411 lines
37 KiB
XML
411 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.295.4905" ID-GBIF-Dataset="59cbf2a9-41ca-4f5a-a350-ef034991798b" ID-PMC="PMC3677376" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-295-1" ID-PubMed="23794874" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-295-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 295" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the Middle American clade of the ant genus Stenamma Westwood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae)" checkinTime="1451247354359" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Branstetter, Michael G." docDate="2013" docId="6FF5806A2EBC7558FB191E88F2A3E36E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 295: 1-277" docOrigin="ZooKeys 295" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.295.4905" docTitle="Stenamma megamanni Branstetter, 2013, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="152" masterDocId="FFB3D3328201C177FF99FFC5FFA8A72C" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Middle American clade of the ant genus Stenamma Westwood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae)" masterLastPageNumber="277" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="146" updateTime="1668155749461" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the Middle American clade of the ant genus Stenamma Westwood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Branstetter, Michael G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>295</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>277</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.295.4905</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.295.4905</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-295-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152043635" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AC3D916C-B156-4A58-88CD-6476825F3194" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6FF5806A2EBC7558FB191E88F2A3E36E" lastPageId="151" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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<subSubSection pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AC3D916C-B156-4A58-88CD-6476825F3194" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="145" pageNumber="146" start="start">Stenamma</pageBreakToken>
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megamanni
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="145" pageNumber="146">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Worker: Figures 119, 120; Queen: Figure 121
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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; Male: Figure 121
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
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; Map: Figure 122
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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Holotype worker.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="MÉXICO">MEXICO</normalizedToken>
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, Chiapas: Sierra Morena,
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.16121">16.16121°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.60024">93.60024°W</geoCoordinate>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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50m, 1320m, 15 May 2008, riparian mesophyll forest, nest under stone (M. G. Branstetter, collection MGB750) [USNM, specimen CASENT0622851]. Paratypes: same data as holotype [1w, CAS, CASENT0622852], [1w, EAPZ, CASENT0622853], [1w, ECOSCE, CASENT0622854], [1w, FMNH, CASENT0622855], [1w, ICN, CASENT0622856], [1w, INBio, CASENT0623361], [1w, JTLC, CASENT0623362], [1w, LACM, CASENT0623363], [1w, MGBPC, CASENT0623364], [1w, MCZ, CASENT0623365], [1w, MZSP, CASENT0623366], [1w, UCD, CASENT0623367], [1w, UNAM, CASENT0623368, [1w, UVGC, CASENT0623369], [1w, USNM, CASENT0623370]; same data but
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.16016">16.16016°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.60572">93.60572°W</geoCoordinate>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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15m, 1360m, 15 May 2008 (LLAMA, Ma-A-01-1-01) [1dq, USNM, CASENT0604840].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="worker diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Worker diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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Integument mostly black to red-black; medium- to large-sized species (see HL, ML, PrW below); lateral apex of hypostomal bridge projecting ventrally as a subquadrate to broadly rounded lobe, visible behind base of mandible in profile view; propodeal spines tuberculate (PSL 0.10-0.15, PSI 1.0-1.2); face and mesosoma usually completely sculptured with rugoreticulae and some carinulae (rarely with sculpture reduced); eye of moderate to large size (EL 0.14-0.19, REL 15-20), oval-shaped, with 8-11 ommatidia in greatest diameter; postpetiole usually appearing smaller than petiolar node (PPH/PH 0.85-0.98); basal margin of mandible straight to slightly sinuous; anterior clypeal margin with a median emargination. Similar species:
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma manni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manni">Stenamma manni</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="geographic range">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Geographic range.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Southern Mexico to Nicaragua.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="147" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="worker description">
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Worker description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="145" pageNumber="146">(12 measured) HL 0.93-1.15 (1.07), HW 0.80-1.08 (0.98), FLD 0.22-0.29 (0.25), PCW 0.05-0.10 (0.07), SL 0.79-0.98 (0.91), EL 0.14-0.19 (0.17), ACL 0.70-0.86 (0.78), ML 1.18-1.48 (1.36), PrW 0.53-0.69 (0.63), PSL 0.10-0.15 (0.12), SDL 0.09-0.14 (0.11), PL 0.40-0.54 (0.45), PH 0.25-0.32 (0.30), PW 0.18-0.25 (0.23), PPL 0.23-0.33 (0.26), PPH 0.21-0.31 (0.26), PPW 0.23-0.30 (0.28), MFL 0.97-1.23 (1.14), MTL 0.72-0.93 (0.85), CI 86-96 (91), SI 89-100 (93), REL 15-20 (18), FLI 25-28 (26), PSI 1.0-1.2 (1.1), MFI 82-90 (86), ACI1 61-63 (62), ACI2 84-89 (86).</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="147" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
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Medium- to large-sized species; general body color black to red-black, with appendages black or dark brown to orange-brown, becoming lighter toward extremities at joints; setae dark golden brown to golden brown; mandible with 6 teeth, 2 teeth nearest basal tooth sometimes worn and indistinct; basal margin of mandible straight to slightly sinuous, without a basal depression or notch; mandible mostly smooth, with scattered piligerous punctae and a few striations near base and on lateral surface;
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<pageBreakToken pageId="146" pageNumber="147" start="start">anterior</pageBreakToken>
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clypeal margin with a simple median emargination; median lobe of clypeus usually with a pair of longitudinal carinulae (type population), but sometimes surface smooth, or with several irregular carinulae, area in between carinulae often de
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<pageBreakToken pageId="147" pageNumber="148" start="start">pressed</pageBreakToken>
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; apex of lobe usually with a single transverse short carinula (type population), but sometimes with several transverse carinulae/rugulae; remainder of clypeus smooth and shiny; posterior extension of clypeus between antennal insertions of moderate width (PCW 0.05-0.10), sides subparallel; frontal lobes of moderate width (FLD 0.22-0.29; FLI 25-28) not greatly obscuring torular lobes in full-face view; lateral margin of hypostomal bridge with a projecting subquadrate lobe, visible in profile view (very rarely reduced and only visible from a lateroventral view); head roughly oval-shaped to more robust, becoming strongly heart-shaped (CI 86-96), posterior margin of head with a distinct median depression (especially in larger specimens); eye moderately large (EL 0.14-0.19, REL 15-20), oval-shaped, with 8-11 ommatidia at greatest diameter; face sculpture variable, usually strongly rugoreticulate, with some carinulae along midline (type population), but sometimes sculpture more polished, with area near posterior margin of head becoming somewhat smooth; scape of moderate length (SI 89-100), reaching posterior margin of head when laid back; scape usually thick and robust, surface carinate to carinulae with piligerous punctae; flagellum with a somewhat indistinct 4-segmented antennal club; mesosoma sculpture variable, often densely rugose, with rugae wavy, almost becoming reticulate (type population), but sculpture often reduced, with promesonotum longitudinally carinulate to nearly smooth, and side of propodeum and mesopleuron more punctate; promesonotum in profile domed, and usually asymmetrical (type population), with apex shifted anterior of midpoint, but sometimes promesonotum symmetrical; metanotal groove well-demarcated, sometimes somewhat wide and with metanotum forming a small welt (type population); propodeal spines tuberculate (PSL 0.10-0.15, PSI 1.0-1.2); petiole of moderate length, usually somewhat robust (PL/HW 0.45-0.52); petiolar node in profile of moderate height (PH/PL 0.59-0.68), dorsum usually broadly rounded and pointing vertically, only rarely forming a sharp apex; postpetiole in profile usually appearing smaller than petiolar node (PPH/PH 0.85-0.98); petiole and postpetiole usually strongly punctate, with a few rugulae on dorsum and anterior face of postpetiolar node (type population), sometimes anterior faces of petiolar and petiolar nodes mostly smooth; gaster mostly smooth, with scattered piligerous punctae; most of body dorsum with relatively long standing pilosity; pilosity on gastral dorsum sparse and mostly suberect (type population), usually with some shorter subdecumbent setae, suberect setae often somewhat stout; setae on promesonotum often noticeably erect; setae on scape uniformly suberect to decumbent; setae on legs mostly decumbent to appressed, with some suberect setae on femoral venters and coxae.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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<paragraph pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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Figure 119.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
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holotype worker (CASENT0622851) A Profile B Face C Dorsum D Anterior clypeal margin in anterodorsal view E Gaster.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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<paragraph pageId="147" pageNumber="148">
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Figure 120.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
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worker variants. Face, profile, dorsal views
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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Variant 1 (CASENT0621836)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
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Variant 2 (CASENT0606734)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
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Variant 3 (CASENT0603924).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="148" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="147" pageNumber="148" type="queen description">
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<paragraph pageId="147" pageNumber="148">Queen description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="147" pageNumber="148">(5 measured) HL 1.01-1.12 (1.11), HW 0.92-1.03 (0.99), FLD 0.27-0.31 (0.31), PCW 0.07-0.10 (0.09), SL 0.87-0.97 (0.95), EL 0.26-0.28 (0.28), ACL 0.76-0.83 (0.83), ML 1.55-1.72 (1.71), PrW 0.93-1.04 (0.99), PSL 0.20-0.23 (0.20), SDL 0.15-0.17 (0.16), PL 0.57-0.60 (0.60), PH 0.33-0.39 (0.36), PW 0.26-0.31 (0.30), PPL 0.30-0.34 (0.34), PPH 0.32-0.39 (0.38), PPW 0.35-0.40 (0.38), MFL 1.13-1.26 (1.26), MTL 0.86-0.96 (0.93), CI 89-92 (89), SI 93-96 (96), REL 28-29 (28), FLI 28-31 (31), PSI 1.2-1.4 (1.2), MFI 78-84 (78), ACI1 60-62 (60), ACI2 83-89 (87).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="148" pageNumber="149" start="start">Same</pageBreakToken>
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as worker except for standard queen modifications and as follows: pronotum with transverse rugulae; mesoscutum longitudinally costulate; scutellum rugose to rugoreticulate; propodeum rugose to rugoreticulate; postpetiolar node larger, and somewhat anteroposteriorly compressed; mesopleuron mostly smooth; setae on mesoscutum short; setae on gastral dorsum often more dense, and more strongly bilayered, with layer of decumbent setae more dense; anterior quarter of gastral dorsum often with a layer of pubescence under stouter suberect and decumbent setae; wing venation as in Figure 121D.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
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<paragraph pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
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Figure 121.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
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A Paratype queen (CASENT0604840), profile B Same, face C Same, dorsum D Same, wings E Male (CASENT000007293), profile F Same, face G Same, dorsum.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="148" pageNumber="149" type="male">
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<paragraph pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Male.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
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See Figure 121
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–G">E-G</normalizedToken>
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. Note the rather peculiar propodeal protuberances. I have observed these in several specimens from different sites. Many males, however, including males from the same nest, have only small sharp tubercles.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="149" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
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occurs from 700-2800 m, but it is most common from 1400-2000 m (there is also one dubious record from 150 m at Pico Bonito). It mainly inhabits montane wet forest environments, such as cloud forest, oak-pine forest, riparian forest, and mesophyll forest. Specimens have been collected in samples of sifted leaf litter, by baiting, by use of a Malaise trap, and by searching. Nests are known from rotting logs, under rocks, in mud and clay banks, and in dead bark. Most collections of this species have been inside closed-canopy forest, but it has been found several times nesting in clearings near cloud forest (similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma manni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manni">Stenamma manni</taxonomicName>
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). The highest record of the species was a log nest in a clearing between lower elevation cloud forest and higher elevation pine forest.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="149" pageNumber="150" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
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type population was found nesting under rocks along a stream in mesophyll forest. This population was rather intriguing, because the nests were common and foragers were very abundant. In fact,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
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workers were more common at cookie bait cards placed along the stream than the usually more dominant ant genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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. This phenomenon of becoming locally abundant and dominant seems a frequent characteristic of this species. At Cerro
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kilambé">Kilambe</normalizedToken>
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in Nicaragua, for example,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
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was nesting in clay banks bordering a small stream and was the dominant ant in the area.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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Nests of this species are large for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stenamma</taxonomicName>
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, often containing several hundred workers. One nest at Cerro
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kilambé">Kilambe</normalizedToken>
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, which was excavated from a mud bank, had 2-3 nest entrances and many chambers all filled with brood. The nest went about 10 cm into the bank, contained about 250 workers and had abundant larvae and pupae. Another nest from the same site was similar in size, but the chambers were constructed around small roots. All excavated nests have had single dealate queens.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="149" pageNumber="150" type="comments">
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<paragraph pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
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As described above under
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma manni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manni">Stenamma manni</taxonomicName>
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, separating
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma manni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manni">Stenamma manni</taxonomicName>
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is difficult, because of the great diversity in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma manni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manni">Stenamma manni</taxonomicName>
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phenotypes across its range. At a local scale, however, separating
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma manni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manni">Stenamma manni</taxonomicName>
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is usually easy.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
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is black and has a rather large eye with 8 or more ommatidia at greatest diameter.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma manni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manni">Stenamma manni</taxonomicName>
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in contrast is usually a dark red-brown color and has a smaller eye with 5-6 ommatidia at greatest diameter. Preliminary phylogenetic data show that specimens from the type population and several divergent populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
form a clade nested within the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma manni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manni">Stenamma manni</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (Branstetter unpublished data). This result has provided evidence that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a good species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
Within my concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is significant variation in sculpture, size and pilosity among populations. Because I perceive the variation to be somewhat continuous, I do not describe separate variants, but I do provide some images depicting the variation (Figure 120
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The type form appears rather robust with the promesonotum high-domed, and asymmetrical, and the sculpture very dense (Figure 119
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The pronotal sculpture has very wavy, almost reticulate rugae. Most populations do not match the type population exactly. The closest is a collection at the locality 2km NE Macalajau in Guatemala, which was made at high elevation (2320 m) from a ground nest under a rock in a cloud forest clearing. This habit is quite different from that of the type population, which was found at lower elevation along a stream (see the biology section above). More commonly, workers appear somewhat less robust (Figure 120
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
), with less dense sculpturing. A few populations have workers with very reduced face and promesonotal sculpture, and with more erect pilosity (Figure 120
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
). One aberrant high-elevation collection from Guatemala (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pinalón">Pinalon</normalizedToken>
|
||
) has very large workers, with transverse carinulae on the pronotum (Figure 120
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–I">G-I</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="151" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" type="material examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="149" pageNumber="150">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="151" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="149" pageNumber="150">
|
||
GUATEMALA: Baja Verapaz: nr
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Purulhá">Purulha</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Old Salama Road),
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.24114">15.24114°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-90.28392">90.28392°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1660m, 20 Sep 2008 (R. S. Anderson); El Progreso: Cerro
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pinalón">Pinalon</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.08324">15.08324°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-89.92681">89.92681°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2800m, 4 May 2009 (LLAMA);Guatemala: 1km SE La Pueblito, [ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="14.6211">14.6211°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-90.5269">90.5269°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], 1800m, 10 Jun 1991 (R. S. Anderson); Jalapa: Miramundo, Pino Dulce,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.53388">14.53388°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-90.15236">90.15236°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2300m,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="150" pageNumber="151" start="start">18</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Sep 2008 (R. S. Anderson);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Quiché">Quiche</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 2.9km SSE Chichicastenango,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.91861">14.91861°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-91.10449">91.10449°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2000m, 17 Sep 2008 (M. G. Branstetter);2km NE Macalajau,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.42729">15.42729°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-90.8158">90.81580°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2320m, 15 Sep 2008 (M. G. Branstetter);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Suchitepéquez">Suchitepequez</normalizedToken>
|
||
: Vol.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Atitlán">Atitlan</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Ref. El Quetzal,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.55785">14.55785°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-91.19203">91.19203°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2000m, 10 Sep 2008 (R. S. Anderson); 3km S Vol.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Atitlán">Atitlan</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.55558">14.55558°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-91.19285">91.19285°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1875m, 16 Jun 2009 (J. Longino); 5km S Vol.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Atitlán">Atitlan</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.535">14.53500°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-91.19871">91.19871°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1195m, 17 Jun 2009 (J. Longino); Zacapa: 2km SE La
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Unión">Union</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.9446">14.94460°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-89.27726">89.27726°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1550m, 14 May 2009 (LLAMA); HONDURAS:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Atlántida">Atlantida</normalizedToken>
|
||
: PN Pico Bonito, 7.8km SSW La Ceiba,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.6904">15.69040°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-86.90272">86.90272°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 150m, 2 Oct 2008 (M. G. Branstetter); Comayagua: PN Cerro Azul Meambar,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.86613">14.86613°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-87.89736">87.89736°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 940m, 21 May 2010 (LLAMA); PN Cerro Azul Meambar, 3.4km ESE La Guama,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.87221">14.87221°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-87.90535">87.90535°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 760m, 26 Sep 2008 (M. G. Branstetter); Francisco
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Morazán">Morazan</normalizedToken>
|
||
: 21km S Guaimaca,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.35444">14.35444°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-86.4444">86.4444°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1360m, 14 May 2009 (J. Longino); Mina Las Animas, above Valle de Angeles, [ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="14.16">14.16°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="-87.04">87.04°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], 1580m, 25 Mar 1979 (W. L Brown); PN La Tigra, 3.6km SW San Juancito,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.20731">14.20731°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-87.09428">87.09428°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1830m, 25 Sep 2008 (M. G. Branstetter); Reserva Uyuca, 4.9km WNW Zamorano,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.02685">14.02685°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-87.06995">87.06995°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1890m, 24 Sep 2008 (M. G. Branstetter); Lempira: PN Celaque, 8.3km SW
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Graçias">Gracias</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.5617">14.56170°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-88.6583">88.6583°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1860m, 30 Sep 2008 (C. Viquez); Ocotepeque: 13km E Nueva Ocotepeque,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.42478">14.42478°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-89.0606">89.06060°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2140m, 26 May 2010 (LLAMA); Olancho: 9km N Catacamas,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.93503">14.93503°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-85.90748">85.90748°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1350m, 11 May 2010 (LLA
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="151" pageNumber="152" start="start">MA</pageBreakToken>
|
||
); PN La Muralla,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.09697">15.09697°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-86.73624">86.73624°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1520m, 4 May 2010 (LLAMA);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="MÉXICO">MEXICO</normalizedToken>
|
||
:Chiapas: 15km E San
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cristóbal">Cristobal</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.74687">16.74687°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-92.48985">92.48985°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2500m, 29 May 2008 (D. J. Cox); Reserva Huitepec,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.74476">16.74476°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-92.68853">92.68853°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2600m, 11 Jul 2007 (J. Longino); Sierra Morena,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.15946">16.15946°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.6051">93.60510°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1360m, 12 May 2008 (LLAMA); Sierra Morena,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.16466">16.16466°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.60573">93.60573°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1570m, 15 May 2008 (R. S. Anderson); 18.5km ENE
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tonalá">Tonala</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.15888">16.15888°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-93.60378">93.60378°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1330m (R. S. Anderson); NICARAGUA: Jinotega: RN Cerro
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kilambé">Kilambe</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="13.56915">13.56915°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-85.69747">85.69747°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1500, 23 May 2011 (LLAMA); RN
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Datanlí">Datanli</normalizedToken>
|
||
El Diablo,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="13.10883">13.10883°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-85.86763">85.86763°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1440m, 18 May 2011 (LLAMA); Madriz: Apante, 9km S Somoto,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="13.40481">13.40481°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-86.57944">86.57944°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1550m, 22 Apr 2011 (M. G. Branstetter); 2km SE Las Sabanas,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="13.3006">13.3006°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-86.60582">86.60582°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1640m, 23 Apr 2011 (L.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sáenz">Saenz</normalizedToken>
|
||
); 2.3km E Las Sabanas,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="13.34028">13.34028°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-86.59924">86.59924°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1640m, 23 Apr 2011 (M. G. Branstetter); 16km S Somoto,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="13.33607">13.33607°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-86.60313">86.60313°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1660m, 23 Apr 2011 (R. S. Anderson); 16km S Somoto,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="13.32821">13.32821°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-86.61028">86.61028°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1705m, 23 Apr 2011 (R. S. Anderson); Matagalpa: Fuente Pura, [ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="12.999">12.999°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-85.91">85.910°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], 10 Apr 1994 (Maes & De La Fuente) Selva Negra, 9.2km NNE Matagalpa,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="13.00283">13.00283°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-85.90646">85.90646°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1330m, 7 Oct 2008 (M. G. Branstetter); Nueva Segovia: Cerro
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mogotón">Mogoton</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="13.7546">13.75460°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-86.4229">86.4229°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1980m, 24 Apr 2011 (L.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sáenz">Saenz</normalizedToken>
|
||
); 9km NW Jalapa,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="13.98207">13.98207°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-86.18916">86.18916°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1675m, 28 May 2011 (LLAMA).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="151" pageNumber="152">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="151" pageNumber="152">
|
||
Figure 122. Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stenamma megamanni" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megamanni">Stenamma megamanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |