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<document id="FE05CEC3CC79CD022B85A9C7312D1FE7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3686.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b5a2eb3f-2555-41ba-a303-9fac9d2618c3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="284148" ID-ZooBank="17A93C58-F09C-484A-A26A-F4F27BC91A6C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460646204991" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R." docDate="2013" docId="D6410C37BF54FFD4FF36FADBFADCF9CE" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03686p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3686 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Halopteris tenella Verrill 1874" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="2A78744FBF4BFFF5FFA1FFCDFFF8FFD8" masterDocTitle="New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1698337017103" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="D41A3A118FB1488182A0FF2A03690EC8">New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5C3A37E0C6D01A752F78CBA225F0CF25">Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7099BB2393974934F490768DD8255E10">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="A48E64F3E4C18292D5B744BE69852071" type="volume">
<mods:number id="511A4FEC30A4DF133F30AE0D1F9438A7">3686</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="349BC8DE6A6080CBA2E13571957A6693" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3686.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D6410C37BF54FFD4FF36FADBFADCF9CE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3510510" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127664802" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3510510" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D6410C37BF54FFD4FF36FADBFADCF9CE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D6410C37BF54FFD4FF36FADBFADCF9CE" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<subSubSection id="16F2EEAABF54FFEAFF36FADBFED9FA89" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF36FADBFDDDFAE8" blockId="31.[151,549,1302,1361]" box="[151,549,1302,1328]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="051F0A4DBF54FFEAFF36FADBFDDDFAE8" bold="true" box="[151,549,1302,1328]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFF36FADBFDDDFAE8" ID-CoL="3JFRC" authority="Verrill, 1874" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,549,1302,1328]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36FADBFDDDFAE8" bold="true" box="[151,549,1302,1328]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36FADBFE96FAE8" bold="true" box="[151,366,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Halopteris tenella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFEDFFADBFDE5FAE8" author="Verrill" box="[382,541,1302,1328]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries 1871 - 1872, 295 - 778. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652" type="book chapter" year="1874">Verrill, 1874</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF36FAF4FED9FA89" blockId="31.[151,549,1302,1361]" box="[151,289,1337,1361]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
(
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF54FFEAFF3EFAF4FEE1FA89" box="[159,281,1337,1361]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 8A–H</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16F2EEAABF54FFEAFF36FA4CFBFAF9E9" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF36FA4CFDEEFA4F" blockId="31.[151,1436,1409,1585]" box="[151,534,1409,1431]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF54FFEAFF36FA4CFDEEFA4F" box="[151,534,1409,1431]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFF36FA4CFDEAFA4F" authority="Verrill, 1874: 731" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="731" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,530,1409,1431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36FA4CFEADFA4F" box="[151,341,1409,1431]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Plumularia tenella</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF54FFEAFEFAFA4CFDEAFA4F" author="Verrill" box="[347,530,1409,1431]" page="731" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1874">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFEFAFA4CFE27FA4F" author="Verrill" box="[347,479,1409,1431]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries 1871 - 1872, 295 - 778. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652" type="book chapter" year="1874">Verrill, 1874</bibRefCitation>
: 731
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF36FA6DFE45FA0C" blockId="31.[151,1436,1409,1585]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF54FFEAFF36FA6DFE45FA0C" bridged="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFF36FA6DFE99FA6E" ID-CoL="4VDHH" box="[151,353,1440,1462]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36FA6DFE99FA6E" box="[151,353,1440,1462]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Schizotricha tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF54FFEAFEDAFA6DFDC9FA6D" author="Nutting" box="[379,561,1440,1462]" page="80" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFEDAFA6DFDF4FA6D" author="Nutting" box="[379,524,1440,1462]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 80
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 4 figs 4, 5; 1901: 365, fig. 70.―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF54FFEAFC08FA6CFBA6FA6D" author="Fraser" box="[937,1118,1440,1462]" page="383" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFC08FA6CFBD3FA6D" author="Fraser" box="[937,1067,1440,1462]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1912) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 339 - 387." type="journal article" year="1912">Fraser, 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 383
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 52.―
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFB6DFA6DFAA8FA6D" author="Calder" box="[1228,1360,1440,1462]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1971">Calder, 1971</bibRefCitation>
, 73, pl. 5F–G; 1983: 18, fig. 10.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF36FA10FD70FA2B" blockId="31.[151,1436,1409,1585]" box="[151,648,1501,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF54FFEAFF36FA10FD70FA2B" box="[151,648,1501,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFF36FA10FEB6FA2B" ID-CoL="3JFRC" box="[151,334,1501,1523]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36FA10FEB6FA2B" box="[151,334,1501,1523]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Halopteris tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF54FFEAFEC9FA10FDCDFA2B" author="Schuchert" box="[360,565,1501,1523]" page="52" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFEC9FA10FDE8FA2B" author="Schuchert" box="[360,528,1501,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997</bibRefCitation>
: 52
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 16.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF36FA31FAEBF9C9" blockId="31.[151,1436,1409,1585]" box="[151,1299,1531,1554]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF54FFEAFF36FA31FAEBF9C9" box="[151,1299,1531,1554]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFF36FA31FE91F9CA" ID-CoL="3JFQJ" box="[151,361,1532,1554]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36FA31FE91F9CA" box="[151,361,1532,1554]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF54FFEAFE23FA36FDDEF9C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3509088" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3509088" author="Galea" box="[386,550,1531,1553]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8789FFC0C16AFF1E73C026AF7905" page="42" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFE23FA36FDF8F9C9" author="Galea" box="[386,512,1531,1553]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Galea, H. R. (2008) On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 1878, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2008">Galea, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 8E.―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF54FFEAFD35FA36FCB8F9C9" author="Calder" box="[660,832,1531,1553]" page="43" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFD35FA36FCE2F9C9" author="Calder" box="[660,794,1531,1553]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="2013">Calder, 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 43
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 13B–D [not
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFC50FA30FAF1F9C9" ID-CoL="3JFQJ" authority="Heller, 1868" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1868" box="[1009,1289,1531,1554]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFC50FA30FB88F9CA" box="[1009,1136,1532,1554]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. diaphana</emphasis>
(Heller, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF36F9D7FBFAF9E9" blockId="31.[151,1436,1409,1585]" box="[151,1026,1562,1585]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF54FFEAFF36F9D7FBFAF9E9" box="[151,1026,1562,1585]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFF36F9D7FE96F9E8" ID-CoL="3JFQG" box="[151,366,1562,1584]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36F9D7FE96F9E8" box="[151,366,1562,1584]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Halopteris constricta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF54FFEAFE29F9D7FDBAF9E8" author="Migotto" box="[392,578,1562,1584]" page="44" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFE29F9D7FDE4F9E8" author="Migotto" box="[392,540,1562,1584]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto, 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 44
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 9A–C (not
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFD46F9D6FC0FF9E9" ID-CoL="3JFQG" authority="Totton, 1930" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1930" box="[743,1015,1563,1585]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFD46F9D6FC93F9E8" box="[743,875,1563,1584]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. constricta</emphasis>
Totton, 1930
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16F2EEAABF54FFEAFF36F990FDC7F965" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF36F990FDC7F965" blockId="31.[151,1436,1629,1876]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36F990FE83F9AE" bold="true" box="[151,379,1629,1654]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Material examined</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFE2AF990FE36F9AE" bold="true" box="[395,462,1629,1654]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Stn. 6</emphasis>
,
<date id="2A569BE1BF54FFEAFE7EF990FDB4F9AD" box="[479,588,1629,1653]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2012-01-28">28.i.2012</date>
, 4–
<quantity id="991010C4BF54FFEAFDD7F990FD4AF9AD" box="[630,690,1629,1653]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFD1EF990FCF8F9AD" box="[703,768,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">M100</emphasis>
: female colonies on
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFC50F990FBA7F9AD" box="[1009,1119,1629,1653]" class="Bryopsidophyceae" family="Halimedaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFC50F990FBA7F9AD" box="[1009,1119,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Halimeda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (MHNG-INVE-82933);
<date id="2A569BE1BF54FFEAFF36F94CFEF3F941" box="[151,267,1665,1689]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2012-02-14">14.ii.2012</date>
, 10–
<quantity id="991010C4BF54FFEAFEE0F94CFE82F941" box="[321,378,1665,1689]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="17.0">17 m</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFE24F94CFE3EF941" box="[389,454,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">M192</emphasis>
: male colonies on seaweed (MHNG-INVE-82934);
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFBAFF94CFBA8F941" box="[1038,1104,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">M197</emphasis>
: male and female colonies on
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFF36F968FEFEF965" box="[151,262,1701,1725]" class="Bryopsidophyceae" family="Halimedaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36F968FEFEF965" box="[151,262,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Halimeda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (MHNG-INVE-82935).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16F2EEAABF54FFD4FF66F907FADCF9CE" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF66F907FAAFF88B" blockId="31.[151,1436,1629,1876]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF66F907FECCF93A" bold="true" box="[199,308,1738,1762]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Remarks</emphasis>
. The present material fits the descriptions of this species given by
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFB9EF904FB25F939" author="Verrill" box="[1087,1245,1737,1761]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries 1871 - 1872, 295 - 778. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652" type="book chapter" year="1874">Verrill (1874)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFB4AF904FA6FF939" author="Nutting" box="[1259,1431,1737,1761]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting (1900)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFF36F93CFECCF8D0" author="Fraser" box="[151,308,1776,1800]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1912) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 339 - 387." type="journal article" year="1912">Fraser (1912)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF54FFEAFED6F93DFDE3F8D0" author="Calder" box="[375,539,1776,1800]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Calder, D. R. (1983) Hydroida from the estuaries of South Carolina, USA: families Sertulariidae and Plumulariidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96 (1), 7 - 28." type="journal article" year="1983">Calder (1983)</bibRefCitation>
, except for the cladia, which are always unbranched9, and the presence of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF54FFEAFF36F8DAFEE8F8F7" box="[151,272,1815,1839]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF54FFEAFF36F8DAFEE8F8F7" box="[151,272,1815,1839]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Antennella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like stems, as illustrated in sample M192.
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF54FFEAFD50F8DAFCE8F8F7" box="[753,784,1815,1839]" name="American Samoa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">As</collectingCountry>
a typical feature of this species, the stems10, as well as the cladia, are divided into three
<typeStatus id="81530383BF54FFEAFE7CF8F1FDE0F88C" box="[477,536,1852,1876]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">types</typeStatus>
of internodes: hydrothecate, long ahydrothecate, and short ahydrothecate.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="3DF3A12FBF54FFEAFF36F86CFEA6F829" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF54FFEAFF36F86CFEA6F829" blockId="31.[151,1436,1953,2033]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">9. Cladia &quot;mostly unbrached&quot; were also present in Verrill's (1874) type material. 10. Schuchert (1997) described material from South Carolina as having the &quot;caulus above basal part homomerously segmented by oblique nodes&quot;.</paragraph>
</footnote>
<caption id="0A97EDA9BF6BFFD5FF36F973FB75F897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6BFFD5FF36F973FB75F897" blockId="32.[151,1437,1726,1871]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6BFFD5FF36F973FEF6F90B" bold="true" box="[151,270,1726,1749]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. A–H:
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6BFFD5FEFAF973FD55F90D" authority="(Verrill, 1874)" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1874" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[347,685,1726,1749]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6BFFD5FEFAF973FDECF90C" box="[347,532,1726,1748]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Halopteris tenella</emphasis>
(Verrill, 1874)
</taxonomicName>
―stem internodes and cladia (A–C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I–N:
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6BFFD5FEECF936FD20F8C9" authority="Billard, 1913" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1913" box="[333,728,1787,1809]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="postdentata">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6BFFD5FEECF936FDB3F8C9" box="[333,587,1787,1809]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Aglaophenia postdentata</emphasis>
Billard, 1913
</taxonomicName>
―stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I–L), 300 µm (D–H), 500 µm (A–C, M).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6BFFD4FF66F8BBFD54FF0F" blockId="32.[151,1436,1910,2012]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1436,151,1558]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
The hydrothecate internodes of the stem are rather short and bear a hydrotheca in middle, an apophysis lateral to it, as well as 3 to 5 nematothecae: a mesial one and a pair of laterals, as well as commonly one (
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6BFFD5FB76F850FAD5F86D" box="[1239,1325,1949,1973]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6BFFD5FA8CF857FACDF870" box="[1325,1333,1946,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,515,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,515,1943]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of Martinique [modified after Battistini (1978)] showing the location of hydroid sampling stations." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284149/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6BFFD5FA9DF857FABCF870" box="[1340,1348,1946,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A, B" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1728,1751]" captionTargetBox="[152,1435,195,1707]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,195,1707]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, B: Clytia hemisphaerica (Linnaeus, 1767) ― hydro- (A) and gonotheca (B). C, D: Clytia noliformis (McCrady, 1859) ― hydro- (C) and gonotheca (D). E:? Gastroblasta sp. ― hydrotheca. F, G: Orthopyxis sargassicola (Nutting, 1915) ― hydro- (F) and gonotheca (G). H, I: Egmundella humilis Fraser, 1936 ― hydro- and nematothecae from samples M 231 (H) and M 007 (I). J – P: Relative sizes of the hydrothecae of the hebellids discussed in the text. J, Q, R: Anthohebella communis (Calder, 1991) ― hydrothecae (J, Q) and gonotheca with medusoid gonophore (R). K, S, T: Hebella dyssymetra Billard, 1933 ― hydrothecae. L, U – Y: Hebella scandens (Bale, 1888) ― hydrothecae (L, U); gonotheca seen laterally (V) and apically (X), showing the four-flapped operculum; gonophore (Y). M, Z: Hebella sp. 1 ― hydrotheca. N: Hebella sp. 2 ― hydrotheca. O: Hebella sp. 3 ― hydrotheca. P: Hebella sp. 4 ― hydrotheca. Scale bars: 200 µm (H, I, Z), 300 µm (A – E, S, T), 500 µm (Q, R, U – Y), 1 mm (F, G, J – P)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284150/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">3</figureCitation>
), rarely two (
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6BFFD5FF75F809FEC8F804" box="[212,304,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
2), nematothecae distal to hydrotheca. These could be absent in half of the cases in the material examined (
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6AFFD4FEB4FF57FE94FF6A" box="[277,364,154,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6AFFD4FECCFF5AFE8EFF7D" box="[365,374,151,165]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1756,1779]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,226,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,223,1735]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. A: Hebella sp. 2 ― hydrothecae. B: Hebella sp. 3 ― hydrothecae. C: Hebella sp. 4 ― hydrothecae. D – J: Comparison of the cnidomes of Anthohebella communis (Calder, 1991) (D), Hebella dyssymetra Billard, 1933 (E), Hebella scandens (Bale, 1888) (F), Hebella sp. 1 (G), Hebella sp. 2 (H), Hebella sp. 3 (I), Hebella sp. 4 (J). K – Q: Halecium dichotomum Allman, 1888 ― various stems (K); male (L, M) and female (N, P) gonothecae; aperture of a female gonotheca in frontal view, showing twin hydrotheca (O); cnidome (Q). Scale bars: 10 µm (D – J, Q), 300 µm (K – P), 500 µm (C), 1 mm (A, B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284151/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">4</figureCitation>
, 5). The cladial hydrothecate internodes recall those of the stem, but are always devoid of the nematothecae distal to hydrotheca (
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6AFFD4FD85FF72FD58FF0F" box="[548,672,191,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8A–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6AFFD4FF66FF2FFD1CFEBF" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The ahydrothecate internodes of the stem bear commonly 2 nematothecae, but
<date id="2A569BE1BF6AFFD4FB9BFF2FFB87FF23" box="[1082,1151,226,251]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">3 may</date>
also occur, and even
<quantity id="991010C4BF6AFFD4FAD0FF2FFA64FF22" box="[1393,1436,226,250]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
rare instances (
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6AFFD4FE9FFECAFE6BFEC7" box="[318,403,263,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
). The first cladial ahydrothecate internode is very long, and bears 2 or 3 nematothecae, while 1 or 2 of these are indifferently found on the second internode, whereas the third and fourth (when present) internodes carry generally 1, rarely 2, nematothecae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6AFFD4FF36FEBFFEFCFE21" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The short ahydrothecate internodes are situated distal to the hydrothecate internodes and make the junction between these and the long ahydrothecate internodes. They are provided with transverse nodes at both ends and are devoid of nematothecae. These internodes could be absent in some parts of the stem (
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6AFFD4FBD5FE70FB35FE0D" box="[1140,1229,445,469]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6AFFD4FB6DFE77FB2CFE10" box="[1228,1236,442,456]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,515,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,515,1943]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of Martinique [modified after Battistini (1978)] showing the location of hydroid sampling stations." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284149/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">1</figureCitation>
, 2, 5) and/or cladia (
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6AFFD4FF3EFE2CFF0FFE21" box="[159,247,481,505]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6AFFD4FF66FDC5FD7AFD57" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The female gonothecae (
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6AFFD4FE7BFDC5FDC9FDF8" box="[474,561,520,544]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
) are cornucopia-shaped, have 3 basal nematothecae11, a terminal aperture with thickened perisarc below the rim, and a watch glass shaped lid. The male gonothecae (
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6AFFD4FBD0FDE1FB32FD9C" box="[1137,1226,556,580]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A – H" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 8. A – H: Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) ― stem internodes and cladia (A – C); hydrothecate internodes of the stem (D); hydrotheca (E); stem ahydrothecate segments showing varied number of nematothecae (F); male (G) and female (H) gonothecae. I – N: Aglaophenia postdentata Billard, 1913 ― stem internodes in specimens from Martinique (I) and Guadeloupe (J); cormidia in specimens from Martinique (K) and Guadeloupe (L); corbula (M); internode of corbulacosta showing the shape of the nematothecae (N). Scale bars: 100 µm (N), 200 µm (I – L), 300 µm (D – H), 500 µm (A – C, M)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284153/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
) are bottle-shaped and are provided with only 2 basal nematothecae. The gonothecae of both sexes are borne on a pedicel composed of a couple of short, rectangular segments12.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6AFFD4FF66FD56FB3AFCFA" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
There is a peculiar situation occurring in
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6AFFD4FD41FD51FCA1FD6B" box="[736,857,667,691]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6AFFD4FD41FD51FCA1FD6B" box="[736,857,667,691]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
regarding its mesial nematothecae, which are morphologically indistinguishable from the others occurring within the cormoid. They have a very tall basal chamber and, unlike the other species of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6AFFD4FD2EFD2BFCFFFD26" box="[655,775,742,766]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6AFFD4FD2EFD2BFCFFFD26" box="[655,775,742,766]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Halopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are entirely movable13. In addition, the pair of lateral nematothecae flanking the hydrothecae is sessile, as no apophyses supporting them are present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6AFFD4FF66FCE3FE03FB52" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The material assigned to
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6AFFD4FE45FCE2FCF6FC9E" authority="Totton, 1930" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1930" box="[484,782,814,838]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6AFFD4FE45FCE2FD8FFC9E" box="[484,631,815,838]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. constricta</emphasis>
Totton, 1930
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FC9BFCE3FC1EFC9E" author="Migotto" box="[826,998,814,838]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto (1996)</bibRefCitation>
may belong to the present species, for the following reasons: 1) the hydrothecate internodes of the stem are &quot;followed by 2 athecate internodes, the first short, without nematotheca and the second long, with 1–4 frontal nematothecae (usually
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basal internodes and
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distal ones)&quot;; 2) the hydrocladia are composed of &quot;1–2 short basal, athecate internodes (short intersegments) without nematothecae, followed by 1 long athecate internode (long intersegments) usually with 2 nematothecae (rarely 1), and 1 thecate internode similar to those of the stem. Next internodes with pattern of the main stem, but long intersegments usually with only a single namtotheca; division into short and long intersegments not always distinct&quot;; 3) the mesial nematothecae have a tall, well-developed basal chamber (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FB9BFBE7FABAFB9A" author="Migotto" box="[1082,1346,1066,1090]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996, Fig. 9B</bibRefCitation>
); 4) the gonothecae in the Brazilian material are undoubtedly male (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FC9DFB83FBC4FBBE" author="Migotto" box="[828,1084,1102,1126]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996, Fig. 9B</bibRefCitation>
) and represent the first finding of these structures in
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6AFFD4FE27FBBEFE0CFB52" box="[390,500,1138,1162]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6AFFD4FE27FBBEFE0CFB52" box="[390,500,1138,1162]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6AFFD4FF66FB5BFA7AFAE6" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
The rather scarce and sterile material from
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF6AFFD4FD72FB5BFCA2FB76" box="[723,858,1174,1198]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
identified earlier by myself (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FB1FFB5BFAB0FB76" author="Galea" box="[1214,1352,1174,1198]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Galea, H. R. (2008) On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 1878, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2008">Galea 2008</bibRefCitation>
) as
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6AFFD4FA20FB5AFE54FB0A" authority="Heller, 1868" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1868" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6AFFD4FA20FB5AFEF9FB0A" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. diaphana</emphasis>
(Heller, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
was reexamined, and the presence of extra nematothecae above the stem hydrothecae could be confirmed, as well as the characteristic trumpet-shaped, movable mesial nematotheca. In addition, the material assigned to Heller's species by
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FDC1FACFFD06FAC2" author="Calder" box="[608,766,1282,1306]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="2013">Calder (2013)</bibRefCitation>
is included here in the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6AFFD4FB0BFACEFAE2FAC2" box="[1194,1306,1282,1306]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6AFFD4FB0BFACEFAE2FAC2" box="[1194,1306,1282,1306]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mainly on account of the typical segmentation of both cauli and cladia, and its occurrence outside the Mediterranean basin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6AFFD4FF66FA87FD24FA16" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF6AFFD4FF66FA87FF1EFABA" box="[199,230,1354,1378]" name="American Samoa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">As</collectingCountry>
to the cnidome, the large capsules occurring in this species were variably described as either pseudostenoteles (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FECBFAA3FDF4FA5E" author="Migotto" box="[362,524,1390,1414]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996</bibRefCitation>
) or microbasic euryteles (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FCEBFAA3FBFDFA5E" author="Schuchert" box="[842,1029,1390,1414]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Discharged capsules occur quite frequently in the present material, and their shaft is provided basally with strong, conspicuous spines, which suggest that they are undoubtedly pseudostenoteles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6AFFD4FF66FA14FADCF9CE" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6AFFD4FF66FA14FE07FA2A" bold="true" box="[199,511,1497,1522]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
. Massachusetts to the Caribbean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FC19FA17FBB1FA2A" author="Calder" box="[952,1097,1498,1522]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Calder, D. R. (1983) Hydroida from the estuaries of South Carolina, USA: families Sertulariidae and Plumulariidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96 (1), 7 - 28." type="journal article" year="1983">Calder 1983</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF6AFFD4FBFEFA17FB5BFA2A" box="[1119,1187,1498,1522]" name="Brazil" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FB15FA17FAACFA2A" author="Migotto" box="[1204,1364,1498,1522]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 306, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6AFFD4FA20FA16FE58F9CE" authority="Totton, 1930" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1930" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6AFFD4FA20FA16FEFFF9CE" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">H. constricta</emphasis>
Totton, 1930
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FE0AFA33FD5CF9CE" author="Calder" box="[427,676,1534,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Calder, D. R. &amp; Mayal, E. M. (1998) Dry season distribution of hydroids in a small tropical estuary, Pernambuco, Brazil. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 323, 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="1998">Calder &amp; Maÿal 1998</bibRefCitation>
), and from southern California to
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF6AFFD4FB80FA32FB82F9CE" box="[1057,1146,1535,1558]" name="Panama" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6AFFD4FB29FA33FAEFF9CE" author="Calder" box="[1160,1303,1534,1558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Calder, D. R. (1983) Hydroida from the estuaries of South Carolina, USA: families Sertulariidae and Plumulariidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96 (1), 7 - 28." type="journal article" year="1983">Calder 1983</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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