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<mods:title id="DF133CF7E7DD0679627E84DBC259A226">Range Extensions and Taxonomic Notes on Atlantic Myxasteridae (Velatida; Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A62327A16BBA542F32D7C252235A68BD">Hamel, Jean-Francois</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="43CC397D9BF1AD12C2F318C412F9EF24">Nizinski, Martha</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="AD22AA2DFFAEFFE2FF52872C7607E528" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6172429" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119556412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6172429" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AD22AA2DFFAEFFE2FF52872C7607E528" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD22AA2DFFAEFFE2FF52872C7607E528" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<subSubSection id="6D9148B0FFAEFFE1FF52872C76C3E1BF" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="25341B3BFFAEFFE1FF52872C7009E1D6" blockId="1.[151,536,1895,1954]" box="[151,536,1895,1921]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<heading id="7E7CAC57FFAEFFE1FF52872C7009E1D6" bold="true" box="[151,536,1895,1921]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFAEFFE1FF52872C7009E1D6" ID-CoL="45GWY" authority="Koehler 1896" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,536,1895,1921]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFAEFFE1FF52872C7009E1D6" bold="true" box="[151,536,1895,1921]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFAEFFE1FF52872C7378E1D6" bold="true" box="[151,361,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Myxaster perrieri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="411A66CAFFAEFFE1FEB4872C7009E1D6" author="Koehler" box="[369,536,1895,1921]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" refString="Koehler, R. (1896) Resultats scientifiques de la campagne du Caudan dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Echinodermes. Annales de l'Universite de Lyon, 26, 33 - 127." type="journal article" year="1896">Koehler 1896</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25341B3BFFAEFFE1FF5287C17355E1F5" blockId="1.[151,536,1895,1954]" box="[151,324,1930,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
(
<figureCitation id="BDB007BEFFAEFFE1FF5B87C17315E1F5" box="[158,260,1930,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1731,1754]" captionTargetBox="[421,1166,614,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[415,1171,605,1710]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Myxaster sol (long armed variant) A. USNM E 18596. Scale bar = 1.5 cm. B. YPM Y 36040. Scale bar = 1.0 cm. Myxaster perrieri Holotype, EcAh 3840, Scale bar for C E = 5.0 mm. C. Abctinal surface. D. Actinal surface. E. Arms from holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210333/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Figures 1</figureCitation>
CE)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25341B3BFFAEFFE1FF52879976C3E1BF" blockId="1.[151,1234,2002,2024]" box="[151,1234,2002,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<bibRefCitation id="411A66CAFFAEFFE1FF5287997334E1BF" author="Koehler" box="[151,293,2002,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" refString="Koehler, R. (1896) Resultats scientifiques de la campagne du Caudan dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Echinodermes. Annales de l'Universite de Lyon, 26, 33 - 127." type="journal article" year="1896">Koehler 1896</bibRefCitation>
: 48, Fig. 11;
<bibRefCitation id="411A66CAFFAEFFE1FE6C87997034E1BF" author="Alton" box="[425,549,2002,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" refString="Alton, M. S. (1966) A new sea-star from the northeastern Pacific Ocean, Asthenactis fisheri n. sp., with a review of the family Myxasteridae. Deep-Sea Research, 13 (4), 687 - 697." type="journal article" year="1966">Alton, 1966</bibRefCitation>
:
<bibRefCitation id="411A66CAFFAEFFE1FDEA87997074E1BF" author="Alton" box="[559,613,2002,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" refString="Alton, M. S. (1966) A new sea-star from the northeastern Pacific Ocean, Asthenactis fisheri n. sp., with a review of the family Myxasteridae. Deep-Sea Research, 13 (4), 687 - 697." type="journal article" year="1966">1966</bibRefCitation>
: 688;
<bibRefCitation id="411A66CAFFAEFFE1FD67879971B3E1BF" author="Clark" box="[674,930,2002,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London. 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 337;
<bibRefCitation id="411A66CAFFAEFFE1FC2587997679E1BF" author="Dilman" box="[992,1128,2002,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" refString="Dilman, A. B. (2005) Starfishes of the genus Myxaster (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 84 (4), 455 - 463." type="journal article" year="2005">Dilman 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 456, 460.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6D9148B0FFADFFE2FF0280D37076E6E7" box="[199,615,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="25341B3BFFADFFE2FF0280D37076E6E7" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,896]" box="[199,615,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FF0280D37348E6E7" box="[199,345,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Distribution:</emphasis>
Bay of Biscay,
<quantity id="E273B6DEFFADFFE2FDCE80DC7071E6F8" box="[523,608,151,175]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6D9148B0FFADFFE2FF0280F671D2E560" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="25341B3BFFADFFE2FF0280F6714EE74B" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FF0280F6732CE683" box="[199,317,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Comments</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="411A66CAFFADFFE2FE9180F773E4E683" author="Dilman" box="[340,501,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" refString="Dilman, A. B. (2005) Starfishes of the genus Myxaster (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 84 (4), 455 - 463." type="journal article" year="2005">Dilman (2005</bibRefCitation>
: 463, 2006: 182) stated that
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FCF280F671A5E683" box="[823,948,189,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FCF280F671A5E683" box="[823,948,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. perrieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possessed six arms and five primary radial plates compared to eight to ten (typically nine) arms in
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FCCE80AA718AE6AF" box="[779,923,224,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sol">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FCCE80AA718AE6AF" box="[779,923,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Myxaster sol</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with an identical number of radial plates and suggested that
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FEF8814E73A8E74B" box="[317,441,261,284]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FEF8814E73A8E74B" box="[317,441,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. perrieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be placed within
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FD17814F7149E74B" box="[722,856,260,284]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Pythonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FD17814F7149E74B" box="[722,856,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Pythonaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25341B3BFFADFFE2FF02816C7307E798" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
Examination of the
<typeStatus id="FA30A599FFADFFE2FE6F816C701DE768" box="[426,524,295,319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FDF0816270ECE717" box="[565,765,297,320]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FDF0816270ECE717" box="[565,765,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Myxaster perrieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN EcAh 3840) revealed that this specimen displays the imbricated plates (
<figureCitation id="BDB007BEFFADFFE2FE5D810773CAE733" box="[408,475,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1731,1754]" captionTargetBox="[421,1166,614,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[415,1171,605,1710]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Myxaster sol (long armed variant) A. USNM E 18596. Scale bar = 1.5 cm. B. YPM Y 36040. Scale bar = 1.0 cm. Myxaster perrieri Holotype, EcAh 3840, Scale bar for C E = 5.0 mm. C. Abctinal surface. D. Actinal surface. E. Arms from holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210333/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C, E) that characterize
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FD2E81067142E733" box="[747,851,333,356]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FD2E81067142E733" box="[747,851,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Myxaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and lacks the distinct muscular bands observed in
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FF52813B730FE7DF" box="[151,286,368,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Pythonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FF52813B730FE7DF" box="[151,286,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Pythonaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BDB007BEFFADFFE2FEF18124736CE7D0" box="[308,381,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,964,987]" captionTargetBox="[449,1139,181,946]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[441,1146,175,960]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pythonaster atlantidis USNM E 18842. A. Abactinal surface. Scale bar = 1.5 cm B. Annulations on arm. Scale bar = 5.0 mm. C. Actinal surface showing tube foot groove. D. Oral plate. Scale bar = 5.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210335/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B). Dilmans (2005) conclusion that
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FCFD813A71AAE7DF" box="[824,955,369,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FCFD813A71AAE7DF" box="[824,955,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. perrieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be placed in
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FB06813B775BE7DF" box="[1219,1354,368,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Pythonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FB06813B775BE7DF" box="[1219,1354,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Pythonaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not supported by morphological evidence. Thus, this species should remain in the genus
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FB5281DE76EEE7FB" box="[1175,1279,405,428]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FB5281DE76EEE7FB" box="[1175,1279,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Myxaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as originally designated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25341B3BFFADFFE2FF02819776ACE4D3" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
Based on examination of the
<typeStatus id="FA30A599FFADFFE2FDCB81977062E7A3" box="[526,627,476,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Downey in
<bibRefCitation id="411A66CAFFADFFE2FCC481977636E7A3" author="Clark" box="[769,1063,476,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London. 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
argued that the occurrence of six rays in
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FF2B824A737DE44F" box="[238,364,513,536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FF2B824A737DE44F" box="[238,364,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. perrieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unusual for the species, since only five primary plates on the abactinal surface of the disk were observed. However, examination of the
<typeStatus id="FA30A599FFADFFE2FD62826F7118E46B" box="[679,777,548,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
shows six pairs of oral plates present. Additionally, the abactinal surface of the
<typeStatus id="FA30A599FFADFFE2FE77820C7005E408" box="[434,532,583,607]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is damaged, thus obscuring clear observation of the sixth plate (
<figureCitation id="BDB007BEFFADFFE2FAD5820C7742E408" box="[1296,1363,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1731,1754]" captionTargetBox="[421,1166,614,1697]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[415,1171,605,1710]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Myxaster sol (long armed variant) A. USNM E 18596. Scale bar = 1.5 cm. B. YPM Y 36040. Scale bar = 1.0 cm. Myxaster perrieri Holotype, EcAh 3840, Scale bar for C E = 5.0 mm. C. Abctinal surface. D. Actinal surface. E. Arms from holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210333/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
CD). These observations cast doubt on Downeys conclusion that
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FCFE822671A9E4D3" box="[827,952,621,644]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FCFE822671A9E4D3" box="[827,952,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. perrieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is normally five rayed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="25341B3BFFADFFE2FF0282C471D2E560" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
Re-examination of the
<typeStatus id="FA30A599FFADFFE2FE0C82C4703AE4F0" box="[457,555,655,679]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
also revealed differences between the specimen and those in Koehlers (1896) original description. Among the most significant was that his original description indicates that four furrow spines were present per adambulacral plate, when there are actually six to eight. Given that
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FB98829276B5E4A7" box="[1117,1188,728,752]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sol">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FB98829276B5E4A7" box="[1117,1188,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. sol</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has between five and eight furrow and the number of arms in
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FD9182B6708BE543" box="[596,666,764,788]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sol">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FD9182B6708BE543" box="[596,666,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. sol</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is apparently more variable than has been historically recognized (as outlined below) it is possible that
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FDD7836A709EE56F" box="[530,655,801,824]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FDD7836A709EE56F" box="[530,655,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. perrieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FD00836A711AE56F" box="[709,779,800,824]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sol">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FD00836A711AE56F" box="[709,779,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. sol</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are conspecific.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6D9148B0FFADFFE2FF02830F7607E528" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="25341B3BFFADFFE2FF02830F7607E528" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FF02830F73B1E50B" box="[199,416,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Material Examined</emphasis>
: MNHN-EcAh 3840
<typeStatus id="FA30A599FFADFFE2FD56830F713BE50B" box="[659,810,836,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="E28B60B8FFADFFE2FCF1830E71A1E50B" box="[820,944,837,860]" class="Asteroidea" family="Myxasteridae" genus="Myxaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Velatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perrieri">
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FCF1830E71A1E50B" box="[820,944,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">M. perrieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Golfe de Gascogne 44˚2N, 5˚22W,
<quantity id="E273B6DEFFADFFE2FAA1830F72BEE528" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
, Coll.
<emphasis id="17FFC729FFADFFE2FEC583237348E5D7" box="[256,345,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Caudan</emphasis>
st. 15 (1 wet specimen, R=7.5, r=1.6, but arms disarticulated).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>