289 lines
36 KiB
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289 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e3ab2700-b888-4721-b7c1-fcb2d0bb38b2" ID-PMC="PMC8233300" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1045-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" ID-PubMed="34228772" ID-ZooBank="2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1045-1" checkinTime="1624048151249" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Giron, Jennifer C. & Short, Andrew Edward Z." docDate="2021" docId="1B49368E86973E9AC7370F8F6DC7C1B5" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1045: 1-236" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1045" docPubDate="2021-06-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810" docTitle="Batochares Hansen 1991" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA" masterDocTitle="The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species" masterLastPageNumber="236" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668150528805" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Giron, Jennifer C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">entiminae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Short, Andrew Edward Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1045</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1045-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182959282" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B49368E86973E9AC7370F8F6DC7C1B5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1B49368E86973E9AC7370F8F6DC7C1B5" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Hansen, 1991" authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Batochares Hansen, 1991</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Variation across Acidocerinae, dorsal and lateral views A Colossochares ellipticus B Peltochares sp. C Peltochares conspicuus D Aulonochares tubulus E Helochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Novochares sp. H Helopeltarium ferrugineum I Batochares sp. J Helobata larvalis K Radicitus sp. L Nanosaphes tricolor M Agraphydrus cf. attenuatus N Tobochares luteomargo O Tobochares sulcatus P Quadriops similaris Q Crucisternum ouboteri R Primocerus neutrum S Agraphydrus coomani T Agraphydrus sp. U Globulosis flavus V Crephelochares nitescens." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557400" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1I</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogeny of the Acidocerinae simplified from Short et al. (2021), indicating the distribution, preferred habitat, and currently described number of species for each genus. For habitat, filled black circles indicate that at least some species of the genus are commonly found in this habitat; light grey circles indicate the genus has been found in this habitat, but is rare or not typical for the group; white circles indicate no species have been recorded for the genus in this habitat." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557401" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Known distribution of genera of Acidocerinae: Acidocerus, Agraphydrus, Aulonochares, Batochares, Chasmogenus, Colossochares, and Crephelochares." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557403" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Examples of seepage habitat for Acidocerinae A, B marginal seepage along river (Guyana: GY 14 - 0312 - 01 B) C, D isolated seep on granite inselberg (Venezuela: VZ 10 - 0710 - 01 A) E, F hygropetric zone next to waterfall (Venezuela: VZ 12 - 0122 - 03 A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557408" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 9D, E</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Aedeagi of Aulonochares and Batochares spp. A A. tubulus B A. novoairensis C A. lingulatus D B. sp. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557421" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 22D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Habitus of Batochares sp. A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 23</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Batochares</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
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, 1939b: 293 [Described as subgenus; unavailable, ICZN (1999) Art. 13.3: no type species designated].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Girón & Short" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Helochares</taxonomicName>
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Fixed as subgenus of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Girón & Short" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Helochares</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B139" refString="Hansen, M, 1991. The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Biologiske Skrifter 40: 1 - 367" title="The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." volume="40" year="1991">Hansen (1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 292) [available, granting authorship to Hansen under ICZN (1999) Art. 50.1.].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Girón & Short" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Helochares</taxonomicName>
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Elevated to genus by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="380 - 395" refId="B274" refString="Short, AEZ, Giron, JC, Toussaint, EFA, 2021. Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America. Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" title="Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" volume="46" year="2021">Short et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="gender">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gender.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Masculine.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Orchymont" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares (Batochares) burgeoni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burgeoni" subGenus="Batochares">Helochares (Batochares) burgeoni</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
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, 1939b: 294; by original designation (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B139" refString="Hansen, M, 1991. The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Biologiske Skrifter 40: 1 - 367" title="The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." volume="40" year="1991">Hansen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 292).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Body length between 3-4 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view, with dorsal outline nearly straight along basal 2/3 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Habitus of Batochares sp. A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23</figureCitation>
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). Dorsal surfaces smooth, uniformly covered by short setae, brown to pale brown in coloration, either uniform or with yellowish patches along margins of pronotum and elytra, or scattered throughout surface giving spotted appearance (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Habitus of Batochares sp. A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A, B</figureCitation>
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); ground punctation fine and shallow; ventral surfaces rather densely covered by rather long and fine golden setae. Head rather oval in dorsal view, clearly constricted at anterior margin of eyes (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11E</figureCitation>
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). Eyes not emarginate, moderate in size, separated by nearly 3.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width of eye, strongly projected from outline of head (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11E</figureCitation>
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). Clypeus with anterior margin broadly emarginate, with medial region of emargination nearly straight; anterior corners round. Labrum fully exposed, with apical region anteriorly flattened, thus forming fine transverse carina across anterior region (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11D</figureCitation>
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). Mentum rather flat, surface laterally punctate, mesally and anteriorly striate, with anteromedial region depressed. Submentum finely and shallowly punctate. Antennae with nine antennomeres, with strongly asymmetric and round cupule. Maxillary palps nearly 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than maximum width of head, with palpomere 4 0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as palpomere 3 (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Habitus of Batochares sp. A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23C</figureCitation>
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); inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, outer margin apically slightly curved. Pronotum medially evenly convex, explanate and somewhat bending upwards along antero-lateral areas; posterior margin of pronotum clearly narrower than anterior margin of elytra combined. Elytra without sutural striae, with outer margins explanate, especially along anterior third; serial punctures well developed, forming longitudinal rows, at least well defined along outer areas, or visible along entire length of elytra; seta bearing systematic punctures irregularly distributed. Surface of prosternum slightly elevated along midline, with anterior margin acutely triangular and slightly projected anteriorly. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite rather flat; intercoxal process of mesoventrite broad (nearly as wide as antennal club), apically truncate; anapleural sutures sinuate, separated at anterior margin by distance slightly shorter than anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite with medial surface elevated as platform, densely covered with hydrofuge pubescence, except for posterolateral patches (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Habitus of Batochares sp. A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23C</figureCitation>
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). Protibiae with spines of anterior row very fine and erect; apical spurs of protibiae small (larger spur similar in size and shape to tarsal claws). Metafemora without tibial grooves; metafemora with hydrofuge pubescence covering at least basal 2/3 of anterior surface (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Habitus of Batochares sp. A dorsal habitus B lateral habitus C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23C</figureCitation>
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). Metatarsomere 5 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than metatarsomere 2, metatarsomere 2 nearly as long as metatarsomeres 3 and 4 combined; tarsomeres 1 to 4 with sparse long setae on dorsal surface, and spiniform dense setae on ventral surface; tarsomere 5 with few setae along apical margin. Abdomen with five pubescent ventrites. Fifth abdominal ventrite with apex broadly truncate, without stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed, with basal piece nearly as long as parameres (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Aedeagi of Aulonochares and Batochares spp. A A. tubulus B A. novoairensis C A. lingulatus D B. sp. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557421" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22D</figureCitation>
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); parameres somewhat triangular, slender and apically narrowing; median lobe tapering to round apex; gonopore well-developed.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 23.</emphasis>
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Habitus of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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dorsal habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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lateral habitus
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from all other known acidocerines by its unique labrum (with apical region anteriorly flattened, forming a transverse carina across anterior region; Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Head of miscellaneous Acidocerinae A-D anterolateral view: A Tobochares luteomargo with white arrow pointing to straight anterior margin of eye B Tobochares emarginatus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus emarginating anterior margin of eye C Quadriops politus with white arrow pointing to Tobochares canthus fully dividing the eye in dorsal and ventral faces D Batochares sp. black arrow pointing to transverse carina on labrum E-L dorsal view of head: E Batochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Crephelochares nitescens, H Chasmogenus australis with black arrow pointing to preclypeal membrane I Colossochares ellipticus J Aulonochares tubulus K Peltochares conspicuus L Helobata larvalis." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557410" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11D</figureCitation>
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), combined with oval head which is constricted at the anterior margins of the eyes, anterolaterally explanate pronotum, explanate elytra, rows of serial punctures visible at least along outer margins, broadly truncate posterior margin of fifth abdominal ventrite, and unusually large basal piece of the aedeagus (longer than parameres). These features, especially the configuration of the labrum, pronotum and elytra, along with the yellow spots along the surface of the elytra distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all other known acidocerines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Afrotropical</emphasis>
|
||
: Burundi/Rwanda, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Republic of the Congo, Uganda; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Known distribution of genera of Acidocerinae: Acidocerus, Agraphydrus, Aulonochares, Batochares, Chasmogenus, Colossochares, and Crephelochares." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/557403" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Little natural history information is available for the genus. Recent collecting data for a few series suggests it may be associated with the margins of streams and small rivers.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="larvae">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Larvae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Immature stages for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girón & Short" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Helochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="d'Orchymont, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin et Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="293 - 323" refId="B74" refString="d'Orchymont, A, 1939b. Notes sur des Helochares africains. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 79: 293 - 323" title="Notes sur des Helochares africains." volume="79" year="1939 b">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1939b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who did not explicitly designate a type species; therefore, the subgenus name was unavailable according to article 13.3 of the ICZN (1999). In 1991, Hansen validated
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girón & Short" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Helochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by fixing the type species for it; therefore, under article 50.1 of the Code (ICZN 1999), Hansen is granted authorship of the subgenus name.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girón & Short" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Helochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based for the most part in the number of antennomeres, relatively long maxillary palps, characters of the mentum and pubescent femora, even though the author recognized the distinctiveness of the shape of the head and the explanate elytra.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was elevated to full generic status based on the phylogenetic analysis in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="380 - 395" refId="B274" refString="Short, AEZ, Giron, JC, Toussaint, EFA, 2021. Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America. Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" title="Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" volume="46" year="2021">Short et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in which it was resolved as an early-diverging, isolated lineage within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Girón & Short" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Helochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Helochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
There are three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hansen" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described to date. In his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares corrugatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corrugatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares corrugatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Balfour-Browne, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut francais d'Afrique noire" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="169 - 190" refId="B16" refString="Balfour-Browne, J, 1958a. La Reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba, Guinea. VI. Coleopteres Hydrophiloides. Memoires de l'Institut francais d'Afrique noire 53: 169 - 190" title="La Reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba, Guinea. VI. Coleopteres Hydrophiloides." volume="53" year="1958 a">Balfour-Browne (1958a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 183), the author pointed out that his record of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. burgeoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="burgeoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. burgeoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mutsora, Parc National Albert (currently Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Balfour-Browne, J" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the national Museums of Southern Rhodesia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.apncb.be/archives/publications/exploration-national-park-albert/exploration-national-park-albert-first-series/mission-g.-f.-de-witte-1933-1935/1950-fascicule-63-palpicornia/balfour-complet.pdf" refId="B11" refString="Balfour-Browne, J, 1950b. Palpicornia. Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-35) 63: 1-84. http://www.apncb.be/archives/publications/exploration-national-park-albert/exploration-national-park-albert-first-series/mission-g.-f.-de-witte-1933-1935/1950-fascicule-63-palpicornia/balfour-complet.pdf" title="Palpicornia. Exploration du Parc National Albert. Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 35) 63: 1 - 84." url="http://www.apncb.be/archives/publications/exploration-national-park-albert/exploration-national-park-albert-first-series/mission-g.-f.-de-witte-1933-1935/1950-fascicule-63-palpicornia/balfour-complet.pdf" year="1950 b">Balfour-Browne 1950b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was not actually
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. burgeoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="burgeoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. burgeoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but a larger and likely different species. The author also indicated the existence of a different species from Angola.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="species examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Species examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hydrophilidae" genus="Batochares" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Batochares burgeoni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burgeoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Batochares burgeoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. byrrhus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="byrrhus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. byrrhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="selected references">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Selected references.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="d'Orchymont, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin et Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="293 - 323" refId="B74" refString="d'Orchymont, A, 1939b. Notes sur des Helochares africains. Bulletin et Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 79: 293 - 323" title="Notes sur des Helochares africains." volume="79" year="1939 b">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Orchymont">d'Orchymont</normalizedToken>
|
||
1939b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 293: original description;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Balfour-Browne, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut francais d'Afrique noire" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="169 - 190" refId="B16" refString="Balfour-Browne, J, 1958a. La Reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba, Guinea. VI. Coleopteres Hydrophiloides. Memoires de l'Institut francais d'Afrique noire 53: 169 - 190" title="La Reserve naturelle integrale du Mont Nimba, Guinea. VI. Coleopteres Hydrophiloides." volume="53" year="1958 a">Balfour-Browne 1958a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 183: description of one additional species;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hansen, M" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B139" refString="Hansen, M, 1991. The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Biologiske Skrifter 40: 1 - 367" title="The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." volume="40" year="1991">Hansen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 292: type species designated, subgenus validated;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" author="Short, AEZ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="380 - 395" refId="B274" refString="Short, AEZ, Giron, JC, Toussaint, EFA, 2021. Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America. Systematic Entomology 46 (2): 380 - 395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" title="Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12467" volume="46" year="2021">Short et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: generic status, phylogenetic position and affinities discussed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |