Section species with similar female coloration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF5BF917FD407AB4" blockId="5.[151,1436,1688,2038]" box="[151,760,1688,1713]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFF5BF917FE4C7AB4" authority="Hubner, 1818" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[151,500,1688,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mavors">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF5BF917FEEA7AB5" bold="true" box="[151,338,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Theritas mavors</emphasis>
Hübner, 1818
</taxonomicName>
,
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B05FFACFE33F916FD977AB4" box="[511,559,1689,1713]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B05FFACFD55F917FD407AB4" box="[665,760,1688,1713]" name="Suriname" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Surinam</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF0BF932FC1E7AD0" blockId="5.[151,1436,1688,2038]" box="[199,934,1725,1750]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF0BF932FEFA7AD3" box="[199,322,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">kalikimaka</emphasis>
(Clench, 1944) (
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFDCDF932FDF57AD3" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[513,589,1725,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFDCDF932FDF57AD3" box="[513,589,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Thecla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B05FFACFDA8F931FD2C7AD3" box="[612,660,1726,1750]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B05FFACFD32F932FCEB7AD3" box="[766,851,1725,1750]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(VER)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF0BF96FFC857AFC" blockId="5.[151,1436,1688,2038]" box="[199,829,1760,1785]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF0BF96FFF407AFC" box="[199,248,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">lotis</emphasis>
(Goodson, 1945) (
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFE00F96FFDA07AFC" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[460,536,1760,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFE00F96FFDA07AFC" box="[460,536,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Thecla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B05FFACFDFCF96EFDD87AFC" box="[560,608,1761,1785]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B05FFACFD06F96FFC857AFC" box="[714,829,1760,1785]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3233BA07B05FFACFF0BF88AFB317BD4" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF0BF88AFCA17B44" blockId="5.[151,1436,1688,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF0BF88AFE4C7B1B" bold="true" box="[199,500,1797,1822]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Distribution and Habitat</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B05FFACFDC0F88AFDD97B1B" box="[524,609,1797,1822]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to central
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B05FFACFD12F88AFC9A7B1B" box="[734,802,1797,1822]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(Transandean and Amazonian Regions) in wet and dry lowland forest, occasionally in lower montane forest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF5BF8C2FC387B63" blockId="5.[151,1436,1688,2038]" box="[151,896,1869,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFF5BF8C2FD2D7B60" authority="(Hewitson, 1865) (Thecla)" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1865" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[151,661,1869,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triquetra">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF5BF8C2FEDB7B63" bold="true" box="[151,355,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Theritas triquetra</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1865) (
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFDF2F8C2FD327B63" box="[574,650,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Thecla</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B05FFACFD6DF8C1FD697B63" box="[673,721,1870,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B05FFACFCF0F8C2FC387B63" box="[828,896,1869,1894]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Brazil</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF0BF8FFFEB47BAB" blockId="5.[151,1436,1688,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF0BF8FFFE487B8C" bold="true" box="[199,496,1904,1929]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Distribution and Habitat</emphasis>
. The Atlantic Region in wet and dry lowland forest, occasionally in lower montane forest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF5BF837FB317BD4" blockId="5.[151,1436,1688,2038]" box="[151,1161,1976,2001]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFF5BF837FCCC7BD4" authority="(C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1865) (Pseudolycaena)" authorityName="C. Felder &amp; R. Felder" authorityYear="1865" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder &amp; R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[151,884,1976,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paupera">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF5BF837FEE57BD5" bold="true" box="[151,349,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Theritas paupera</emphasis>
(C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1865) (
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFD0CF837FCD27BD4" box="[704,874,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Pseudolycaena</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B05FFACFC4DF836FC097BD4" box="[897,945,1977,2001]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B05FFACFBD7F837FB317BD4" box="[1051,1161,1976,2001]" name="Colombia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Colombia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3233BA07B05FFAFFF7FF852FBBB7CD0" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B05FFACFF7FF852FCBE7BF3" blockId="5.[151,1436,1688,2038]" box="[179,774,2013,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFF7FF852FF657BF3" box="[179,221,2013,2038]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">ella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA815DA7B05FFACFF27F852FE3A7BF0" author="Draudt, M." box="[235,386,2013,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" pagination="744 - 812" refId="ref9270" refString="Draudt, M. (1919 - 1920) Theclini F. In: Seitz A (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Fol. 5. Die amerikanischen Tagfalter. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 744 - 812." type="book chapter" year="1919">Draudt, 1919</bibRefCitation>
) (
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B05FFACFE57F852FE5F7BF3" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[411,487,2013,2038]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B05FFACFE57F852FE5F7BF3" box="[411,487,2013,2038]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Thecla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B05FFACFE32F851FD967BF3" box="[510,558,2014,2038]" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B05FFACFD54F852FCBE7BF3" box="[664,774,2013,2038]" name="Colombia" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Colombia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B06FFAFFF7FFF18FB567CB5" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,824]" box="[179,1262,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFF7FFF18FF467CB5" box="[179,254,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">chione</emphasis>
(Goodson, 1945) (
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFE1FFF18FDA77CB5" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[467,543,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFE1FFF18FDA77CB5" box="[467,543,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Thecla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B06FFAFFDFAFF17FDDE7CB5" box="[566,614,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B06FFAFFD1CFF18FCFA7CB5" box="[720,834,151,176]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Colombia</collectingCountry>
; &quot;Amazon&quot;, an incorrect
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B06FFAFFB91FF17FB357CB5" box="[1117,1165,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">type</typeStatus>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B06FFAFFF7FFF32FBBB7CD0" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,824]" box="[179,1027,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFF7FFF32FDFF7CD1" authority="Balint &amp; Wojtusiak, 2007" authorityName="Balint &amp; Wojtusiak" authorityYear="2007" box="[179,583,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gozmanyi">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFF7FFF32FEA67CD1" box="[179,286,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">gozmanyi</emphasis>
Bálint &amp; Wojtusiak, 2007
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27E09427B06FFAFFD9EFF33FD467CD0" box="[594,766,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFD9EFF33FD467CD0" bold="true" box="[594,766,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">New Synonym</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B06FFAFFCC0FF32FC847CD0" box="[780,828,189,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B06FFAFFC6AFF33FBBB7CD0" box="[934,1027,188,213]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3233BA07B06FFAFFF0BFF50FCF07E80" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B06FFAFFF0BFF50FB597CFD" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,824]" box="[199,1249,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFF0BFF50FE487CFD" bold="true" box="[199,496,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Distribution and Habitat</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B06FFAFFDC9FF50FDC07CFD" box="[517,632,223,248]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
to southern
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B06FFAFFCCFFF6FFC8E7CF2" box="[771,822,224,247]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Peru</collectingCountry>
(Cosñipata Valley) in montane forest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B06FFAFFF0BFE8BFCF07E80" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFF0BFE8BFEFB7D18" bold="true" box="[199,323,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Synonymy</emphasis>
. Bálint and Wojtusiak (2007) proposed that
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFCF8FE8AFC147D19" box="[820,940,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paupera">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFCF8FE8AFC147D19" box="[820,940,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">T. paupera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of two species distinguished by the presence/absence of a dorsal forewing scent pad and by color of the ventral wings. In the study series for this paper, the scent pad varies from absent to a few scales at the posterior disco-cellular vein (cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope) to enough scales to cover the lower disco-cellular vein to sufficient scales to cover both the lower and middle disco-cellular veins. Bálint and Wojtusiak did not address the hypothesis that scent pad size in
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFE55FE36FDAE7DD5" box="[409,534,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paupera">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFE55FE36FDAE7DD5" box="[409,534,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">T. paupera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is variable, including absence. Further, Bálint and Wojtusiak suggested that presence of a scent pad was correlated with wing color, but we found no correlation in the study series. The description of
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFEAAFD8EFE547E1D" box="[358,492,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gozmanyi">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFEAAFD8EFE547E1D" box="[358,492,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">T. gozmanyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also problematic for another reason. The authors claimed without evidence that the male of
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFE83FDAAFE717E39" box="[335,457,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paupera">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFE83FDAAFE717E39" box="[335,457,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">T. paupera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a scent pad, but the
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B06FFAFFD37FDABFCE57E38" box="[763,861,548,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFC4AFDAAFBB87E39" box="[902,1024,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paupera">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFC4AFDAAFBB87E39" box="[902,1024,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">T. paupera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a female. Even if there were two distinct biological species—and we know of no compelling evidence to support such a hypothesis—we do not know to which species the name
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFDFBFDE2FD177E81" box="[567,687,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paupera">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFDFBFDE2FD177E81" box="[567,687,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">T. paupera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would apply.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3233BA07B06FFAFFF5BFD00FC1E7EAD" box="[151,934,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B06FFAFFF5BFD00FC1E7EAD" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,824]" box="[151,934,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFF5BFD00FD167EAD" authority="(A.G. Weeks, 1901) (Thecla)" authorityName="A. G. Weeks" authorityYear="1901" baseAuthorityName="A. G. Weeks" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[151,686,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harrietta">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFF5BFD00FEDB7EAD" bold="true" box="[151,355,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Theritas harrietta</emphasis>
(A.G. Weeks, 1901) (
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFD9AFD00FD1A7EAD" box="[598,674,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Thecla</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B06FFAFFD76FD1FFD527EAD" box="[698,746,656,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B06FFAFFC98FD00FC1E7EAD" box="[852,934,655,680]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3233BA07B06FFAFFF0BFD3BFEF27F3D" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B06FFAFFF0BFD3BFB7E7EC8" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,824]" box="[199,1222,692,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFF0BFD3BFE487EC8" bold="true" box="[199,496,692,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Distribution and Habitat</emphasis>
. Southern
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B06FFAFFDBDFD3AFD1C7EC9" box="[625,676,693,716]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Peru</collectingCountry>
(Cosñipata Valley) to
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B06FFAFFC6CFD3BFC4A7EC8" box="[928,1010,692,717]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
in montane forest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B06FFAFFF5BFD58FCCC7EF5" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,824]" box="[151,884,727,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicName id="4C3913A87B06FFAFFF5BFD58FDF67EF5" authority="(Lathy, 1926) (Thecla)" authorityName="Lathy" authorityYear="1926" baseAuthorityName="Lathy" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[151,590,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Theritas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drucei">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFF5BFD58FEFF7EF5" bold="true" box="[151,327,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Theritas drucei</emphasis>
(Lathy, 1926) (
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFE3AFD58FDFA7EF5" box="[502,578,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Thecla</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<typeStatus id="5482D6897B06FFAFFD96FD57FD327EF5" box="[602,650,728,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B06FFAFFD38FD58FC807EF5" box="[756,824,727,752]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(SC)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B86682B7B06FFAFFF0BFD73FEF27F3D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="B94DB4397B06FFAFFF0BFD73FE487F10" bold="true" box="[199,496,764,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Distribution and Habitat</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="F32E28BB7B06FFAFFDCAFD73FDF27F10" box="[518,586,764,789]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Brazil</collectingCountry>
in montane forest from RJ to SC. It occurs at lower elevations in the south of its range.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink