374 lines
42 KiB
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374 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7762456" ID-ZooBank="057285E1-92C9-4D76-921A-CE3C85D0D3B1" approvalRequired="5" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="5" checkinTime="1679558471249" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Neethling, J. A. & Neethling, C." docDate="2023" docId="EB305F51B51CF670FF1EFEA7FDB5FE70" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5256.6.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5256 (6)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Gymnobisium Beier 1931" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="508" masterDocId="17092729B518F677FF89FF81FFD1FF85" masterDocTitle="A systematic revision of the South African Gymnobisiidae (Pseudoscorpiones: Neobisioidea)" masterLastPageNumber="543" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="505" updateTime="1679559052390" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A systematic revision of the South African Gymnobisiidae (Pseudoscorpiones: Neobisioidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Neethling, J. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-1702-9566</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Terrestrial Invertebrates Department, National Museum, P. O. Box 266, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa. ja. neethling @ nasmus. co. za; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1702 - 9566</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ja.neethling@nasmus.co.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Neethling, C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0009-0003-6492-4798</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Research Quality and Support, Clinglobal Limited, P. O. Box 11186, Bloemfontein 9321, South Africa. carmen. neethling @ clinglobal. com; https: // orcid. org / 0009 - 0003 - 6492 - 4798</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">carmen.neethling@clinglobal.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-03-23</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5256</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>6</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>501</mods:start>
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<mods:end>543</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.1</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5256.6.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7762456</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762484" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7762484" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB305F51B51CF670FF1EFEA7FDB5FE70" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB305F51B51CF670FF1EFEA7FDB5FE70" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="508" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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<subSubSection box="[151,553,294,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,553,294,321]" box="[151,553,294,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,553,294,321]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,553,294,321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4RRW" ID-ENA="1756912" authority="Beier, 1931" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1931" box="[238,553,294,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[238,408,294,321]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Gymnobisium</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Beier, M." box="[415,553,294,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="1 - 258" refId="ref27404" refString="Beier, M. (1931) Neue Pseudoscorpione der U. O. Neobisiinea. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 17, 299 - 318. Beier, M. (1932) Pseudoscorpionidea I. Subord. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. Tierreich, 57, 1 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783111435107.1" type="journal article" year="1931">Beier, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="505" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,363,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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<treatmentCitation author="Beier, M." box="[151,468,363,387]" page="304" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" year="1931">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4RRW" authority="Beier, 1931: 304" authorityName="Beier" authorityPageNumber="304" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,468,363,387]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[151,292,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Gymnobisium</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Beier, M." box="[298,468,363,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="1 - 258" refId="ref27404" refString="Beier, M. (1931) Neue Pseudoscorpione der U. O. Neobisiinea. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 17, 299 - 318. Beier, M. (1932) Pseudoscorpionidea I. Subord. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. Tierreich, 57, 1 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783111435107.1" type="journal article" year="1931">Beier, 1931: 304</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Beier, 1932: 161–162;
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<treatmentCitation author="Vachon, M." box="[708,900,363,387]" page="413" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" year="1934">
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<bibRefCitation author="Vachon, M." box="[708,900,363,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="405 - 416" refId="ref29098" refString="Vachon, M. (1934) Sur le developpement post-embryonnaire des pseudoscorpionides. Deuxieme note. Les formes immatures de Chelifer cancroides L. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 59, 405 - 416." type="journal article" year="1934">Vachon, 1934: 413</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Beier, M." box="[910,1131,363,387]" page="289" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" year="1947">
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<bibRefCitation author="Beier, M." box="[910,1131,363,387]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="285 - 339" refId="ref27468" refString="Beier, M. (1947) Zur kenntnis der Pseudoscorpionidenfauna des Sudlichen Afrika, inbesondere der Sudwestund Sudafrikanischen trockengebiete. Eos, 23, 285 - 339." type="journal article" year="1947">Beier, 1947: 289–290</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Vitali-di Castri, 1970: 1, 7–8;
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<treatmentCitation author="Harvey, M. S." box="[199,403,393,418]" page="1409" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" year="1992">
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<bibRefCitation author="Harvey, M. S." box="[199,403,393,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="1373 - 1435" refId="ref28020" refString="Harvey, M. S. (1992) The phylogeny and classification of the Pseudoscorpionida (Chelicerata: Arachnida). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 6, 1373 - 1435. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9921373" type="journal article" year="1992">Harvey, 1992: 1409</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Harvey, M. S." box="[413,603,393,418]" page="258" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" year="1996">
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<bibRefCitation author="Harvey, M. S." box="[413,603,393,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="255 - 264" refId="ref28062" refString="Harvey, M. S. (1996) The biogeography of Gondwanan pseudoscorpions (Arachnida). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, Hors Serie, 1, 255 - 264." type="journal article" year="1996">Harvey, 1996: 258</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Harvey, M. S. & Huey, J. & Hillyer, M. & McIntyre, E. & Giribet, G." box="[614,805,393,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" pagination="75 - 85" refId="ref28141" refString="Harvey, M. S., Huey, J., Hillyer, M., McIntyre, E. & Giribet, G. (2016) The first troglobitic species of Gymnobisiidae (Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisioidea), from Table Mountain (Western Cape Province, South Africa) and its phylogenetic position. Invertebrate Systematics, 30, 75 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 15044" type="journal article" year="2016">
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Harvey
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<emphasis box="[695,746,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">et al.</emphasis>
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2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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, 75–80.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[151,738,424,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1436,363,448]" box="[151,738,424,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,294,424,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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<typeStatus box="[151,204,424,448]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Tullgren, 1907" authorityName="Tullgren" authorityYear="1907" box="[300,738,424,448]" class="Arachnida" family="Syarinidae" genus="Ideobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosum">
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<emphasis box="[300,582,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Ideobisium quadrispinosum</emphasis>
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Tullgren, 1907
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="505" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,494,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,273,494,521]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1931" box="[411,567,494,520]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[411,567,494,520]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Gymnobisium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can easily be distinguished from the other gymnobisiid genera in that both sexes lack any ventral depressions or protuberances on their chela. Adults range in size from around
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<quantity box="[1267,1432,530,557]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.445" metricValueMax="3.14" metricValueMin="1.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" unit="mm" value="2.445" valueMax="3.14" valueMin="1.75">1.75–3.14 mm</quantity>
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, with females being overall slightly larger than males.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,494,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Further diagnostic characters include a carapace that is subquadrate, overall smooth and without furrow; when present, two pairs of eyes situated anteriorly on the lateral margins of the carapace; tergites and sternites smooth and undivided, tergite and sternite XI merging around tergite and sternite XII; pedipalps smooth and coloured orange- to red-brown; the lightly sclerotized, juxtadentate teeth and lamellae translucent yellow in colour; terminal tooth of fixed chelal finger adapted to an extended, multi-toothed structure, consisting of five to eight strongly sclerotized teeth; pleural membrane faintly papillate.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,494,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,818,845]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Description.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1931" box="[355,511,818,844]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="4" pageNumber="505" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[355,511,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Gymnobisium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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colouration follows the same basic pattern among all species and the pedipalps appear orange- to red-brown throughout, the carapace being darker or the same colour as the tergites, the sternites being mostly the same colour as the tergite at the posterior of the abdomen and then transitioning to slightly lighter towards the coxae. The chelicerae are somewhat lighter than the carapace. The legs and leg coxae are always lighter than the abdominal plates, while the pedipalpal coxae are mostly the same colour as the rest of the pedipalps.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,494,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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Chelicerae have five to six acuminate setae on the cheliceral palm (
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<figureCitation box="[967,1057,998,1024]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,925,949]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,181,901]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1437,181,901]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of gymnobisiid chelicerae. A. Right chelicera dorsal view; B. Same, prolateral view; C. Serrula exterior; D. Serrula interior. For abbreviations of cheliceral setae see text." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762458/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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),
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<emphasis box="[1079,1102,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">es</emphasis>
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originating at the base of the movable finger,
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<emphasis box="[341,360,1035,1060]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">is</emphasis>
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originating dorsally at the base of the fixed finger, while
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<emphasis box="[1037,1115,1034,1060]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">bs, sbs</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis box="[1176,1195,1034,1060]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">ls</emphasis>
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are situated dorsally on the palm. Seta
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<emphasis box="[359,384,1071,1096]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">gs</emphasis>
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is situated basal of the galea on the movable finger. Lamina exterior absent. Serrula interior present on the fixed cheliceral finger, consisting of multiple lamellae; two basal lamellae elongated and containing a small protrusion each terminally, most distal lamellae displaying faintly serrated margins (
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<figureCitation box="[1154,1242,1142,1168]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,925,949]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,181,901]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1437,181,901]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of gymnobisiid chelicerae. A. Right chelicera dorsal view; B. Same, prolateral view; C. Serrula exterior; D. Serrula interior. For abbreviations of cheliceral setae see text." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762458/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
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). Serrula exterior present on movable finger, also consisting of numerous lamellae; most distal lamellae somewhat elongated and possess faintly serrated margins (
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<figureCitation box="[523,611,1214,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,925,949]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,181,901]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1437,181,901]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of gymnobisiid chelicerae. A. Right chelicera dorsal view; B. Same, prolateral view; C. Serrula exterior; D. Serrula interior. For abbreviations of cheliceral setae see text." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762458/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
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). The rallum is comprised of seven to ten long, acuminate blades, and the galea of both sexes divide and terminate in six to ten small rami (
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<figureCitation box="[882,969,1250,1276]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,925,949]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,181,901]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[151,1437,181,901]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of gymnobisiid chelicerae. A. Right chelicera dorsal view; B. Same, prolateral view; C. Serrula exterior; D. Serrula interior. For abbreviations of cheliceral setae see text." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762458/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,494,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">
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Carapace smooth with multiple acuminate setae. Two pairs of eyes, when present, are located anteriorly on the lateral margins; a small seta is present on the anterior dorsal surface of the posterior eye pair.Abdominal tergites and sternites smooth, undivided and uniseriate, tergite and sternite XI merging around tergite and sternite XII. The tergal setae are located on the posterior edge of each tergite. Sternites I and II are fused and hardly distinguishable. Female operculum with setae loosely clustered centrally at the posterior edge of sternite II, genital opening not visible (
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<figureCitation box="[159,250,1466,1492]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,1053,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-51@5.[151,1437,1045,1444]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. General morphology of gymnobisiid genital opercula. A. Female: genital area with spiracles; B. Male: same." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762462/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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). Males with multiple setae at the operculum cluster, a row of setae located along the posterior margin of sternite II at the genital opening, and additional setae located anteriorly next to these, loosely grouped in the centre of sternite II. Male sternite III with setae located on the anterior margin of the sternite, at the genital opening which is enlarged (
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<figureCitation box="[288,376,1574,1600]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1468,1492]" captionTargetBox="[158,1432,1053,1441]" captionTargetId="figure-51@5.[151,1437,1045,1444]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. General morphology of gymnobisiid genital opercula. A. Female: genital area with spiracles; B. Male: same." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762462/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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). Pleural membrane cream to light yellow in colour, faintly papillate. All legs diplotarsate with subterminal tarsal setae dentate distally, claws simple with arolium shorter than claws. The suture line between femur and patella of leg IV perpendicular to long axis.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,494,1961]" pageId="4" pageNumber="505">Pedipalp segments smooth, trochanter cone-shaped and rounded anteriorly, curved slightly posteriorly with setae present on the anterior surface. Femur very slender, much longer than wide, somewhat constricted basally, widening just distal of base with disto-prolateral excavation present. Setae absent from base, though distributed evenly over rest of surface, no sensory trichobothria present. Patella constricted and slightly angled at base, widening markedly distal at around a third segment length, longer than wide. Several small lyriform fissures present on the dorsal surface, just distal of base. Two larger lyriform fissures present latero-dorsally from these, where the segment starts to widen. Disto-prolateral excavation present. Setae sparse at base, more numerous on wide part of patella, no sensory trichobothria present.</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762458" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7762458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762458/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="506" startId="5.[151,250,925,949]" targetBox="[167,1422,181,901]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1436,925,985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,278,925,949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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General morphology of gymnobisiid chelicerae.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[796,821,925,949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">A.</emphasis>
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Right chelicera dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1134,1157,925,949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Same, prolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1412,1436,925,949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Serrula exterior;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[323,348,961,985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Serrula interior. For abbreviations of cheliceral setae see text.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762462" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7762462" box="[151,1384,1468,1492]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762462/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="506" startId="5.[151,250,1468,1492]" targetBox="[158,1432,1053,1441]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1384,1468,1492]" box="[151,1384,1468,1492]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,275,1468,1492]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
General morphology of gymnobisiid genital opercula.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,858,1468,1492]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Female: genital area with spiracles;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1230,1253,1468,1492]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Male: same.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1437,1538,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">
|
||
Chelae in both sexes smooth, female hand can be larger and markedly more bulbous than male in some species. Retrolateral condyle small but distinct and rounded in both sexes. Fingers narrow in most species, thickest in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,426,1610,1636]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="5" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuneatum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,426,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">Gymnobisium cuneatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[437,530,1610,1636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[437,530,1610,1636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and depending on species, range in length from shorter than the chelal hand (without pedicel) to longer than the chelal hand (without pedicel). Fingers curved slightly prolaterally in both sexes. Fixed finger with eight trichobothria, movable finger with four. Trichobothria
|
||
<emphasis box="[1022,1048,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">eb</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1062,1099,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">esb</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1113,1135,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">ib</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1148,1181,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">isb</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1235,1261,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">ist</emphasis>
|
||
clustered at the base of the fixed finger, while
|
||
<emphasis box="[493,524,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">est</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[538,554,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">it</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[608,628,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">et</emphasis>
|
||
form a subterminal group (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[936,1004,1718,1744]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,786,810]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,186,755]" captionTargetId="figure-22@6.[151,1436,181,762]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Right chela of male Gymnobisium megalodontum sp. nov., retrolateral view, displaying the general chelal morphology and trichobothrial arrangement found in the genus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762466/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1437,1538,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">
|
||
Venom apparatus present on movable finger only, venom duct short, nodus ramosus present and distinct. Fixed finger lacking venom apparatus, terminal tooth adapted to an extended, highly sclerotized, multi-toothed structure. This structure usually consists of a large terminal tooth, followed by a row of four to seven smaller and pointed teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[222,347,1862,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,907,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-50@6.[151,1435,907,1858]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphology of moveable and fixed chelal finger terminal structures. A. Fixed chelal finger of male Gymnobisium megalodontum sp. nov., displaying modified anterior tooth structure; B. Same, male G. prionotogladiatum sp. nov.; C. Moveable chelal finger of male G. megalodontum sp. nov., displaying anterior venom tooth and thick, spine-setae, retrolateral view; D. Same, prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762470/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), except in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[482,746,1862,1888]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="5" pageNumber="506" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inukshuk">
|
||
<emphasis box="[482,746,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">Gymnobisium inukshuk</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the structure consists of a series of 13 roughly equalsized teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Harvey, M. S. & Huey, J. & Hillyer, M. & McIntyre, E. & Giribet, G." box="[287,505,1898,1924]" pageId="5" pageNumber="506" pagination="75 - 85" refId="ref28141" refString="Harvey, M. S., Huey, J., Hillyer, M., McIntyre, E. & Giribet, G. (2016) The first troglobitic species of Gymnobisiidae (Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisioidea), from Table Mountain (Western Cape Province, South Africa) and its phylogenetic position. Invertebrate Systematics, 30, 75 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 15044" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Harvey
|
||
<emphasis box="[379,436,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both fingers with rounded, juxtadentate teeth situated on a flexible lamella. Two thickened, spine-like setae present on distal end of movable finger in both sexes (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1062,1185,1934,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,907,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-50@6.[151,1435,907,1858]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Morphology of moveable and fixed chelal finger terminal structures. A. Fixed chelal finger of male Gymnobisium megalodontum sp. nov., displaying modified anterior tooth structure; B. Same, male G. prionotogladiatum sp. nov.; C. Moveable chelal finger of male G. megalodontum sp. nov., displaying anterior venom tooth and thick, spine-setae, retrolateral view; D. Same, prolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762470/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="506">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762466" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7762466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762466/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" startId="6.[151,250,786,810]" targetBox="[152,1433,186,755]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[151,1436,786,847]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,280,786,810]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Right chela of male
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[520,824,786,810]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalodontum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[520,824,786,810]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Gymnobisium megalodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,921,786,810]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[835,921,786,810]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, retrolateral view, displaying the general chelal morphology and trichobothrial arrangement found in the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7762470" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7762470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7762470/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" startId="6.[151,250,1882,1906]" targetBox="[151,1435,907,1858]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[151,1436,1882,2014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,275,1882,1906]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphology of moveable and fixed chelal finger terminal structures.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[984,1008,1882,1906]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Fixed chelal finger of male
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalodontum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">Gymnobisium megalodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[306,385,1918,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[306,385,1918,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, displaying modified anterior tooth structure;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[843,866,1918,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Same, male
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[991,1210,1918,1942]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prionotogladiatum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[991,1210,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">G. prionotogladiatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1215,1294,1918,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1215,1294,1918,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1306,1330,1918,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Moveable chelal finger of male
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[373,556,1954,1978]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalodontum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,556,1954,1978]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">G. megalodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[563,644,1954,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[563,644,1954,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, displaying anterior venom tooth and thick, spine-setae, retrolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1412,1436,1954,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="507">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Same, prolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="508" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Beier, M." box="[321,462,151,177]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 258" refId="ref27404" refString="Beier, M. (1931) Neue Pseudoscorpione der U. O. Neobisiinea. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 17, 299 - 318. Beier, M. (1932) Pseudoscorpionidea I. Subord. Chthoniinea et Neobisiinea. Tierreich, 57, 1 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783111435107.1" type="journal article" year="1931">Beier (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based his original description of the genus on what he erroneously thought was an adult
|
||
<typeStatus box="[151,199,187,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tullgren" authorityYear="1907" box="[233,542,187,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Syarinidae" genus="Ideobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[233,542,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Ideobisium quadrispinosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the fixed chelal finger contained only six trichobothria and the movable finger four. This
|
||
<typeStatus box="[344,392,223,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">type</typeStatus>
|
||
was a deutonymph, as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vachon, M." box="[766,936,223,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="405 - 416" refId="ref29098" refString="Vachon, M. (1934) Sur le developpement post-embryonnaire des pseudoscorpionides. Deuxieme note. Les formes immatures de Chelifer cancroides L. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 59, 405 - 416." type="journal article" year="1934">Vachon (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Beier finally updated the genus description in 1947, noting the erroneous use of a deutonymph, by using an adult female of what he thought was
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tullgren" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Gymnobisium quadrispinosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Knysna forests of the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[680,941,295,321]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Western Cape Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Beier, M." box="[954,1082,295,321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="285 - 339" refId="ref27468" refString="Beier, M. (1947) Zur kenntnis der Pseudoscorpionidenfauna des Sudlichen Afrika, inbesondere der Sudwestund Sudafrikanischen trockengebiete. Eos, 23, 285 - 339." type="journal article" year="1947">Beier 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, specimen SAMC B6911). That specimen has now been revealed to belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[657,780,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capense" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[657,780,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">G. capense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[786,874,331,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[786,874,331,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and thus, although the genus description was now accurate, the updated description for
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tullgren" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[566,781,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[566,781,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">G. quadrispinosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was still in error.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
Species included:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[401,652,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capense" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[401,652,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">Gymnobisium capense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[658,746,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[658,746,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[759,901,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cuneatum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[759,901,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">G. cuneatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[907,995,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[907,995,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[1008,1197,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hogsbackense" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1008,1197,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">G. hogsbackense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1202,1291,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1202,1291,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Harvey & Giribet, 2016" authorityName="Harvey & Giribet" authorityYear="2016" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inukshuk">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1304,1437,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">G. inukshuk</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Harvey, M. S. & Huey, J. & Hillyer, M. & McIntyre, E. & Giribet, G." box="[151,420,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="75 - 85" refId="ref28141" refString="Harvey, M. S., Huey, J., Hillyer, M., McIntyre, E. & Giribet, G. (2016) The first troglobitic species of Gymnobisiidae (Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisioidea), from Table Mountain (Western Cape Province, South Africa) and its phylogenetic position. Invertebrate Systematics, 30, 75 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 15044" type="journal article" year="2016">Harvey & Giribet, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[430,630,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalodontum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[430,630,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">G. megalodontum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[637,726,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[637,726,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Beier, 1947" authorityName="Beier" authorityYear="1947" box="[739,1087,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="octoflagellatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[739,949,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">G. octoflagellatum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Beier, M." box="[955,1087,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" pagination="285 - 339" refId="ref27468" refString="Beier, M. (1947) Zur kenntnis der Pseudoscorpionidenfauna des Sudlichen Afrika, inbesondere der Sudwestund Sudafrikanischen trockengebiete. Eos, 23, 285 - 339." type="journal article" year="1947">Beier, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neethling & Neethling, 2023" authorityName="Neethling & Neethling" authorityYear="2023" box="[1097,1341,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prionotogladiatum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1097,1341,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">G. prionotogladiatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1347,1436,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1347,1436,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Tullgren, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Tullgren" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[199,607,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Gymnobisiidae" genus="Gymnobisium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="7" pageNumber="508" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,413,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="508">G. quadrispinosum</emphasis>
|
||
(Tullgren, 1907)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |